Purpose: Debriefing is very important in simulation-based education. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of structured team debriefing on clinical performance, self-confidence in nursing activities, and the satisfaction of nursing students, using mind mapping. Method: A non-equivalent control group post-test design was conducted. The participants in the study were 83 nursing students. The experimental group consisted of 42 seniors in 2018, and the control group consisted of 41 seniors in 2019. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and an observed performance checklist. The collected data were analyzed using chi-square and independent t-tests with the statistical software package IBM SPSS/WIN 25.0. Results: There were significant differences in clinical performance (t=7.64, p<.001), self-confidence in nursing activities (t=4.93, p<.001), and learner’ satisfaction (t=2.94, p=.004) between the experimental and the control groups. Conclusion: These results indicate that simulation-based nursing education applying structured team debriefing using mind mapping was effective in improving nursing students' clinical performance, self-confidence in nursing activities, and satisfaction. Thus, there is a need to develop and apply a range of clinical scenarios and debriefing strategies in simulation-based nursing education. Technical and non-technical skills of nursing students also need to be evaluated in simulation-based nursing education using various debriefing methods.

Since South Korea started to operate MOOC service in 2015, the number of courses and registered students have greately increased every year. However, like the global MOOC, K-MOOC has also experienced problems in quality control in learning and completion rates, etc. As the various discussions about K-MOOC spread from the viewpoint of opportunity and challenges, researches related to academic papers have been increasing rapidly in recent years. At this point, this study aims to examine the research trends by integrating the academic researches published in Korea, and to analyze the research key words and contents highted in those researches. For the purpose of this study, a text-mining tool was selected to analyze the major research keywords and themes presented in the 83 published research journal articles. The findings revealed in the MOOCs literature of Korea can be summarized as follows. First, based on the result of frequency in research keywods, MOOC related research in Korea shows four themes: (a) higher education, including university and life-long education, (b) new model for online learning, e-learning and flipped learning, (c) analysis of characteristics in learning and learners(motivation, intention, interaction, safisfaction, etc). Second, the result of network analysis shows that MOOCrelated academic papers generally focused on analyzing the phenomenon appearing in the learning model of MOOC, rather than to capture the characteristics of K-MOOC itself. In addition, there are many practice-centered instrutional design studies that are applied to MOOCs in university(colledge) and adult education. Especially, flipped learning showed strong central degree in those papers. Based on these results, which mapped patterns and features of MOOC-related researches published in Korea, the present state of MOOC implementation and academic research is demonstrated, concluding with some implcations for future researach directions.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 활동분석과 프로세스 맵핑을 기반으로 한 Korean version of Modified Barthel Index(K-MBI) 가이드북을 제작하여 내용 타당도와 평가자 간 신뢰도 및 일치도를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구에서는 활동분석과 프로세스 맵핑을 기반으로 한 K-MBI 가이드북을 개발하였다. 개발 된 K-MBI 가이드북에 대한 이해도 조사 및 수정을 하여 최종 가이드북을 제작하여 40명의 작업치료 전문가 집단에 내용 타당도를 검증하였다. 평가자 간 신뢰도 및 일치도 조사를 위해 기존의 K-MBI 검 사 지침에 근거하여 총 5명의 환자의 일상생활활동 동영상을 촬영하였다. 평가자 간 신뢰도와 일치도 조 사는 84명의 작업치료사가 교육 전과 후에 동일하게 동영상 속의 5명의 환자를 평가하여 확인하였다. 결과 : 내용 타당도 검증 결과는 개발된 K-MBI 가이드북 11개의 모든 항목에서 CVI 점수가 .93 이상으 로 높은 수준의 타당도를 나타내었다. 평가자 간 신뢰도에서는 ICC가 교육 전 .983, 교육 후에 .982로 교육 전과 후 모두 높은 수준의 신뢰도를 보였다. 정답률의 변화는 교육 전 48.37%에서 교육 후에 69.48%로 향상되었고, 평가자 간 일치도는 옷 입고 벗기 항목을 제외한 모든 항목에서 일치도가 향상 된 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통해 활동분석 및 프로세스 맵핑을 기반으로 한 K-MBI 가이드북은 일상생활활 동 평가에서 평가자 간의 신뢰도와 일치도를 향상되게 시키는 것으로 확인되었다.

This study was conducted to perform the suitability analysis of whole-crop rye (Secale cereale L.) based on the climatic information in the Republic of Korea to present useful information for producers and policy makers to determine the site-selection for the cultivation of the whole-crop rye. The criteria to analyze the climatic suitability of whole-crop rye was developed firstly. Then, the climatic suitability map for spatial analysis was developed through weighted overlaying the raster layers of climatic items in the evaluation criteria. Meanwhile, 16 geographically representative weather stations were selected to show examples of the calculation process of the climatic suitability score of a specific cultivation area. The results of the climatic suitability mapping indicated that the climatic conditions in most arable lands of the Republic of Korea such as the coastal, southern, western areas in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula and central areas in Jeju Island are suitable for the cultivation of whole-crop rye. The climatic suitability scores of the 16 weather stations were all in line with the results of the climatic suitability map.

증발산은 순복사 에너지를 사용하여 잠열의 형태로 수증기를 대기 중으로 수송함으로써 지구에너지 순환에 있어 중요한 요소 중의 하나이며, 증발산량은 지표유출의 두 배 정도로서 지구 물 수지에서 차지하는 비중이 매우 크다. 증발산의 지상관측은 지점에 국한되기 때문에 공간연속면 상에서의 증발산량 산출을 위하여 격자형 기상자료와 위성자료를 이용한 모델링이 오랫동안 이루어져왔다. PM(Penman-Monteith) 방정식에 기초한 METRIC(Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration) 모델이나 PT(Priestley-Taylor) 방정식을 이용한 MS-PT(Modified Satellite-based Priestley-Taylor) 모델 등이 주로 사용되어 왔으나, 또 하나의 대안으로서 본 연구에서는 최근 부각되고 있는 딥러닝 기법인 DNN(deep neural network)을 이용한 증발산 모델링을 수행하였다. 은닉층 구조, 손실함수, 옵티마이저, 활성화함수, L1/L2 정규화, 드롭아웃 비율 등의 최적화 과정을 거쳐서 수립한 DNN 모델은 RMSE = 0.326mm/day, 상관계수 = 0.975의 매우 양호한 정확도를 나타내었다. 이는 DNN 최적화와 함께, 국지예보모델과 위성자료로부터 증발산 기작에 관여하는 인자들을 선택하여 입력자료로 적절히 사용하였기 때문이기도 하다. 향후과제로서 훈련자료의 종류와 양을 증가시켜서 DNN 모델을 보다 정교화하는 것은 반드시 필요하다고 사료된다.

우리나라 최초의 남극 기지인 세종과학기지가 위치한 킹조지섬은 남극해류에 영향으로 강수량이 많고 날씨가 급변하며 남위 62도에 위치하여 남반구의 여름엔 비교적 온도가 높은 편이다. 많은 강수량과 높은 온도의 영향으로 식생의 분포가 넓으며 종류도 다양하다. 연구지역의 대표적인 식생으로는 이끼(사니오니아)와 지의류(오크롤레키아, 우스니아)가 있는데 이 생물들은 지하의 수분분포에 따라 많은 영향을 받는다. 연구지역은 신생대 초기에서 중기 사이에 발생한 화산 쇄설물과 퇴적물로 이루어져 있으며 수분 공급처는 크게 세 가지로 직접적인 강수, 빙하가 녹은 물과 대기의 단열팽창현상인데 올해 2월 중순 총 강수량은 5.7mm로 남극의 여름철에는 특히 빙하가 녹은 물에 영향이 가장 크다. 연구지역의 이끼 서식지는 빙하에 가까우며 지의류에 서식지는 해안쪽으로 분포한다. 이것이 지하 내부의 수분분포와 관련된 것으로 가정 후 땅이 가장 많이 녹은 시기인 2018년 2월 중순에 측선 길이는 40m이며 1m 전극 간격의 웨너배열법을 사용한 전기비저항탐사, 주파수 500MHz 안테나를 사용한 레이다탐사를 실시하였다. 동토층의 깊이가 얕게는 0.8m부터 깊게는 1.5m로 많은 차이를 보였는데 동토층의 깊이가 수분량에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며 특정 위치의 활동층 내에 존재한 두께 5~7cm 가량의 퇴적층 또한 동토층에 영향을 주었고 지표의 구조토 형성에도 영향을 준 것으로 보인다.

Recently, maintenance science has been promoted and many advanced equipments have been developed such as GPR surveying, automatic gauging robot, bridge deck inspection robot. And the government - led policy on the fourth industrial revolution affects the R & D field of science and technology, and science for all fields remains a challenge. However, the equipment that has been developed so far is applied separately to each field, so that it is not possible to grasp the state of the entire structure. Therefore, in this study, the applicability of BIM and image information mapping technology in expressway maintenance was analyzed. To accomplish this, a basic analysis was conducted to identify the characteristics of the equipment developed for the current structure inspection and to build a platform to manage the collected data collectively.

Purpose：Recently, studies have been conducted to improve the signal intensities by increasing the filling factor, which is the volume ratio of the subject in the coil using a compensating material that does not appear as a magnetic resonance signal. Previous studies note that the magnetic susceptibility difference between the air and the compensation material should be minimized. Therefore, in this study, we tried to investigate and compare the materials that can reduce the susceptibility differences most effectively among various materials similar to human tissue density. Materials and Methods：The customized phantom was constructed using 7 different compound(borax powder, saline solution, sulfur powder, silicon power, graphite powder, wheat flour and silicon pad). A Bland-Altman plot was used to measure the magnetic susceptibility difference between the air and the phantom compound. Image acquisition was performed using a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging system (Skyra, Siemens, Germany) and a 15-channel head coil. Validation of a quantitative susceptibility mapping acquisitionw were carried out on T2 and T2* apping using Matlab (Ver.7.10, Mathworks, USA) and Image J (Ver.1.47v, NIH, USA) program. Results：The mean values of graphite (upper: -88.4, center: -100.5, lower: -101.6) and silicone (upper: -74.0, center: -37.1, lower: -96.6) were appeared negative which meant the susceptibility differences were higher than air. In contrast, wheat flour(Upper: 9.0, center: 0.3, lower: 11.3), silicon pad (upper: 13.9, center: -0.7, lower: 13.5), saline (upper: 11.9 , center: 1.0, lower: 16.3), borax (upper: 19.1, center: 1.2, lower: 13.6)and sulfur (upper: 19.0, center: 1.1, lower: 13.9)showed positive value which meant lower susceptibility difference compared to air. As a compensating material to overcome difference in susceptibility uniform performance and less deviation were observed in the compounds other than the graphite and silicon regardless of their position. Conclusion：The magnetic susceptibility is the intrinsic physical quantity of the elements in the periodic table such as mass and spin. In other words, when an element is exposed to an external magnetic field, it is a measure of how much the element is magnetized. Therefore, in selection of the magnetic susceptibility compensating material, it is important to select one the with the small magnetic susceptibility difference compared to air. In this study, the differences of susceptibility among wheat flour, silicon pad, physiological saline, borax and sulfur were observed to be appropriate. Increasing the filling factor with magnetic susceptibility compensating materials proposed in this study can improve the signal intensities.

An understanding of the geographic distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is essential to assessing and managing the risk of introduction of HPAI virus (HPAIV). However, to date, local spatial clustering patterns of HPAI outbreaks in Korea has not been explicitly investigated. We compiled HPAI outbreak data (n=622 cases) from December 2003 to February 2016. Each reported case was geocoded and linked to a digital map of Korea according to its onset location using the geographic information system (GIS). Kernel density estimation was used to explore global patterns of the HPAI outbreaks. We also applied the Getis-Ord G local spatial statistic to identify significant hot spots of high and low abundance by calculating Z-scores. Hot spot analysis revealed that HPAI cases are likely to be distinct clusters of HPAI outbreaks, with the highest risk being in the southwest of the country, specifically in Jeonnam and Jeonbuk provinces, where there are high density poultry populations. More than 16 Si-Gun-Gu (administrative province unit with bandwidth of 30 km) were involved in these high risk areas, indicating that there is likely to be a spatial heterogeneity of HPAI outbreaks within the country. Because of the existence of apparent hot spots, particularly in western regions, along with the increased number of migratory birds in these areas, Korea is at high risk of HPAIV introduction. Taking this challenge into consideration, preemptive and effective targeted surveillance programs for wild birds and poultry farms are highly recommended. Future research should look at the risk factors related to the socio-economic, human and natural environments and the poultry production systems to explain the spatial heterogeneity of HPAI outbreaks.

오늘날 새로운 지도 제작 기술을 도입하여 저비용으로 개인 용도에 맞는 촉지도를 제작할 수 있는 지도 제작 방식에 대한 연구가 증가하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 지도와 점역에 대한 지식이 없는 일반인이 촉지도를 제작할 수 있는 촉지도 자동제작 시스템의 구현 방안을 제안한다. 촉지도 자동 제작 시스템은 연속수치지도 기반의 지리정보 데이터베이스를 활용하여 지도용 자료를 구축한다. 그리고 촉지도 자동 제작 시스템은 촉지도 디자인 기능을 웹 환경에서 제공하는데, 지도 요소 및 지도 기호 디자인 규칙은 국내의 점자지도 제작규정을 준수한다. 마지막으로, 촉지도 자동 제작 시스템은 빠르고 쉽게 촉지도를 인쇄할 수 있는 장비를 채택하여 지도 제작자가 소량의 개인용 촉지도를 제작할 수 있도록 지원한다. 온라인 지도 서비스 기반의 지도 제작 방식이 개인용 지도 제작의 확산에 기여한 것처럼, 촉지도 자동 제작 시스템은 개인용 촉지도 제작에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.