본 실험은 감과수원의 지표면 관리방법(녹비작물 재배, 초생재배, 청경재배)이 감 해충 발생량과 생물다양성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 감 과수원의 녹비작물을 가해하는 해충은 알팔파바구미, 긴꼬리볼록진딧물, 아카시아진딧물 등 7종이며 가장 피해가 심한 해충은 알팔파바구미였으나 감나무에 피해를 주는 해충은 없었다. 과수원 지표면 피복식물에 서식하는 해충과 천적은 재배방법 즉 유기재배와 초생재배에 따라 발생량의 차이는 없었다. 차잎말이나방은 연 3회 발생최성기를 나타내는데 감나무에 피해는 경미하였으며 재배방법별 총 발생량은 유기재배 1,261마리, 관행초생재배 1,003마리, 청경재배 621마리로 청경재배 포장에 비해 지표면에 식물체가 존재하는 포장에서 발생량이 많았다. 복숭아순나방은 연 4회 발생하였는데 역시 감나무에 피해는 극히 적었다. 재배방법별 토양내 서식 미소동물 종과 개체수는 유기재배 22종 838개체, 초생재배 17종 421개체, 청경재배 15종 381개체였으며 종 풍부도는 유기재배 3.12, 초생재배 2.65, 청경재배 2.36으로 유기 > 초생 > 청경 순으로 개체수와 풍부도가 높았다.

배 유기재배 과수원에서 최근 문제되는 병해충 종류와 재배농가의 병해충 관리수준을 설문조사하고 조류, 양서류, 파충류, 설치류 등 척추동물의 생물다양성을 일반 화학농약 방제농가와 비교하고자 2010년에 포장조사를 수행하였다. 유기재배 과수원 총 22개소에서 설문조사와 포장조사를 한 결과, 유기재배 농가는 유기재배 병해충 관리자재로 석회황합제, 식물추출물 및 미생물 혼합물, 오일류 등을 선호하였으며, 주요 문제 병해충은 검은별무늬병, 붉은별무늬병, 깍지벌레류, 배나무면충, 배굴나방 등이었다. 유기자재 살포횟수는 병해 방제를 위해 9~10회, 해충 방제를 위해 5~6회 수준이었다. 유기재배 과수원이 관행재배에 비해 검은별무늬병 이병율과 이병도는 높았으나, 깍지벌레류 피해는 차이가 없었고 과중은 감소하였다. 양서류, 뱀, 설치류, 꿩 등은 관행재배와 유기재배 과수원 간에 차이를 확인할 수 없었으나, 멧비둘기의 경우 유기재배 과수원에서 개체수가 유의하게 많은 섭식활동을 하였다.

During 2005~2009, current status on the occurrence and the management of the major disease, insect and mite pests were investigated in the non-chemical or organic cultured apple orchards in Korea. Numbers of certified organic or non-chemical apple orchards increased from 14 in 2005 to 78 in 2008. Severe damages on leaves and fruits were caused by the several diseases such as marssonina blotch, bitter rot, white rot, sooty blotch and flyspeck, and the several insect pests such as apple leaf-curling aphid, woolly apple aphid, oriental fruit moth and peach fruit moth on the almost certified organic or non-chemical pest control orchards. About 10 and 18 environmental-friendly materials were used to control diseases and insect or mite pests, respectively. But, lime sulfur and bordeaux mixture to diseases and machine oil, plant oil mixed with egg yolk, and pheromone mating disruptions to insect pests were effective under the adequate conditions.

This study was conducted to establish agricultural practices to control diseases and insects for chemical pesticide-free cultivation of leafy vegetables. Two diseases, gray mold(Botrytis cinerea) and soft rot(Erwinia carotovora), on lettuce were reduced by controlling temperature and humidity using air-circulation fan. The aphidophagous lady beetle(Harmonia axyridis) and primary parasitoids(Aphidius colemani) showed activity to control aphids density on Chinese cabbage. Co¬application of cooking oil and yolk mixture (COY) and BT(Bacillus thuringiensis) decreased diseases including soft rot(Erwinia carotovora), downy mildew(Peronospora brassicae Gaumann), and powdery mildew(Erysiphe polygoni), and insects such as diamondback moth(Plutella xylostella) and beet armyworm(Spodoptera exigua Hübner). Neem extract treatment reduced downy mildew(Peronospora destructor) on Welsh onion.

For developing standard method for diease, pest and weed control in environmental friendly ‘Ssam’ vegetable cultivation, this study was carried out to investigating agriculture material use in organic agriculture and no pesticide cultivation for lettuce, kale, leafy perilla and korean cabbage. The 28.6% of investigated farmer carried out seed sterilization by seed selection with salt solution and soaking in chitosan that not validated. For raising seedling periods, the 55.6% of farmer did not use environmental-friendly agriculture material for, diease control and the 50% of farmer used one time for. pest control. Therefore, the control of disease and pest could be achieved with one or two times use of environmental-friendly agriculture material. Seed sterilization was carried out by soil solar sterilization, one time per year in 71.4% of farmer. Weed was controled by black PE film for weed germination of furrow in many farmer, by man-power weeding for weed of ridge in 85% of farmer and by machine weeding and mulching in some farmer. During cultivation period, the major pest were Aphis gossypii in lettuce, Plutella xylostella in kale, Plutella xylostella and Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) in korean cabbage and Pyrausta panopealis (Walke) in leafy perilla. The many farmers used environmental-friendly agriculture material for control of pest over 10 times for spring season, and more used sold materials in market than home-made materials. In result, it needs to develop standardized method and validate cultivation methods for control of disease and pest, and seed sterilization treatment environmentalfriendly ‘Ssam’ vegetable.