The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of seven (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) commercial ketchups marketed in Korea. The 70% ethanol extracts were prepared and evaluated for total phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and metal chelating effect. pH ranged from 3.64 to 3.94, and soluble solid and reducing sugar contents of samples were 2.21~3.51oBrix and 4.78~13.45%, respectively. Salinity of samples was in the range of 1.79 to 3.21%, and sample G showed the lowest salinity. The lightness, redness, and yellowness of the Hunter color system of samples were 15.42~19.94, 18.55~23.98, and 20.87~24.34, respectively. The phenolic contents ranged from 1.37 to 2.60 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g, with samples F and G exhibiting the highest contents. Antioxidant activity determined based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and metal chelating effects were 45.10~90.87, 55.35~92.53, and 71.10~92.20%, respectively, at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. Samples A and G showed higher antioxidant activity than other samples. There were positive correlations between phenolic contents and antioxidant activity, suggesting that phenolic compounds are the major contributors to antioxidant activity.

Demand for organic agriculture has greatly increased in the past decade. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality the characteristics and antioxidant activities of organically and conventionally grown carrots. Organically and conventionally grown carrots were harvested in Jeju Island, Korea. Carrot extracts were investigated for their antioxidative components (total phenolic and flavonoid contents) and their antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities). The quality characteristics of carrots were estimated in terms of hardness, length, weight, moisture contents, and soluble solid content (SSC). Conventionally grown carrots showed higher values than organic carrot in terms of hardness (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in moisture contents or SSC. In the case of antioxidant activity, organic carrots showed a higher value for DPPH radical scavenging activity (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in other antioxidants. Consequently, quality characteristics and antioxidant activities were different between organically and conventionally grown carrots.

Increasing use of organically grown foods has renewed interest in the relationship between agricultural methods and food quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of organic strawberries. For this study, strawberries were measured in terms of quality characteristics, including weight, length, diameter, hunter color, soluble solid contents (SSC), moisture contents, and pH, as well as antioxidant activities, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and total phenol and flavonoid contents. Consequently, conventional strawberries showed higher weight, diameter, and L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values than organic strawberries (p<0.001). Length, moisture contents, pH, a (redness) value, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were similar (p<0.05). However, organic strawberries showed higher SSC and total flavonoid and phenol contents than conventional strawberries (p<0.001). These results indicate that there were significant differences between organic and conventional agriculture techniques.

This study was to investigate whether the bioactivity of L. plantarum L67 can be enhanced by treatment with Zanthoxylum piperitum DC (ZPDC) glycoprotein or compounds of similar molecular weights (24 kDa). When L. plantarum L67 was treated with ZPDC glycoprotein of various concentrations, the intensities of a few SDS-PAGE bands were slightly changed. The amount of a 23-kDa protein was increased upon treatment with increasing concentrations of ZPDC glycoprotein. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and CAT), growth rate, and β-galactosidase activity were more increased at treatment with ZPDC glycoprotein than at treatment of L. plantarum L67 only, whereas the ATPase activity was decreased. Interestingly, it did not affect scavenging activity for the DPPH. The founding result suggest that, one of beneficial strategies for increase the bioactivity of L. plantarum L67 might be to take ZPDC.

Abstract In this study, the antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts from Hibiscus esculentus, Cirsium japonicum, Zizania latifolia and Kalopanax pictus for functional food source were examined. The optimal conditions for phenolic compounds extraction from medicinal plants were at 50% ethanol with Hibiscus esculentus and Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, at 40% ethanol with Kalopanax pictus and at 60% ethanol with Zizania latifolia. The total phenolic contents from the extracts of medical plants were determined to be 2.72~34.15 mg/g in the water extracts and 2.83~34.23 mg/g in the ethanol extracts. The electron-donating abilities (EDA) of the water and ethanol extracts were both above 74% at the low concentration of 50 μg/mL. The ABTS radical-cation decolorization was above 88% at 100 μg/mL concentration in all the extracts of various medicinal plants. The antioxidant protection factor (PF) in the water and ethanol extracts of the Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense extracts was 1.73 ± 0.02 PF and 1.76 ± 0.01 PF at 50 μg/mL concentration respectively, and was higher than those of the other medicinal-plant extracts. The TBARs inhibition rates of all the medicinal-plant extracts, were above 80% at the 50 μg/mL concentration except Hibiscus esculentus. These results confirmed that the various oriental medicinal plants (Hibiscus esculentus, Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, Kalopanax pictus and Zizania latifolia) that were included in this study are useful anti-oxidant and functional-food resources.

Bee pollen is rich in various nutrients and called as natural complete food. Bee pollens of acorn (Quercus acutissima) and actinidia (Actinidia arguta) are the most collected in Korea. But stiff pollen wall hinders dissolution of polysaccharides and lowers extraction efficiency. Thus, we measured antioxidant activity as DPPH radical scavenging and the total polyphenol content of pulverized and lyophilized actinidia pollens inoculated with fungi to confirm the husk removal effect. The total polyphenol content of actinidia pollen was highest in lyophilized pollen medium inoculated with Armillaria mellea, and was lowest in pollen inoculated with Lentinula edodes. Total polyphenol content of the lyophilized pollen was higher than that of the refined pollen and the pulverized pollen in actinidia pollen germinated with A. mellea. The total polyphenol content of the lyophilized actinidia pollen germinated with A. mellea was 1.4-fold higher than that extracted with water. Measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed that the lyophilized actinidia pollen germinated with A. mellea had the highest and that germinated with L. edodes was lowest in antioxidant activities. The lyophilized actinidia pollen germinated with A. mellea was 2 to 4 times higher than that extracted with water in the antioxidant activity of DPPH free radical scavenging. Many germinated cells were formed around pore of actinidia pollen inoculated with L. edodes, while those were formed at the end of hyphae derived from actinidia pollen inoculated with A. mellea.

토마토 부산물의 활용 가능성을 확인하고자 토마토 50 자원의 잎 추출물로 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 검정하였다. DPPH라디칼 소거 활성이 높았던 자원은 IT191046 (130.9 ug/ml),IT189949 (136.8 ug/ml), IT033117 (138.8 ug/ml), IT191047(148.9 ug/ml), IT033130 (152.5 ug/ml)이었으며, ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성이 높았던 자원은 IT189949 (1348.6 ug/ml),IT033117 (1404.9 ug/ml), IT191046 (1516.8 ug/ml)이었고 총폴리페놀 함량은 IT207214 (59.9 mg GAE/g DW)가 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. Nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해 활성이 높았던 자원은 IT189945 (24.8 ug/ml), IT173906 (26.5 ug/ml),IT033117 (27.1 ug/ml), IT191046 (27.4 ug/ml)이었다. DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성이 높은 정의 상관관계(r = 0.677**)를 보였고 다음으로 총 폴리페놀 함량과 NO 생성 저해 활성이 높은 상관관계(r = −0.406**)를 나타냈다. 토마토 잎 추출물의 생리 활성 및 기능성 성분 분석 결과를 자원별로 군집 분석한 결과, Cluster I (n = 17), II (n = 4), III (n = 11), IV(n = 16)와 따로 분리된 두 자원(IT229651, IT211836)으로 분류되었다. 토마토 50 자원 중 IT033117과 IT191046은 DPPH,ABTS 라디칼 저해 활성 및 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해 활성이 높았으며 Cluster IV내에서 매우 가깝게 존재하였고,IT173906은 총 폴리페놀 함량과 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해활성이 높았으며 Cluster II에 존재하였다. 이 연구 결과를 토대로 토마토 잎의 기능성 소재로의 이용 가능성을 확인하였고토마토 부산물의 다양한 활용 방안 수립에 도움이 될 것으로사료 된다.