Although various kinds of sentences are employed to express command, their graded appropriateness in politeness is based on mutually exclusive language-used situations. A lot of evidences show cross-linguistic variance in expressing politeness in alliance with the cultural differences. Especially, when speaking politely in English command, indirect and respectful expressions are preferred to direct ones. Also it is reported that past tense is used for less direct and more polite expressions. By making these usages constraints and setting their rankings differently in Optimality Theory, it can be systematically explained to judge graded appropriateness of various polite expressions used in English command.

In this paper, I undertake the study of click fraud by Cases Analysis and Law Analysis. Click fraud is a type of fraud that occurs on the Internet search advertising in pay-per-click (PPC) when a person, automated script or computer program imitates a legitimate user of a web browser clicking on an ad. PPC advertising is an arrangement in which operators of websites display links from advertisers in exchange for a charge per click. Competitors of advertisers may wish to harm a competitor who advertises in the same market by clicking on their ads. Click-fraud perpetrators essentially pile up and burn their competitors’ marketing budgets in the one place they can attack them. The perpetrators do not profit directly but force the advertiser to pay for irrelevant clicks, thus weakening or eliminating a source of competition. Using a computer to commit click fraud is a felony. According to the Act on promotion of information and communications network utilization and information protection, etc in Korea, No one shall cause a trouble to an information and communications network purposely to interfere with stable operation of the information and communications network by sending a large amount of signals or data, letting the network process an illegitimate order, etc. Also according to the criminal act, Any person who interferes with another person’s business by damaging or destroying any data processor, such as computer, or special media records, such as electromagnetic records, or inputting false information or improper order into the data processor, or making any impediment in processing any data by other way, shall also be subject to the same punishment as referred to in paragraph. In this paper, I have described the concept; ‘letting the network process an illegitimate order’ and inputting false information or improper order.

The diversity of euphemistic command in English is worth studying if the aim of linguistics is to fully understand the human mind. It is clear that some euphemistic degrees are found among various command-expressions with semantic and syntactic differences although they bear the same message and usage. Euphemism is a generally innocuous expression used instead of offensive or unpleasant one. That is, the aim of euphemism is to alleviate hearers' offensive and unpleasant feelings of something, and the way of euphemism, to express those indirectly. Thus, degrees of euphemism from speakers' attitudes can not but be expressed in various indirect expressions. Syntactic differences show that euphemistic degrees are gradually raised or lowered in accordance with (in-)directness of expressing the same message: questions > statements > directives. And speakers' attitudes also produce the euphemistic degrees of tense and mood: past > present, and subjunctive > indicative > imperative, respectively.

Through the judgement 2013Do13095 Decided March 27, 2014, the supreme court held the act on special cases concerning the punishment of sexual crimes stipulates the enforcement date of the order system of disclosure and notification of personal information. The sexual assault Special Law was provided through Supplementary provision of revision. You have applied the exception of retrospective application for the notification order system and disclosure of personal information instruction In relation to this, children youth protection law, has placed the provisions of the Supplementary Provisions to limit the crime that was committed after the enforcement of the law. In contrast, sexual assault method is not provided any limitation. Was ruling that it is possible to apply retroactively as this reason. Anyone who commits a crime prior to enact sexual assault law in this way, it has given a notice command imposition and disclosure of personal information instruction. we have affirmed the notification request command and disclosure of personal information instruction. The legal character of the system of disclosure and notification of sexual offender`s personal information is not defined precisely yet The guilty part should not destroy. Act on the Protection of Children and Youth Sex in a public notice of the command should be called subjects. Timely and important issues in the first viable target children and youth taking action to avoid sexual offenses should be take precautions. The current system of personal information disclosure, notice the careful analysis of children and youth have a sex offender and implement a plan to expand its type will be needed The current system of personal information disclosure, notice the careful analysis of children and youth have a sex offender and implement a plan to expand its type will be needed.

Nach dem § 5 Abs. 1 Satz 3 des ‘Gesetz zum Anziehen des elektronische Fußfessel zur Lageverfolgung der bestimmten Sexualstraftätern’ wird ein Person, wer wegen den über zweimal Strafdelikten bestraft wird, eine elektronischen Überwachung urteilt. Ein Problem ist, ob ein Person, wer früher eine Schutzmaßnahme für Jugendliche urteilt wurde, Das koreanische Jugendstrafrecht definiert Personen unter Vollendung des 19. lebensjahres als “Jugendliche”. Ferner bestimmt das koreanische Jugendstrafrecht die zwie Grundarten der jugendstrafrechtlichen Santionierung, d.h. Schutzmaßnahme und Strafmaßnahme. Nach dem § 32 Abs. 6 werden Jugendliche wegen des Vorlebens, das sie eine Schutzmaßnahme urteilt wurden, nicht benachteiligt.Die Bindung der Auslegung an die Wortlautgrenze ist keineswegs willkürlich, sondern ergibt sich aus den staat- und strafrechtlichen Grundlagen des Gesetzlichkeitsprinzips. Solche Auslegung des Gesetzes startet vom Sinn des Wortes, aber sie wird vom Zweck des Gesetzes abgegrenzt. D.h. eine Interpretation im Rahmen des möglichen Wortsinnes kann die Präventivwirkung des Gesetzes sichdem und eine verbotsüberbestrtung vorwerfbar machen.Meiner Meinung nach, ein Vorleben der Schutzmaßnahme darf nicht eine Voraussetzung des § 5 Abs. 1 Satz 3 des ‘Gesetz zum Anziehen des elektronische Fußfessel zur Lageverfolgung der bestimmten Sexualstraftätern’ anerkennt werden.

This article examines a Supreme Court decision on November 11, 2010(docket number 2010Do7955). The rule of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration(the rule against the disadvantageous alteration) in Korean criminal procedure code prescribes not to sentence more serious punishment than the punishment sentenced by judgement of the original instance in case of defendant appeal case and appeal case for the criminal defendant.In this case, the originally sentenced punishment was the “imprisonment of upper term 7 years, lower term 5 years” in addition to imposing the sanction of 5-year electronic monitoring(electronic tagging), and the court of appeal imposed the sanction of 20-year electronic monitoring while it reduced the length of imprisonment to “upper term 5 years, lower term 3 years”.This Supreme Court decision indicate that the nature of the court order imposing electronic monitoring is a kind of probation, and Supreme Court decided that court of appeal did not break the rule of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration in light of the nature of the electronic monitoring.In this article, I review the monitoring system for sexual criminals, along with overseeing “The Act on attachment of electronic device for position tracking on specific crime offenders”, and then I analyze the Supreme Court decision regarding the rule against the disadvantageous alteration in Korean criminal procedure code. In this article, I argue that it might comprise the disadvantageous alteration if the length of probation(electronic monitoring) was altered essentially too much. Lastly, I examine the Supplementary Provision of “the Act on attachment of electronic device for position tracking on specific crime offenders”, which apply the act to the criminals who committed crimes before the act was amended, is against “The Prohibition of ex post facto law”.

This study has considered on basis of constitutionality that the attachment order of electronic device for tracking location doesn't violate the principle of prohibition against double jeopardy, over-prohibition, and rights to equality. The attachment order of electronic device for tracking location doesn't violate the principle of prohibition against double jeopardy because it is a security measure to restrict freedom without imprisonment. However double assessment of second conviction dangerousness at additional punishment to repeated offense and sentence of the attachment order of electronic device for tracking location could be raised objection of double jeopardy. A sex offence has a character that second conviction dangerousness and crime victimization are serious. Thus to release sex offenders is very dangerous, and protection of victims and social defence are necessary. Therefore the attachment order of electronic device for tracking location doesn't violate the principle of over-prohibition because there is a balance between human rights violation and public interest. The attachment order of electronic device for tracking location is applied special offences, but it doesn't violate the principle of rights to equality because of a sanction to character of sex offenders.

Recently in Korea it is passionately disputed regarding criminal investigation system whether Article 139 of Korean Criminal Code is constitutional or not. Article 139 of Korean Criminal Code says as follows : Article 139(Obstruction of Official Duties for Vindication of Human Rights) A person who, performing police duties or assisting in such duties, interferes with the execution of duties of a public prosecutor concerning the vindication of human rights or who does not follow his instructions concerning the vindication of human rights, shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than five years or suspension of qualifications for not more than ten years. Korean Constitutional Court ruled the provisions of the latter part of the preceding article is not against the Constitution. One of judges, Justice Gonghyun Lee, argued that this clause is unconstitutional on the grounds of “void for vagueness." In this review firstly is examined how this article was legislated in 1953 and what problem and criticism has been raised. Then is reviewed whether the provisions of the latter part of the preceding article is unconstitutional on the grounds of “void for vagueness." The Article 12, paragraph (1) of the Korean Constitution prohibited punishing “unless it is so authorized by an Act or without due process of law." This clause requires that criminal statutes should be drafted in a clear and understandable fashion. In this review it is concluded that the provisions of the latter part of Article 139 fails to meet this clarity standard and is unconstitutional on the grounds of “void for vagueness." Lastly, is discussed whether the provisions of the latter part of Article 139 is unconstitutional on the grounds of “void for unnecessary." The Article 37, paragraph (1) of the Korean Constitution required criminal statutes to restrict freedoms and rights of citizens ‘only when necessary.' A punishment should not be more severe than is necessary when punishing someone for a crime. In this review it is concluded that the provisions of the latter part of Article 139 fails to meet this proportionality standard and is unconstitutional on the grounds of “void for unnecessary."

The Supreme Court of Korea pronounced that the court is not permitted to order the accused to make a donation and the like as the community service order of the Criminal Law. As there is no regulation about the definition, aim, types, contents, execution procedure of the community service order in the Criminal Law, This existing regulations about the community service order seem to be against the principle of “nulla poena sine lege." But the community service is a word with various meanings, and it is possible to give a concrete form to it by construction and let it be compatible with the principle. In my opinion to make restitution of an illegal profit, that is, make a donation can be a type of “the community service" of the Criminal Law for the following reason. 1) the community service means unpaid work or donation for the public weal in the common acceptation of the word. 2) the Probation Act doesn't provide that the court cannot order the accused to make a donation in the community service order(it just prescribes that the maximum execution limit is 500 hours when the court order the accused to provide unpaid work in the community service order). 3) the interpretation that making a donation can be a type of the community service not only closes a gap between imprisonment and suspended sentence, but also leads to a decision more harmonized with the accused's conditions. 4) the United Kingdom, United States of America, France, Germany, etc also try to interpret and manage the community service variously. The Supreme Court's decision conforms to the principle of “nulla poena sine lege” too rigidly. It’s a great pity that the Supreme Court's decision limit the types of community service.

The original ruling took into consideration the fact that the accused was a Chaebol owner and applied the concurrent offence punishment provisions and the discretionary sentence reduction system to lower the inferior limit of the penalty, and passed a suspended sentence. In order to divert public criticism, the original ruling also ordered a huge payment as a social contribution fund as a means of a community service order according to article 62-2 of the penal code. But the Supreme Court construed the concept of a community service order in a restrictive manner as ‘work or manual labor that can be imposed by the hour up to 500 hours.' As a result of this construction the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the original judgment that ordered the payment of a social contribution fund as a community service order. The original court maintained the suspended sentence by imposing a 300 hour community service instead of the original social contribution fund payment. Consequently the fairness of the examination of the offence was greatly impaired by lowering the inferior limit of the penalty to 3 years in a case in which the accused was proven guilty of 11 separate offences including one of which the penalty is stipulated as ‘life sentence or imprisonment for more than 5 years.' This ruling disclosed the problematic issues of the concurrent offence punishment provisions and the discretionary sentence reduction system that grant judges excessive discretion on weighing penalties. It is also legislatively meaningful that the case raised issues on introducing new forms of ‘suspended sentence conditional orders' such as fund payment orders or damage recovery orders.

본 논문에서는 최근 경향의 3D 그래픽 프로세서 아키텍처를 분석하여 모바일 환경에 적합한 프로세서 및 명령어 형식을 제시한다. 또한 모바일 환경에서의 3D 그래픽스 표준안인 OpenGL ES 2.0 명세에 따르는 컴파일 방식을 바탕으로 온/오프라인 방식의 세이더 프로그램 컴파일 구조 및 방법을 제시하고, 모바일 환경에 적합성을 고려한 다중 명령어 기반의 코드 생성 방법과 새로운 ILP(Instruction-Level Parallelism) 최적화 기법을 제시한다. 본 논문에서 제시하는 컴파일 구조 및 기법을 통하여 생성된 세이더 명령어는 동일한 코어 클럭을 가지는 프로세서에서 단일 명령어 기반 코드보다 약 1.5~2배 빠른 연산 처리결과를 보여준다.

A network-based robot [1] is a robot that explores service servers in the network environment for analyzing sensor data and making decision. Since network-based robot architecture was proposed, it’s possible to reduce costs of robots. We hope robots would be all around at home environment. Therefore, normal users who are not experts need to be able to control those robots by using easy commands. We developed a scripting language, named CCSLR, to help users and developers who control various robots in ubiquitous environment. We focused on how to design the common language for various robots and how to translate a CCSLR script into a sequence of low-level commands of the target robot. In this paper, we propose scripting methods, with three layers. The CCSLR system reads the profile information from the knowledge representation database. Users don’t have to know all about kinematical and mechanical details of a robot. Then again, the CCSLR system will use the profile information to translate the script into separated executable library commands. The CCSLR system manages robot’s changing state every time a robot executes a command.

Jeong - s il Song . 2002. T he Struc ture of Eng lish Imperativ e s . S t ud ie s in M od e rn Gramma r 27, 57 - 76 . English imperatives have idiosyncracies that we cannot find in the other types of sentences . First , they usually have covert subjects and always take bare verbs . Second, they never undergo verb raising, that is, even if they have an auxiliary be or have, they need do- support . Third, when they have the overt subject you, the idiosyncracy is more peculiar : the only word order allowed is (Don 't) y ou V X . This study explains the first idiosyncracy by the fact that English imperatives are tenseless . Being tenseless requires no EPP effect, thus allowing covert subject s. Being tenseless also allows bare verbs. The second idiosyncracy is explained by assuming that the auxiliaries be and have, when they are used in the imperative, come to have some meaning related with action. This action- related meaning is incorporated structurally into ActP, a new shell structure right over v/VP . The third idiosyncracy is explained by assuming that the subject , overt or covert, is realized in the Spec of ActP.

본 연구의 목적은 동작의 개시 후에 예기치 않게 발생하는 목표크기나 목표위치의 변화가 계획된 주동근과 길항근의 활동유형에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써 운동명령의 동작중 조절과정에서 시각정보가 이용되는 방식을 검토하는 것이다. 남자대학생 20명이 목표의 크기나 위치가 예기치 않게 변화되는 상황에서 시각적으로 명시된 공간적 목표지점을 향하여 팔꿈치 신전운동을 수행하였으며, 각 동작시 팔꿈치 관절의 이동각도와 주동근 및 길항근의 근전도 활동을 측정하였다. 목표위치조건에서의 최종팔꿈치각도는 목표위치가 멀어진 경우에는 커졌으며 가까워진 경우에는 작아지는 것으로 나타났으나, 목표크기조건에서는 과제제약의 변화에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 동작의 가속국면동안 측정된 주동근 활동의 강도는 목표위치가 멀어질 경우에만 증가되었으며 목표크기의 변화에는 민감하지 않았다. 동작의 감속기동안 측정된 근육활동 역시 목표크기의 변화에는 민감하지 않았으나 목표위치의 변화에 부응하는 변화를 보여주었다. 목표위치가 증가될 경우 주동근 활동은 증가한 반면 길항근 활동은 감소하는 경향을 보여주었으며 목표위치가 가까워질 경우에는 반대로 주동근 활동은 감소하였으나 길항근 활동은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 동작의 개시 후에 과제상황의 얘기치 않은 변화가 발생할 경우 시각체계는 변화된 과제제약의 특성에 관한 구체적인 정보를 제공하며 변화된 과제제약의 특성이 제어전략의 선택에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 선택된 제어전략은 운동명령의 동작중 조절과정에 영향을 미침으로써 변화된 과제제약이 부과하는 운동학적 요구에 부응하는 근육활동유형을 생성할 수 있다.