A subject of demand on appropriateness in accordance with social rules is thought to be the most important at behaviors by the consent. In other words, estimate of the action by criminal law shall be discussed not by an actor's internal will but by infringement upon legal interest at outside world. Either purpose or motive of the one who has infringed upon legal interest with consent shall not be considered at the estimate of appropriateness of social rules. Therefore, the subject that shall limit consent by social rules shall be not motives and purposes of the consent but ‘an action that infringes upon legal interest’ in accordance with the consent. What type of infringement upon legal interest does limit justification? The problem is related to ‘scope’ of the demand on appropriateness of social rules. Unless special provisions which punish crimes such as murder and abortion regardless of consent, Article 24 of the Criminal Act shall be applied to the crimes of all of private legal interests considering legislation purpose and systematic position. Majority of the scholars think that infringement upon legal interest of other crime types than aforementioned crimes require appropriateness of social rules, and ‘bodily injury’ with consent can be of problem. Considering various kinds of spectrum of bodily injury, the discussion has reached ‘degree’ of demand on appropriateness of social rules, in other words, scope of the permit of bodily injury subject to the consent.The value and specialty of legal interest of bodily injury subject to the consent can be discussed: But, medical treatment for beauty care, minor bodily injury and others that have minor bodily injury with consent of entity of legal interest need not be protected by the Criminal Act. When bodily injury subject to the consent jeopardizes existence of legal entity to threaten life or equivalent and to be serious, punishment against the action is thought to be admitted despite consent. Article 258(Aggravated Bodily Injury) of the Criminal Act can be used for reference.

In case of injury during a sports game, to punish the offender without exception might lead to withering of sports activities, whereas to get the offender exempted on the mere ground that injury occurred in the course of a sports game might cause plummeting of either legal stability or law-abiding spirit. So, it is vital to draw a bright line between criminal liability and moral obligation with regard to injury during a sports game. Scholars suggest the theory of victim's consent, the theory of tolerated danger, the theory of social reasonableness or the theory of non-legal issue as sources of justification to limit criminal liability. Each theory has its own merits and demerits. In order to punish the offender who inflicted injury by negligence during a sports game, general requirements of 'infliction of injury by negligence' occurrence of injury, ― causal relationship between offender's act and injury, breach of objective duty of care, etc.― should be met. Objective duty of care can be derived from statutes, past practices, social norm, logic, empirical rule or court decisions. In a sports game however, rules of the game may be the most important source of objective duty of care. As rules of the game enumerate matters that require attention in the entire course of a sports game, player's act against these rules can be treated breach of objective duty of care. It is excessive to deem all of the acts against rules of the game, including minor ones, breach of objective duty of care in light of the way a sports game is played as well as autonomy enjoyed in the sports field. Unless injury resulted from the act that had gone against rules of the game beyond reasonable expectation, the offender should not be found to breach objective duty of care. Rules of the game differ from type to type. In so-called type of rivalry sports games, rules of the game, while allowing the player or the team to make physical attack on the opponent to some extent, focus on diminishing or eliminating the possibility of injury. In so-called type of individual sports games, rules of the game prohibit dangerous act and call the attention of the players to avoid injury. To sum up, breach of rules may be treated more harshly and less flexibly in type of individual sports games than in type of rivalry sports games. The judgment under review in this paper has something to do with golf game, which belongs to type of individual sports games. The judgment thinks highly of rules of the game as source of objective duty of care. It also denies criminal liability in case of injury resulting from minor breach of rules of the game, which would reasonably be expected. On the face of it, the judgment seems to adopt the theory of social reasonableness. However, considering the courts usually dub social rule social reasonableness, the view taken by the judgment might be different from the theory of social reasonableness advocated by the scholars. The theory of social reasonableness relates to negation of applicability of criminal statute, whereas the view taken by the judgment might relate to negation of illegality. In such type of individual sports games as golf, the players enjoy game without physical contact with other participants, expecting reciprocal care to avoid unwanted injury. So it is somewhat improper to adopt the theory of victim's consent as source of justification to limit criminal liability in golf game. The judgment, in similar context, seems to have dismissed defense of 'victim's consent' raised by the accused. Even in case that the offender is held liable for infliction of injury by negligence with regard to injury during a sports game, the possibility to get relief is still open. If the offender reaches an agreement with the victim, he or she is able to avoid criminal punishment according to Art. 266 Para. 2 of the Penal Code.

1. Wer einem anderen einen körperlichen Schaden zufügt, wird nach § 258 des koreanischen StGB. Dann ist der körperliche Schaden das Hervorruffen oder Steigern eines vom Normalzustand der körperlichen Funktion des Opfers nachteilig abweichenden krankhaften Zustandes körperlicher oder seelischer Art. 2. Während die Ausführungsweise der Erpressung nach § 253 des deutschen StGB ausdrücklich bestimmt wird, besteht sie nicht in § 350 KStGB und damit wird das Erpressungsmittel nach h. M und Rechtssprechung als Gewalt oder Drohung ausgelegt. Dabei komme die Ausführungsweise der Erpressung der Raubsausführungsweise gleich, aber ein Unterschied vom Grad der Ausführungsweise bestehe zwischen Raub und Erpressung. Danach wird Spezialität von Raub gegenüber Erpressung angekommen. Jedoch denke ich anders. Erpressung hat eine eigenständige Bedeutung und der wesentliche Unterschied zwischen Erpressung und Raub ist Sein oder Nichtsein von der Vermögensverfügung. In der Lage, dass der koreanischen Gesetzgeber die Ausführungsweise der Erpressung nicht vorschribt, ist es nicht nötig, dass die Erpressungsausführungsweise nur als Gewalt oder Drohung alsgelegt wird. 3. Das koreanische StGB regelt die Konkurrenzen in den §§ 37-40. Angelpunkt dieser Regelung ist die Unterscheidung zwischen Handlungseinheit und Handlungsmehrheit. Wenn eine Handlung mehrere Straftatbestände oder denselben Straftatbestand mehrmals verletzt, liegt Idealkonkurrenz vor, sofern kein Fall der Gesetzeskonkurrenz vorliegt. Mehrere selbständige Handlungen mit einer mehrfachen Gesetzesverletzung führen dagegen zu einer Realkonkurrenz, sofern kein Fall der Gesetzeskonkurrenz vorliegt.

蓮(Nelumbo mucifera Gaertn)은 그 아름다운 꽃으로 유명하지만 또한 연 식물체의 거의 모든 부위는 식용 및 약용으로 쓰일 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 蓮根을 대상으로 Agrobacterium 세포감염 방법으로 유전적인 형질전환을 시도하였다. 즉, 蓮根을 1 mm 정도의 두께로 얇게 썰어서 절편으로 준비한 후 이에 대해 agroinfiltration 및 동시배양(3일, 22℃, 암 조건)을 수행하였다. 이러한 일반적인 agroinfiltra

본 연구는 선원 재교육기관에서 안전교육을 수강하는 선원들 가운데 최근 1개월 이내 승선경력이 있는 437명을 대상으로 선내 작업 중 상해발생 관련 안전의식 실태조사와 분석을 통하여 선내 재해로부터 선원들의 건강보호와 효율적인 선내 안전교육 방법과 선내 사업장 안전 대책에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 연구결과 선원들의 안전준수 실태 수준은 평균 68.82점으로 보통 상태였으며, 상해 발생관련 안전준수 실태는 교육수준, 항해구역, 선종, 선박크기, 선령 등이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.01). 따라서 선원의 안전의식 수준을 높이기 위해 다양한 안전 교육프로그램의 개발과 선상안전 활동의 활성화 등 선원들의 상해발생 예방을 위한 적극적인 선내 안전 실천 운동이 요구된다.

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Brassica juncea cultivars has been extensively performed for the purpose of molecular breeding. B. juncea L. Czern var. Laciniata Makino, a vegetable crop also called kyona, can be transformed using its hyp

본 연구는 Kontos(2000)가 제안한 유소년 스포츠 상해 모형의 타당성을 검증하기 위한 선행 연구의 일환으로 유소년 축구 선수들의 사회적 지지와 상해 위험 지각의 관계를 규명하였다 이를 위하여 유소년축구 상해 발생률을 산출하였고, 총체적 사회적 지지 지작과 관계-구체적 사회적 지지 지각의 관계를 알아보았으며, 생물학적 요인과 심리 중재 요인이 상해 위험 지각 및 위험 추구 행동에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 연구 대상자는 자발적으로 연구에 참가한 C도 소재 초등 및 중학교 소속 남자 축구 선수 229명으로 모두 스포츠 상해 위험 지각, 위험 추구 행동, 사회적 지지 지각 등을 측정하는 유소년 축구 상해질문지에 응답하였다. 누락 및 편향 반응을 보인 응답 자료를 제외한 216명의 최종 유효 분석 자료를 대상으로 빈도분식, 상관분석, 중다회귀분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론이 도출되었다. 첫째, 유소년 축구의 상해 발생률은 1,000 노출 시간을 기준으로 .95건으로 나타났다. 둘째, 관계-구체적 사회적 지지 지각과 총체적 사회적 지지 지각은 독립적이다. 셋째, 감독과 코치의 지지 지각은 축구 상해 워험 지각에 부적 영향을 준다. 넷째, 총체적 사회적 지지 지각은 위험 추구 행동에 정적 영향을 준다.

본 연구는 운동스트레스, 사회적 지원, 대처기술과 운동상해의 빈도나 정도간에 어떠한 인과 관계가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이러한 목적을 수행하기 위하여 광주·전남 지역의 전국체전 대표선수로 선발된 377명을 운동스트레스, 사회적 지원, 대처기술, 운동상해의 빈도와 정도를 조사하였다. 그 결과 운동스트레스와 대처기술만이 유의한 상관(p<.05)이 나왔고, 다른 변인간에는 상관이 없었다. 그리고 세변인 즉, 운동스트레스, 사회적 지원, 대처기술이 운동상해의 빈도를 설명하는 전체 변량은 1.6%(R2)이었고, 상해 정도를 설명하는 변량은 2.5%(R2) 이었다. 마지막으로 운동스트레스를 독립변인, 사회적 지원과 대처기술을 매개변인, 운동상해의 빈도와 정도를 종속변인으로 설정하여 각 변인별 인과분석(경로 분석)을 한 결과 운동스트레스와 대처기술만이 인고관계가 있었고, 다른 변인간에는 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 상해 발생원인을 찾는 향후 연구에서는 기술적인 병인학과 분석적인 병인학에 관심을 가지고 접근하는 것이 더 합리적인 것으로 판단된다.

The effects of wounding and jasmonic acid(JA) on polyphenol oxidase(PPO) in tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were investigated. PPO was strongly induced by wounding or JA, and the response was also shown to be systemically induced by wounding. Mechanical wounding in cotyledon or leaf produced a signal that caused the concentration of PPO to increase in the unwounded cotyledon, in the first leaves but not in the second leaves. Severity of wounding and light intensity also affected wound induced change in PPO activity, JA showed a stimulatory effect on the loss of chlorophyll and the rapid increase in PPO activity. The PPO was clearly more active in the wounded leaves than in controls. The potency and specificity of the JA indicate a close relationship between JA and wound-induced changes in PPO in tomato species. JA and abscisic acid(ABA) acted similarly on both unwounded and wounded leaves, but the amount of PPO in the wounded leaves was always more than the respective controls. The highest increase in PPO activity occurred in woundand JA-induced leaves of seedlings kept under bright lighting. Benzyladenine(BA) completely abolished JA- and ABA-induced PPO activity. The results suggest that JA-induced PPO activity is due to de novo PPO synthesis. Histochemical tests for PPO in stems of wound- and JA-treated tomato plants indicate that PPO was localized primarily in the outer cortex and xylem parenchyma. It is concluded that exogenously applied JA acts as stress agents and PPO may be a component of the inducible anti-hervivore defense response.

Trip distribution plays an important role in the analysis and network evaluation phases of the transportation and the traffic planing process. In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm for estimating the trip distribution between each pair of zones such as harbours and straits. The algorithm is formulated by using the observed data and introducing the concept of entropy when observed data between harbours were not existed. In order to examine the feasbility , the proposed algorithm is applied to ships on traffic route in Hanryu Sudo and in Korea costal waterway. And also, its validity is examined by comparing another algorithm through statistical test.