Two species in Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are wellknown vector species of the pine wood nematode (PWN) in South Korea. In 2018, the surveys using sentinel logs with two Monochamus species larvae were made from early June to last September in Pinus densiflora forests of Pohang city, South Korea. The experiments were repeated 10 times in order to investigate parasitism patterns of the larval parasitoids of M. saltuarius and M. alternatus. Three plots were chose at interval distance of 20 m (0 m, 20 m, 40 m) from the edge to the center of the forests (i.e. forest depths) in one damage area of the pine wilt disease for each of three different locations. For each time of the exposure ten sentinel logs were hung along the tree heights (i.e. sentinel logs positions) (height: 0 m, 1.8 m, 3.6 m, 5.4 m, 7.2 m). As the results of the surveys six larval parasitoids in total were identified, and most abundant parasitoids were Spathius verustus and Cynopterus flavator. Analyses showed that the parasitism rate on larvae of two Monochamus species was not affected according to forest depth, but the parasitism rate was the highest in the third plot. Also the parasitism rate was the highest at 5.4 m height of a tree. Lastly, parasitisms rate on M. alternatus was higher than that of M. saltuarius.

한국산 수염잎벌아과의 미기록종인 살구나무테두리잎벌(신칭)을 확인하고 처음으로 보고한다. 본 종은 2016년 처음 국내에서 발견되어 살구나무를 가해하는 해충으로 보고되었고, 본 연구를 통해 최초로 종을 규명하고자 한다. 살구나무테두리잎벌의 생활사 및 생태사진과 기재 및 주요 형질 사진을 제공한다.

큰납작벼룩좀벌속(신칭)의 두 미기록종을 포함한 납작벼룩좀벌아과(신칭)를 한국산으로 처음 보고한다: 큰납작벼룩좀벌(Metapelma beijingensis Yang)(신칭) 그리고 긴꼬리큰납작벼룩좀벌(Metapelma pacificum Nikol’skaya)(신칭). 또한, 긴꼬리큰납작벼룩좀벌의 수컷 개체가 처음으로 발견되어 보고한다. 한국산 큰납작벼룩좀벌속의 검색표, 진단 그리고 진단형질에 대한 사진을 제공한다.

Recent two moderate earthquakes (2016 Mw=5.4 Gyeongju and 2017 Mw=5.5 Pohang) in Korea provided the unique chance of developing a set of relations to estimate instrumental seismic intensity in Korea by augmenting the time-history data from MMI seismic intensity regions above Ⅴ to the insufficient data previously accumulated from the MMI regions limited up to Ⅳ. The MMI intensity regions of Ⅴ and Ⅵ was identified by delineating the epicentral distance from the reference intensity statistics in distance derived by using the integrated MMI data obtained by combining the intensity survey results of KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) and ‘DYFI (Did You Feel It)’ MMIs of USGS. The time-histories of the seismic stations from the MMI intensity regions above Ⅴ were then preprocessed by applying the previously developed site-correction filters to be converted to a site-equivalent condition in a manner consistent with the previous study. The average values of the ground-motion parameters for the three ground motion parameters of PGA, PGV and BSPGA (Bracketed Summation of PGA per second for 30 seconds) were calculated for the MMI=Ⅴ and Ⅵ and used to generate the dataset of the average values of the ground-motion parameters for the individual MMIs fromⅠ to Ⅵ. Based on this dataset, the linear regression analysis resulted in the following relations with proposed valid ranges of MMI.

본 연구는 북한이탈주민 신변보호의 체계 및 문제점을 검토하여 북 한이탈주민 신변보호 체계의 개선방안을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그동안 정부의 각종 지원 정책에도 불구하고 북한이탈주민은 사회부적 응을 경험하고 있으며, 범죄나 신변안전 위협, 위장망명 등 각종 위험에 지속적으로 노출되고 있다. 따라서 북한이탈주민 관리 및 정착 지원 정책의 개선과 함께 신변보호의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 북한이탈주민 신변보호는 북한이탈주민법 및 동법 시행령과 북한이탈주민 신변보호 지침에 따라 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 현행 신변보호체계는 첫째, 신변 보호담당관에게 과중한 업무가 부과되며 이에 따라 인력부족의 문제가 발생한다. 둘째, 신변보호담당관의 북한이탈주민에 대한 이해와 전문성이 부족하다는 문제점이 있다. 셋째, 보호대상자에 대한 접근과 동향파악에 어려움이 있다. 넷째, 현재의 신변보호제도는 필연적으로 북한이 탈주민에 대한 인권침해 논란을 야기할 수 있는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 고려할 때, 다음과 같은 측면에서 신변보호제도의 개선방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 첫째 북한이탈주민 신변보호는 인도주의 적 차원에서 이루어져야 한다. 이를 위해서는 과도한 보호를 지양해야 하며 신변보호담당관에 대한 지속적인 교육이 필요하다. 둘째, 북한이 탈주민 신변보호 기간의 무분별한 연장금지와 관련 기관과의 협력 및 분업체계 등 신변보호 체계의 정비가 필요하다. 셋째, 북한이탈주민 신변보호에 관한 명확한 지침의 마련 및 공개가 이루어져야 한다.

This study focuses on red snow crabs for fisheries cooperation in South Korea, North Korea, and Japan. South Korea, North Korea, and Japan have had experience in promoting red snow crab fisheries cooperation. However, this cooperation is now discontinued. South Korea, North Korea, and Japan are required to play a role in mediating South Korea in order to promote red snow crabs fisheries cooperation. South Korea has the capacity to carry out economic intervention in North Korea and Japan. This is even more so in the red snow crabs. On the other, South Korea, North Korea and Japan's red snow crabs fisheries cooperation can develop into Northeast Asian fisheries cooperation including Russia and China. This can be done through the major fisheries of the East Sea, the squid and the alaska pollocks. The role of the Korean peninsula is important in Northeast Asian fisheries cooperation.

This study examined how the consumers’ perception of GM food affects their purchasing behavior. In addition, this study investigated how the amount of knowledge a consumer has regarding GM food affects their perception of this type of food. The quantitative research method was used to collect data. The data from a self-administered survey, which was conducted in South Korea, was analyzed using descriptive analysis, ANOVA, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis methods. The results of the survey indicate that most respondents may have unknowingly purchased GM food. Further, the respondents reported that they likely had known about or had heard of GM food. In addition, the survey indicated that the amount of knowledge possessed by the respondents regarding GM food greatly affected their perceptions of this type of food. These findings will contribute to the current GM food market by providing the food market with additional information relating to the consumers’ perceptions of GM food.

We examined the characteristics of egg and larval distributions and catch changes of anchovy in relation to abnormally high sea temperature in the South Sea of Korea in summer 2015 and 2016. The densities of anchovy eggs and larvae in the southern coastal region were lower in July-August 2016 than in July-August 2015. In particular, anchovy eggs and larvae (approximately 5 mm TL) were rarely observed in the coastal region in August 2016 due to the abnormally high SST (up to 28°C), which was above the optimum spawning temperature of anchovy. The catch of non-swimming stage (< 2 cm TL) larval anchovy was lower in July-August 2016 than in July-August 2015. The decreased catch of larval anchovy in July-August 2016 could be attributed to decreased spawning density in June-July 2016. In contrast, the catch of swimming stage (> 2 cm TL) anchovy was increased in July-August 2016. In the summer of 2016, prominent sea temperature near the southern coast of Korea and sea temperature higher than 30°C in the offshore region of the South Sea of Korea could greatly enhance the retention of swimming anchovies in the coastal fishing grounds.

우리나라의 도시철도 역사는 44년이나 되지만, 도시철도 역명에 관한 연구는 매우 빈약하다. 선행 연구 검토 결과 도시철도 역명에 관한 기본 특성 연구는 이미 수행된 바 있다. 그래서 본고에서는 우리나라 도시철도 전체 역명(1,033개)에 관한 심층 연구의 일환으로 역명의 부적합성을 분석하였다. 하지만 역명이 워낙 많고 특성이 서로 상이하여, 본고에서는 행정구역 관련 역명 630개에 대해서만 부적합 여부를 판단하였다. 역명 부적합성은 포섭 여부나 거리만으로 판단하는 것은 곤란하므로, 지역 대표성, 행정구역 변천 등 여러 측면을 종합적으로 고려하였다. 그 결과 시·군·구명 관련 역명은 부적합 비율이 8.33%로 매우 낮았고, 읍·면·동명 관련 역명은 39.01%로 매우 높았다. 유사 행정구역명 관련 역명은 45.45%로 매우 높았고, 리·마을명 관련 역명은 9.09%로 매우 낮았으며, ‘옛 지명’ 관련 역명은 19.51%로 상당히 높았다. 도시철도 역명 제정이나 개정 시 이런 문제점을 충분히 고려하여 부적합 역명의 비율을 감소시켜 나가야 할 것이다.

The objective of this study was to find out a nomenclature and a code number for fruit commodities from the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) corresponding with a commodity name used in South Korea. In addition, nomenclature or classification for commodity that needs an alteration or detailed examination domestically was determined. In this study, ‘Food Code (Korean and English version)’ and ‘Pesticide MRLs in Food’ from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and ‘Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds’ were used. As results, regarding a nomenclature or classification used in South Korea, it appeared that alteration or further examination was needed for the following (English name of commodity, coming from an English version of Food Code). First, reconsiderations for classification of Chinese matrimony vine, fig, five-flavor magnolia vine, and pomegranate are needed as they are classified differently between Korea and Codex. Second, in any case of Korean or English language, nomenclature of commodity is different even within Korea or when it is compared with Codex. Such commodities are: Asian citron, Chinese bush cherry, Chinese matrimony vine, coconut, crimson glory vine, date palm, five-flavor magnolia vine, five-leaf chocolate vine, Japanese apricot, Japanese cornelian cherry, jujube, kiwifruit (golden kiwi), Korean black berry, Korean raspberry, kumquat, lychee, mandarin, persimmon, plum, quince, raspberry, and trifoliate orange. Third, reconsiderations for peach and raspberry nomenclatures are needed as it is currently unclear whether ‘peach’ includes nectarine and an English nomenclature, ‘raspberry’, is used in Korea for both various varieties (red, black) and one specific variety.

In this study, a correlation between execution of quality management activities and their results was verified by applying the Malcolm Baldrige model (hereafter referred to as the MB model) as a quality management performance measurement indicator for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Korea. To achieve this goal, we need to determine whether the categorical requirements in the MB model are recognized consistently in SMEs, as a prerequisite. To this end, factor analysis was conducted for measurement variables in each category, which revealed that the process indicator was made up of six factors and the outcome indicator was made up of five factors, like those configured in the MB model. This result can be interpreted to mean that the requirements in each category of the MB model were well produced and recognized consistently throughout SMEs in South Korea. In addition, the analysis of causality between the process indicator (quality management activities) and the outcome indicator (management results) showed high causality between them. Although the quality management levels of SMEs in South Korea are inferior to those of conglomerates or other national quality award-winning companies, this study is significant in that the causality between quality management activities and results was verified, since this study targeted SMEs in South Korea as the target of investigation. Thus, it is empirically proven that the MB model can contribute to improved management results for SMEs in Korea.

이 연구에서는 자원봉사센터의 지원체계와 운영체계에서 나타나는 문제점을 다각도로 분석하고 자원봉사 센터의 전문성 확보 및 활성화 방안을 도출하고자 한다. 자원봉사관리에 대한 운영 실태를 분석했을 때 현재 한국의 자원봉사센터 문제점은 다음과 같다. 먼저 자원봉사에 대한 체계적인 관리가 결여되어 있을 뿐 아니라 자원봉사단체간 의 협력적인 네트워크가 제대로 형성되어 있지 않아 관리의 효율성을 저하시키고 있다. 또한 자원봉사관리자의 전문성이 부족하고, 자원봉사관리자에 대한 교육과정이 미비하며 자원봉사단체에 대한 정부의 지원도 매우 열약한 실정이다. 본 연구자는 이러한 문제점을 해소하기 위하여 다음과 같은 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 자원봉사 관련 조례제정과 제도적 지원이 필요하다. 둘째, 각 부처별 자원봉사센터가 효율적으로 운영되어야 한다. 셋째, 자원봉사 관리자의 전문성 강화가 필요하다. 넷째, 자원봉사자 관리를 효율적으로 할 수 있어야 한다. 다섯째, 프로그램 개발 기능 및 수요처 개발을 강화하고 센터와 지역사회의 관계 증진할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 안정적인 예산확충과 자원봉사 전담인력 확보가 절실히 필요하다. 따라서 자원봉사센터 활성화를 위해서는 공공부문에서는 과감한 재정 및 제도적 뒷받침을 마련해 주어야 하며, 민간 부문에서는 자발적인 활동이 될 수 있도록 자율성을 최대한 보장해 주어야 한다.

본 연구는 설악산 지역 남교리에서 대청봉에 이르는 구간의 고도별 식물 종풍부도 패턴 및 이러한 패턴에 영향을 미치는 요인으로서 기후 및 지형인자의 상대적 중요성을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 식생 조사 결과, 남교리에서 대청봉에 이르는 구간에서 총 71과, 147속, 211종의 식물이 관찰되었으며, 이 가운데 목본식물은 91종(43%), 초본식물은 120종(57%)이 관찰되었다. 고도가 증가함에 따라 목본식물의 풍부도는 감소하는 패턴을 나타낸 반면, 초본식물의 풍부도는 증가하는 패턴을 보였다. 이러한 분포 패턴을 설명하는 요인들에 대한 회귀분석 결과, 목본 및 초본식물의 종풍부도는 기후 및 지형인자 모두에 의해 제어됨을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 변이분할을 통해 두 인자들 사이의 상대적 중요성을 분석한 결과, 목본식물의 풍부도는 기후인자가, 초본식물의 풍부도는 지형인자가 더 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 소규모 공간 수준에서의 고도에 따른 식물종의 풍부도 패턴과 그 제어인자는 목본 및 초본식물 사이에 다를 수 있다는 것을 나타낸다.

The reproduction characteristics of hagfish Eptatretus burgeri were examined using individuals caught in the South Sea of Korea. The spawning season and size at minimum sexual maturity of this species were characterized based on a gonad-somatic index (GSI) and monthly variation egg size (long axis). From monthly variation of GSI, the spawning season was estimated to be from August to September. Developing eggs larger than 10 mm were found in March, and the largest egg size was found in July. The first spawning length was 34.2 cm TL. Batch fecundity ranged from 13 to 117 eggs for hagfish sized from 34.2 cm TL to 77.0 cm TL, respectively, and increased linearly with total length.

Acoustic surveys were conducted in the seas surround the South Korea (South Sea A, South Sea B (waters around the Jeju Island), West Sea and East Sea) in spring and autumn in 2016. First, the vertical and horizontal distributions of fisheries resources animals were examined. In most cases vertical acoustic biomass was high in surface water and mid-water layers other than South Sea A in autumn and West Sea. The highest vertical acoustic biomass showed at the depth of 70-80 m in the South Sea A in spring (274.4 m2/nmi2) and the lowest one was 10-20 m in the West Sea in autumn (0.4 m2/nmi2). With regard to the horizontal distributions of fisheries resources animals, in the South Sea A, the acoustic biomass was high in eastern and central part of the South Sea and the northeast of Jeju Island (505.4-4099.1 m2/nmi2) in spring while it was high in eastern South Sea and the coastal water of Yeosu in autumn (1046.9-2958.3 m2/nmi2). In the South Sea B, the acoustic biomass was occurred high in the southern and western seas of Jeju Island in spring (201.0-1444.9 m2/nmi2) and in the southern of Jeju Island in autumn (203.7-1440.9 m2/nmi2). On the other hand, the West Sea showed very low acoustic biomass in spring (average NASC of 1.1 m2/nmi2), yet high acoustic biomass in the vicinity of 37 N in autumn (562.6-3764.2 m2/nmi2). The East Sea had high acoustic biomass in the coastal seas of Busan, Ulsan and Pohang in spring (258.7~976.4 m2/nmi2) and of Goseong, Gangneung, Donghae, Pohang and Busan in autumn (267.3-1196.3 m2/nmi2). During survey periods, fish schools were observed only in the South Sea A and the East Sea in spring and the West Sea in autumn. Fish schools in the South Sea A in spring were small size (333.2 ± 763.2 m2) but had a strong SV (–49.5 ± 5.3 dB). In the East Sea, fish schools in spring had low SV (–60.5 ± 14.5 dB) yet had large sizes (537.9 ± 1111.5 m2) and were distributed in the deep water depth (83.5 ± 33.5 m). Fish schools in the West Sea in autumn had strong SV (–49.6 ± 7.4 dB) and large sizes (507.1 ± 941.8 m2). It was the first time for three seas surrounded South Korea to be conducted by acoustic surveys to understand the distribution and aggregation characteristics of fisheries resources animals. The results of this study would be beneficially used for planning a future survey combined acoustic method and mid-water trawling, particularly deciding a survey location, a time period, and a targeting water depth.