Tandem是一种外语学习方法，这种方法建立在两个不同母语者合作的 基础上，目的是相互学习对方的语言，或者更多了解语言伙伴的民族文化。 对于外语学习者个人而言，Tandem学习法使得学习者足不出户，在一个实 际的语言环境中学习外语变得简单了，因为它提供了与一个母语者进行交际 的机会。它不仅提高了学习者的自主学习能力和团队协作能力，也使得跨文 化的学习过程成为为可能，扩展了语言的判断能力。 在欧洲，Tandem学习法从八十年代后期受到大家喜爱并得到广泛推 广，目前在德国已经制度化地固定下来。在德语地区最有名的当然是波鸿- 鲁尔大学。在中国，目前只有一篇关于Tandem学习法应用的硕士论文。在韩国，釜山外国语大学首次引进了该学习法，应用于汉语、韩国语、泰国 语、越南语、俄语等外语教学，自2009年第一学期到现在共进行了5个学 期。因为该学习法尚处于引进试用阶段，期间出现了许多关于应用Tandem 学习法的具体研究，大部分研究都集中在学习法的介绍和在课堂应用时出现 的一些问题的提出等，没有更深层次的、用具体数据来进的行研究。 本文试图用比较客观的数据来分析在汉语课堂中Tandem学习法适用的 情况。根据每个学习者的特点即性别组合、外语水平组合，对跨国文化的理 解程度的组合，测量汉语学习者的Tandem学习能力。根据本文统计出来的 数据结果将继续调整和完善Tandem学习法在汉语课堂中的应用，并且将结 合外语习得理论进行更深层次的研究。

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass-spectrometric detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of 13 quinolones (orbifloxacin, sarafloxacin, marbofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, difloxacin, oxolinic acid, flumequine, nalidixic acid) in pork. The drugs were extracted from homogenized sample using acidic buffer (2% trichloracetic acid) and acetonitrile with ethyl acetate. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatograph with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive mode for all quinolones. Mass spectral acquisition was performed in the multi reaction monitoring mode (MRM), selecting two structurally significant transitions per compound. Good linear relationship (R2=0.999) was observed at 6 concentrations of 2.5～100 ng/g. Satisfied recoveries (73.3～105.4%) of all quinolones were demonstrated in spiked pork at three levels from 5 to 20 ng/g. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for quinolones ranged from 0.25 to 5.0 ng/g.

A simple, selective and sensitive procedure for the confirmation of 14 sulfonamide antibacterials in milk was developed. The milk samples were homogenized, extracted and deproteinized by acetonitrile and defatted by n-hexane. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive mode for all 14 analytes. Mass spectral acquisition was performed in the multi reaction monitoring mode (MRM), selecting two structurally significant transitions per compound. The calibrations were performed in sample matrixes and the interference effect of sample matrixes on the ionization was effectively eliminated. Good linear relationship (R2=0.992～ 0.999) were observed at 6 concentrations of 2.5～100 ng/g. Satisfied recoveries (86.3～110.2%) of all sulfonamides were demonstrated in spiked milk at three levels from 5 to 20 ng/g. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for sulfonamides ranged from 0.25～2.1 ng/g.

Tandem學習法用漢語叫‘互助學習法’。本來的意思是說‘兩個人一起騎 的自行車’, 或者說‘一起騎自行車的行爲’. 後來就發展成表示兩個人通過互相 幫助而協助謀事的意思。把這樣的方法應用到外國語學習上的, 就稱爲 Tandem學習法。就是不同母語的兩個人組成一個組, 像兩個人一起騎自行 車一樣, 以50:50爲基本原則, 每個人一面當學習者, 一面當敎師, 互相學習, 互相敎授。Tandem學習法起源於1980年代德國的Bochum大學. 現在是在歐 洲很受歡迎的一種外國語學習法. 但是國內漢語敎育學界很少有人知道。 現在國內的外國留學生當中, 中國留學生佔的比率最高, 他們都要學習 韓國語與韓國文化, 也都很需要韓國人的幫助, 韓國漢語系的學生也都要學 習漢語與中國文化, 因此這兩國的學生都是一個通過互助自己學習目標語的 很好的學習條件。中國留學生都很願意交韓國朋友, 韓國的漢語系學生也是 如此. 如果硏究出讓這兩國學生能够撘配起來的敎學法的話, 這兩國學生們 就能够非常有效地達成自己的學習目的, 也對外國語學習法會有很大的幫 助。 本硏究從這一思路出發, 要找出可以把這樣的條件活用到外國語學習上 的具體方法。所以筆者通過這篇文章, 給國內學者介紹Tandem學習法, 而 且說明Tandem學習法在國內漢語敎學上採用的必要性和具體運作上要解決 的問題。我很希望今後國內學者們能共同關心, 共同硏究, 幷爲本國的外國 語學習者所用, 能够開發出適合韓國的韓國式Tandem學習法。

The pomegranate (Punica granatum), especially its fruit, possesses a vast ethnomedical history and represents a phytochemical reservoir of heuristic medical value. The tree and fruit can be divided into several anatomical compartments, and the fruit juice, peel and oil are known to be weakly estrogenic and heuristically of interest for treatment of menopausal symptoms and sequellae. In this study, analysis of estrogen in pomegranate extract was carried out with LC/MS/MS. Three batches of pomegranate extract samples were used to analysis the target compounds (estrogen). The contents of estrogen derivatives in the samples were 38.6 ppb of estriol, 83.5 ppb of estrone,and 10.9 ppb of estradiol. This result suggests that the pomegranate extract can used for treatment of menopause symptoms in the woman.

Two-stage multi-server tandem queue with two types of processed customers is analyzed. Priority customers always are admitted into the system. Non-priority customers are admitted into the system only if the number of busy servers at the second stage does not exceed some pre-assigned threshold. Economic criterion of the system operation is optimized with respect to the threshold.

The analytical method for 16 organophosphorus pesticides was developed in this study. The 16 organophosphorus pesticides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using on-line solid phase extraction (on-line SPE) with PLRP- S cartridge. Analysis of all analytes in the MS/MS was processed in the electrospray ioni-zation (ESI) positive mode. They are Azinphos ethyl, Chlorfenvinphos, Ethion, Famphur, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Terbufos, Aspon, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Crotoxyphos, Dichlofenthi-on, Dicrotophos, Fonofos, Thionazin, Dimethoate and Iprobenfos. Limits of detection (LODs) and Limits of quantification(LOQs) were obtained as 0.8~2.0 ng/L and 2.6~6.4 ng/L, respectively. All compounds were not detected at the 8 sampling points of the raw water and clean water.

국내 공항 콘크리트 포장은 FAA 150/5320-6D에서 제시하는 설계법에 따라 설계대상항공기로 등가 환산된 교통량을 설계에 반영해 왔으나, 2006년에 개정된 FAA 150/5320-6E에서는 운항이 예상되는 모든 항공기의 연평균 이륙횟수를 설계에 반영하고 있다. 개정된 설계 기준에 따라 다양한 종류의 기어형상을 반영하는 것이 실제 교통량을 반영할 수 있으므로 더 합리적인 설계 방법이라 할 수 있다.<br> 본 연구에서는 Duals in Tandem(2D) 기어형상의 교통하중을 환산하기 위한 응력회귀식을 개발하였으며, 선행연구(김연태, 2013)인 Double Duals in Tandem(2D/2D2) 기어의 응력 회귀 모형 개발 절차에 따라 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 환경하중에 의한 응력 영향을 반영하기 위해 기존에 개발된 ‘지역별 슬래브 두께에 따른 등가선형 온도차이(홍동성, 2012)’를 사용하여 국내 기후특성을 반영하였다. 우선, 응력 회귀식 모형을 산출하기 위해 공항포장 설계에 필요한 각각의 설계인자들의 민감도 분석을 실시하였고, 영향력이 큰 주요 인자들의 설계 적용 범위를 정의 한 후, 선별된 설계 변수들을 유한요소 해석 프로그램(FEAFAA)에 적용하여 다양한 경우에서 유한요소해석(FEM)을 실시하였다. 또한, 해석결과인 최대인장응력을 종속변수로 적용하고, 해석에 적용한 설계인자들을 독립변수로 적용하여 다중회귀분석(SPSS)을 실시한 결과, 교통 및 환경하중에 의해 발생되는 최대인장응력 회귀식을 산출할 수 있었다. 개발된 회귀식은 각각 교통하중에 의한 응력회귀식, 환경하중과 교통하중을 동시에 고려한 응력회귀식이며, 입력변수로는 줄눈간격, 슬래브두께, 복합지지력계수, 등가선형온도차이, 교통하중이 있다. 또한, 회귀식 검증을 위해, 각각의 회귀식 변수를 변화시키며 유한요소해석 결과와 비교 분석을 실시하였다.

한국어 교육 현장에서 점차 의사소통 능력의 중요성이 강조됨에 따라 ‘유창성(fluency)’을 길러 줄 수 있는 교수학습 방법이 다양하게 연구되어지고 있다. 그렇지만 현 언어교육현장에서는 한국어 학습자에게 의사소통 능력을 키우기 위해서는 교사와 학생간의 교수행위와 학습 행위의 역할 분담을 하여 수업을 진행하고 있기 때문에 한국어 학습자들의 의사소통능력을 키워주는 데는 어느 정도 한계점을 지니고 있다. 이런 교실 수업의 한계점을 보완해 줄 수 있는 하나의 학습 방법이 바로 ‘Tandem 언어 학습법(Tandem Language Learning)’이다. 본고에서는 Tandem 언어 학습법을 바탕으로 실제 한국어 교육 환경에 맞게 적용해 본 후 이 수업을 통해서 의사소통 능력 및 문화 이해 능력 향상, 수업에 관한 전반적인 결과를 분석하고자 한다. 더불어 Tandem 언어 학습법을 한국어 교육에서의 적용 가능성을 검증하여 앞으로 이 연구를 바탕으로 한국어 교육에 맞는 Tandem 언어 학습법의 다양한 유형 및 Tandem 언어 학습법을 기본으로한 교육 자료 개발에 관한 연구가 이루어지는 데 도움이 되길 바란다.

The 5S rRNA gene is considered as valuable resource for chromosome landmarks and evolutionary studies. In this study, the tandem repeat unit of 5S rRNA gene containing the coding sequence and non‐transcribed spacer (NTS) region was amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced from Allium wakegi (2n=XY=16) and the two ancestors, A. cepa and A. fistulosum. Although there were intraspecific variations among the clones of each species, we could construct each consensus sequences for A. cepa and A. fistulosum and two consensus sequences for A. wakegi. The sequence of the 120 bp coding region was completely homologous among the consensus sequences from the Allium species examined. However, the sequence in the NTS region was significantly variable and informative in genome analysis. The variations were found to be clustered between the positions 230 and 269, and also distributed broadly as single nucleotide. A. wakegi could be divided into two classes by the 5S rRNA sequences (AWAK‐1 and AWAK‐2). AWAK‐1 showed high homology to the genome of A. cepa and AWAK‐2 to that of A. fistulosum. Fluorescence in situ hybridization technique was applied to analyze the distribution of 5S gene loci. In A. wakegi, 5S rRNA sequences were detected in two different chromosomes, each one showing the pattern identical to the chromosome donated from each genome of both ancestors.