DNA bacoding is a popular DNA diagnostic technique especially for specific and generic level identification during various quarantine activities. BOLD Systems, an internet accessible DNA barcode data portal, currently includes over 12,000 DNA barcodes for the fruit fly family Tephritidae, of which 8,940 barcodes are open to public. These data represent 655 tephritid species, majority of which are pest species. These figures are rapidly increasing as the tephritid barcoding research is increasing every year. Therefore, BOLD has established as the most important DNA barcode source for tephritid identification. It is, therefore, also important to understand the limitations and problems of the DNA barcoding analysis. We here discussed the following potential problems and their possible solutions: (1) misidentification of species listed in BOLD; (2) sibling species with identical or near-identical barcodes; (3) NUMT (nuclear mitochondrial DNA) or pseudogene; and (4) introgression by hybridization between closely related species.

Fluid motion within the internal combustion engine cylinder plays a major role in controlling the fuel/air mixing and combustion processes in spark-ignition engines, and the combustion processes in compressionignition engines. In-cylinder flow is quite unstable and varies from one cycle to another. Various methods of in-cylinder flow measurement and fuel/air mixing characterization have been developed during the past few decades. In particular, laser based flow diagnostic techniques have been utilized for this purpose. This study will focus on the quantification of spark-ignition engine in-cylinder flow using the laser based flow diagnostic techniques. The measurement methods, including high speed flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), will be discussed.

담도 협착은 흔히 다각적 접근법을 필요로 하지만, 실제는 어려운 과제이다. 조직 검사를 포함한 내시경 검사, 혈액 검사, 영상 검사법의 발달에도 불구하고, 그 협착의 원인을 밝힐 수 없을 경우 ‘모호한 담도 협착’이라 정의한다. 자기공명영상 (MRI), 자기공명 담췌관 검사(MRCP) 및 다중검출 CT (MDCT) 등의 영상학적 검사들은 협착 부위, 정도, 길이 및 종괴의 유무를 평가하는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 조기에 정확히 악성 협착을 진단할 수 있다면 적절한 수술 시기를 결정할 수 있고, 적절한 항암 치료 시점을 알려줄 수 있다. 아직까지 악성 협착과 양성 협착을 감별할 수 있는 확실한 진단법은 확립되지 않았다. 본고에서는 담도 협착의 원인을 분석하고, 담도 협착에 대한 진단율을 높이기 위한 혈액 검사, 영상학적 검사, 최근 발전하는 내시경 검사 및 조직검사에 관하여 소개하려 한다.

An AVL research engine, type 520, is modified to adapt to the 3.5L four-valve SI engine. With these given engine configurations, a test rig is constructed which allows easy changing of the different pistons and engine heads with a motoring capacity up to 3500 rpm. Nearly complete optical access to the inside of the cylinder is obtained by installing a transparent quartz cylinder on an AVL single cylinder engine. To avoid lubrication and to minimize scratches in the quartz cylinder the piston rings are made of Rulon-LD. With this experimental engine, researches for the in-cylinder flow characteristics by changing the induction system have been carried out using the laser based flow diagnostic techniques. In accordance with the previous result, it is evident that larger sized particles would be required in order to observe the flow characteristics of interest. The flow visualization taken with microballoon particles shows significant improvement. This provide detailed information.

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Bx) is the main plant-parasitic nematode of the Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii), Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) and Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in the South Korea. Until now, the nematode morphological classification or PCR method using specific marker of Bx were used for the diagnosis of pine wilt disease. However, both methods have a disadvantage that these take a long time to confirm the result. Thus, these methods can not be used quickly at the newly damaged regions. For above the reasons, we had been developed the diagnostic method for Bx combining direct gDNA extraction buffer (DAP) with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA). This method is able to directly use mixed lysates extracted from Bx-infected pinewood by DAP buffer as gDNA template to RPA without another process for increase gDNA yield. Together, our method is able to detect Bx within 20 mins.

The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute plans to develop a coronagraph in collaboration with National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and to install it on the International Space Station (ISS). The coronagraph is an externally occulted one-stage coronagraph with a field of view from 3 to 15 solar radii. The observation wavelength is approximately 400~nm, where strong Fraunhofer absorption lines from the photosphere experience thermal broadening and Doppler shift through scattering by coronal electrons. Photometric filter observations around this band enable the estimation of 2D electron temperature and electron velocity distribution in the corona. Together with a high time cadence ($<$12~min) of corona images used to determine the geometric and kinematic parameters of coronal mass ejections, the coronagraph will yield the spatial distribution of electron density by measuring the polarized brightness. For the purpose of technical demonstration, we intend to observe the total solar eclipse in August 2017 with the filter system and to perform a stratospheric balloon experiment in 2019 with the engineering model of the coronagraph. The coronagraph is planned to be installed on the ISS in 2021 for addressing a number of questions (e.g., coronal heating and solar wind acceleration) that are both fundamental and practically important in the physics of the solar corona and of the heliosphere.

Until recently, molecular detection method for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Bx) infesting pine trees and killing themhas been developed several ways such as RFLP, Real-time PCR and LAMP. However, these were not only time-consumingprocess but also could not confirm the result in a short time. Furthermore, these methods also need thermo cycler orthermostat which are not portable and inexpensive. For above reasons, we had been developed the detection method forBx remaining in the pinewood chips without using electronic devices. In this study, we had used DUNT buffer that isable to extract genome DNA from Bx in the pinewood within 10 min and isothermal amplification that could be amplifiedthe specific DNA fragment of Bx at 37 ℃ for 10 min. As a result, our method is able to confirm the presence or absenceof Bx in pine trees within 20 min and could be used in the field as it does not require the electronic devices.

오리엔탈과실파리(Bactrocera dorsalis)는 주요 검역 대상으로 지정된 해충이다. 이 해충에 대한 고감도 모니터링과 진단 기술이 초기 방역 처리에 요구된다. 본 연구는 오리엔탈과실파리를 유인하여 치사시킬 목적으로 메틸유제놀과 생물농약을 혼합한 왁스형 방출기를 제작하였다. 본 연구는 또한 5종의 주요 검역 과실파리(오리엔탈과실파리, 오이과실파리, 퀸즐랜드과실파리, 말레이시아과실파리, 지중해과실파리)에 대한 PCR 진단프라이머를 개발하였다. 이상의 모니터링용 왁스방출기과 분자진단기술을 말레이시아 코타키나발루 지역에서 실증 시험하였다.

Cherry leaf roll virus(CLRV)는 group IV positive sense ssRNA viruses, Nepovirus로 분류되는 식물병원성 바이러스이다. CLRV는 체리 등 목본 및 완두 등 콩과 작물을 자연 기주로 하며, 실험적으로 약 36개 과 이상의 넓은 기주 범위를 가지고 있어 국가적, 경제적 및 농가 개인적 피해를 야기 할 가능 성이 보고되고 있다. 현재 CLRV를 검출하는 방법으로 역전사(reverse transcription; RT)-nesdted 중 합효소연쇄반응(polymerase chain reaction; PCR) 이 활용되고 있으며, 다양한 기주로부터 CLRV를 검출하기 위해서는 검출 감도, 특이성, 반응 시간, 단순성 등이 중요 요소였다. 그러나 RT-nested PCR은 두 단계로 구성되어 있어 단순하지 않고, CLRV를 검출하는데 약 10시간 이상의 반응 시간이 소 요되었다. 이번 연구에서는 등온증폭법을 이용하여 단순하고 신속하게 CLRV를 검출하는 방법을 개발하 였다. 등온증폭 반응은 RT-nested PCR과 동등한 검출 감도로 CLRV를 검출 하였다. 그러나 반응 시간 을 약 2시간 수준으로 단축하였으며, 6개 영역을 사용하는 등온증폭 프라이머의 사용으로 더욱 특이적 으로 증폭 할 수 있었다.

새로운 형태의 페녹시-카르복시레이토페녹시기가 함께 치환된 포스파젠 고분자를 여러 치환율을 가지고 합성하였 다. 이러한 형태의 포스파젠 고분자를 이용해 당뇨병 진단막을 제조하여 혈액 속의 글루코우즈의 농도를 변화시켜가며 680 nm에서의 흡광도를 측정하였다. 기본적으로 흡광도가 시간에 따라 변화하는 양(K/S)과 글루코우즈의 농도가 직선적인 관계 를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 소수성기인 페녹시기와 친수성기인 카르복시레이토페녹시기의 치환율이 글루코우즈 농도 측정에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 친수성기의 치환율이 10% 이하인 경우에는 글루코우즈의 침투속도가 너무 느려 글루코우즈의 농 도 측정이 어려웠다. 그러나 친수성기의 치환율이 10% 이상으로 증가함에 따라 글루코우즈의 농도와 K/S의 기울기 값 (Dose-Response Slope : DRS)이 점차 증가하였다. 하지만 친수성기의 치환율이 30% 이상일 경우에는 글루코우즈가 너무 빨 리 침투하여 DRS가 급격히 증가하였다.

We developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and are establishing diagnostic systems to distinguish disease resistance- and susceptible-strains of honey bees using the SNPs. For development of SNP markers, whole genome was sequenced each from 20 individuals of “disease resistance-strain” and “susceptible-strain” of Apis mellifera ligustica using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. Approximately, 344 and 294 million sequence reads were mapped to the honeybee reference assembly (Amel_4.5) for each strain, respectively. Among the total 2,246,428 SNPs yielded, 33 were found to be fixed between the two strains with all homozygosity. Sixteen of them were casually amplified and sequenced from randomly selected each 10 individual of honey bees from each strain and presented strain specific SNPs. These ten SNPs were used to diagnose the two strains either by original size difference, caused by indel-accompanying SNP, typical PCR-RFLP, or AS PCR.

A 10-day-old, Holstein calf with facial mass of 10 cm in diameter at the forehead region referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in Chungnam National University. The mass was soft and fluctuating swelling. It had normal skin and hair hanging forward from frontal region and was thought to contain cerebrospinal fluid.On the skull radiography, cauliflower like-irregular marginated, soft tissue opacity mass was identified craniodorsal to the frontal bone. The mass appeared as a cyst filled with anechoic fluid on ultrasonography. Soft tissue structures considered brain tissues were observed in the deep area of the mass. On the computed tomography, a large skull defect of left side frontal bone was found, and heterogeneous materials were exposed through the defect but exposure of cerebral meninges and brain tissue were not confirmative. On magnetic resonance imaging, herniated left brain parenchyma showed heterogenous T2 and T1 hyperinsensity. In the intracranium, T2 hyperinstense and T1 hypointense fluid was identified on the left side, instead of left cerebral parenchyma. Also leftward shift of right hemisphere and midline structure, including thalamus and midbrain, were observed. The definitive diagnosis was confirmed as a meningoencephalocele based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The calf was euthanized and necropsy was performed. On necropsy, both hemisphere were developed unequally with different size. One side hemisphere was grown in the outside through 10 cm hole on the median plane.

목 적 : 경추 MRI 검사 시 고식적 2D T2 TSE 시상면 영상과 3D T2 SPACE 시상면 영상에 대해 비교하고, 얻어진 3D 볼륨 데이터에 다중 평면 영상 재구성 기법(이하 MPR)을 이용해 양측 신경공 축에 수직 방향으로 사위 시상 재구성 영상을 획득하여 3D T2 SPACE영상의 진단적 유용성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 6월부터 2016년 1월 까지 경추의 통증으로 본원에 내원하여 경추 MRI 처방을 받고 검사를 시행한 환자 20명을 대상으로 하였고, 연령군은 남자 12명(평균나이=42.23세), 여자 8명(평균나이=40.38세)이었으며, 총 평균나이는 41.52세 이었다. 영상 평가는 영상의학과 근골격계 전문의 1명, 정형외과 전문의 1명이 환자의 사전정보를 모두 배제 시킨 고식적 2D T2 시상면, 3D T2 SPACE 시상면, 3D T2 SPACE 재구성 사위시상면에 대해 각 시퀀스 별로 해부학적 구조물(Neural foramen, Intraspinal nerve roots, Foraminal fat tissue, Spinal cord, CSF, Bone. Disc)들의 관찰정도를 리커트(Likert scale) 5점 척도로 일원배치 분산분석(One-way ANOVA)을 이용하여 평가하였고 통계적 기법의 검증 결과는 일원배치 분산분석 검증 후, p< 0.05일 때 유의한 것으로 간주하였다. 두 평가자 간 신뢰도를 위한 일치성 검증은 Cohen’s weighted kappa 95% 신뢰구간에서 평가 하였다. 결 과 : 정성적 평가에서 2명의 평가자에 의한 리커드 5점 척도 결과. 고식적 2D T2 시상면, 3D T2 SPACE 시상면, 3D T2 SPACE 재구성 사위시상면의 평가 결과는 Neural foramen에서 1.8±0.516, 3.525±0.505, 4.8±0.405, Intraspinal root에서 2.325±0.797, 4.325±0.474, 4.75±0.438, Foraminal fat tissue에서 3.0±0.877, 3.675±0.572, 4.15±0.735, CSF에서 4.85±0.483, 4.4±0.59, 4.2±0.822, Spinal cord에서 4.7±0.464, 4.0±0.555, 3.45±0.504, Bone에서 4.15±0.662, 3.4±0.496, 3.35±0.483, Disc에서 4.43±0.500, 3.7±0.464, 3.85±0.579 라는 결과를 얻었다. 평가된 값의 평균을 비교해본 결과 Neural formen, Intraspinal root, Foraminal fat tissue는 3D T2 SPACE 재구성 사위시상면, 3D T2 SPACE 시상면, 고식적 2D T2 시상면 순으로 높은 결과가 나왔고, CSF, Spinal cord, Bone, Disc에 대해서는 고식적 2D T2 시상면이 3D T2 SPACE 시상면, 3D T2 SPACE 재구성 사위시상면 보다 높다는 결과를 나타냈으며, 두 평가자 간 평가결과의 일치성 검정은 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.0001). 결 론 : 3D T2 SPACE 시상면 영상과 3D T2 SPACE 재구성 사위시상면 영상은 높은 공간 분해능과 T2 대조도를 가지고 있으며, CSF, Spinal cord, Bone, Disc의 해부학적 구조물 관찰정도가 고식적 T2 시상면 영상와 큰 차이를 보이지 않으며, Neural foramen, Intraspinal nerve root, Neural foramen fat tissue의 구조물들이 잘 관찰되는 결과를 얻었다. 따라서 신경근병증, 디스크 탈출증 의증을 주소로 내원하는 환자에게 3D T2 SPACE 시상면 시퀸스를 적용한다면 Neural foramen, Intraspinal nerve root, Neural foramen fat tissue에 관한 높은 진단적 영상정보를 제공하므로 질환의 감별에 유용하리라 사료된다

There are many other detection methods for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. However, Baermann funnel method, PCR-based methods, which are laborious and time consuming processes that are unsuitable to rapid diagnose the Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) on the field. For these reasons, the aim of our experiment is not only to apply field diagnostic for pine wood nematode (PWN) but also to reduce total time for detection PWN in the pine trees by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with phosphate (Pi)-induced coloration reaction which could be yes or no answer for detection of PWN has not required UV detector but it just could be discriminated by naked eyes within 30 min. Genomic DNA was directly extracted from pine wood chips by Wood Chips Direct Lysis procedure which can be used for LAMP only after simple dilution. Our results suggest that LAMP-Pi detection method, simple and rapid method for detection of PWN, could be applied to the field diagnostic for PWD.

당뇨병 환자의 혈당을 측정하기 위해 새로운 형태의 페녹시-메틸아미노 포스파젠 진단막을 제조하였다. 먼저 측 정 환경이 혈당 측정에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 활성화된 진단막을 가지고 5, 15, 25, 35, 45°C 그리고 상대습도 20%에서 80%까지 변화시키면서 시간에 따른 680 nm에서의 흡광도 변화량(K/S)를 측정하였다. 높은 측정온도와 습도에서도 K/S와 글 루코우즈 농도와의 기울기 값(Dose-Response Slope : DRS)은 크게 영향을 받지 않았다. 두 번째로, 제조된 진단막을 여러 환 경에서 보관한 후, 보관 환경이 글루코우즈의 농도 측정에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 새로운 포스파젠 진단막을 50°C에서 8 주 보관한 후 측정한 결과, 보관시간과 온도가 크게 영향을 주지 않았다. 또 상대습도 80%에서도 새로운 포스파젠 진단막의 안정성이 확인되었다.

Headache is one of most common chief complaints of pediatric patients in emergency departments (ED). In this study, the character, duration, strength and location of headaches, as well as the results of brain imaging studies, were recorded. Seventy-four children (34 boys, 40 girls) visiting the ED of major hospitals in Cheongju were enrolled from October 1, 2013 to September 30, 2014. Ages of the children ranged from 3 to 18 years, with the mean age being 13 years. Four of them (5.4%) had trauma-related headaches. There were 34 migraines (45.9%), 27 tension headaches (36.5%), 3 secondary headaches (4.1%), 2 seizure-related headaches (2.7%), 1 headache with hydrocephalus (1.4%), 1 concussion (1.4%), and 1 headache with subdural hematoma (1.4%). The highest number of patients, 31 (41.9%), had symptoms for less than two hours, while 11 pediatric patients (14.9%) had symptoms for 2-4 hours, and the third-largest group, 10 patients (13.5%), had symptoms between 24 and 72 hours. Twenty-nine patients (39.2%) had one headache per month, 20 patients (27.0%) had 1 to 14 headaches per month, and 4 patients (5.4%) had more than 15 headaches per month. Children with migraine took a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID, 34 patients; 45.9%), acetaminophen (19 patients; 25.7%), and Topiramate (1 patient; 1.4%). Average strength of headache was 7.37 ± 1.79. There were 23 children (31.1%) with headaches in the parieto-temporal area, 16 children (21.6%) in the occipital area, 9 children (12.2%) in the frontal area, 4 children (5.4%) in the global area, and 6 children (8.1%) in an uncertain location. There were 31 children (41.9%) with pulsating headaches, 18 children (24.3%) with squeezing headaches, 5 children (6.8%) with stabbing headaches, and 11 children (14.9%) with headaches of an uncertain nature. Thus, we suspect children visiting the ED had severe headaches.

For ex-vivo diabetic control, the voltammetric diagnosis of glucose (GU) was conducted with a modified carbon nanotube paste electrode, using handheld analytical circuits. The optimum analytical conditions were attained within the 0.5-4.0 ug/L working range and at the 0.06 ug/L detection limit, which system was interfaced to the feedback circuits and was applied to human urine for diabetic-patient diagnosis. It can be used for ex-vivo flow control analysis, vascular flow detection and other medicinal assays. The equations of the patients’ urine are y=36.65x+12.13 and R²=0.987, those of the healthy person of y= 2.5x+10.9 and R²=0.928 (patients: 118 ug/L; healthy person: 12.34 ug/L).