V. vulnificus에 대한 매실 추출액의 항균활성을 측정함으로서 다소비 식품인 수산물의 미생물학적 안전성 확보에 기여하고자 하였다. 실험에서 사용한 균주는 수산물, 수족관수, 해수, 갯벌에서 분리된 V. vulnificus 28주를 대상으로 하였다. V. vulnificus 28주 모두에서 vvhA 유전자가 검출되고 good identification 이상의 생화학 동정 결과를 나타내어 V. vulnificus임이 확인되었다. 실험에 사용된 V. vulnificus는 tetracycline과 chloramphenicol 항생제에 감수성을 나타내어 환자 발생 시 이 두 종류의 항생제가 치료에 용이할 것으로 판단되었다. V. cholerae NCCP 13589 와 V. parahemolyticus NCCP 11143 표준균주 모두 매실 추출물 2.5%와 5%에서 생육 저지환을 나타내었다. 또한 V. vulnificus 분리균주와 V. vulnificus NCCP 11135 표준균 주 모두 매실 추출물 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%에서 생육 저지환을 나타내어 V. cholerae와 V. parahemolyticus에 비해 V. vulnificus에 대한 매실 추출물의 항균활성이 높게 나타났다. V. vulnificus에 대한 매실 추출액 최소살균농도가 1.6% 로 나타나 수산물 중 V. vulnificus 생육억제에 매실 추출 물이 매우 유용할 것으로 판단되었다. 수산물과 관련된 비 브리오균 중 패혈증을 일으키는 V. vulnificus균은 국내에서 매년 지속적으로 환자와 사망자를 발생시키고 있다. 수산물 생식 시 발생할 수 있는 식중독을 예방하기 위한 매실 추출물 활용연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

This study was designed to investigate the contents of icariin during ripening of Epimedium koreanum with sugar and Soju (25, 30, and 35% alcohol contents) using a homemade method. Contents of icariin of Epimedium wine were examined using high performance liquid chromatography. Icariin levels in Epimedium wine increased during the first 3 days of storage; after 6 days, icariin contents decreased gradually until 30 days. Contents of icariin in Epimedium wine by storage temperature (5 and 20°C) were not different during storage. After 30 days, icaiin was not detected in all tested Epimedium wines. Epimedium wines were assessed for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased in early storage periods, however, after 6 or 9 days, activities decreased gradually.

The objectives of this study were to select the seeds of Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae genotypes in terms of superior with bioactive compounds content and to inform sophisticated data for developing the high value-added products. We evaluated to aspects of the antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, and flavonoid contents in seeds from two vegetable family. We used in the Cucurbitaceae(watermelon, squash, bitter gourd, and sponge gourd) and Solanaceae(hot pepper, sweet pepper, and egg plant) the total 408 genotypes. In Cucurbitaceae, polyphenol content of watermelon and squash genotypes were ranged 19.9-343.8 and 6.1-81.2 mg·100 g-1 DW, respectively. The polyphenol content of watermelon genotypes was 12% among all genotypes over 160 mg·100 g-1 DW. The mean of flavonoid content in watermelon and squash genotypes represented 80 and 41.3 mg·100 g-1 DW, respectively. In Solanaceae, flavonoid content of hot pepper genotypes was ranged 64.4-472.5 mg·100 g-1 DW, with an average of 165.0 mg·100 g-1. The 23 hot pepper genotypes were classified over 90% antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of sweet pepper was ranged 35.9-90.3%, and 23% of all genotypes represented 82% antioxidant activity. The polyphenol and flavonoid content of egg plant was ranged 38.1-642.0 mg·100 g-1 DW and 14.2-1217.0 mg·100 g-1 DW, respectively. In addition, we selected that 8 egg plant with the superior genotypes for antioxidant activity, polyphenol, and flavonoid content. Results revealed that there was significant variation of antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds contents in both vegetable famaily. In addition, we suggested that selected genotypes seeds with high contain bioactive compounds will be more efficiency to develop natural value-added products.

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and the contents of antioxidant compounds in extracts derived from 23 medicinal crops. Dried plant materials were extracted by 80% methanol and the extracts were used to experiment. The levels of total phenolic compounds were much higher in Oenothera biennis, Houttuynia cordata, Cedrela sinensis, Rhus javanica, Artemisia annua, Reynoutria sachalinensis, and Dendropanax morbifera compared with other crops. On the other hand, the total phenolic compound levels in Carthamus tinctorius, Polygonum multiflorus, Ginko biloba, Solanum nigrum, and Saposhnikovia divaricata were relatively low. The total flavonoid contents were highest in H. cordata, followed by D. morbifera, A. annua, A. continentalis and O. biennis. DPPH activity was significantly higher in A. annua, R. javanica, C. sinensis, D. morbifera and O. biennis, and ABTS activity was significantly higher in R. javanica, C. sinensis, O. biennis, R. sachalinensis, A. annua, and D. morbifera than other plants. These results suggest that O. biennis, A. annua, R. javanica, D. morbifera, and R. sachalinensis can be utilized as food additives and natural antioxidants due to their strong antioxidant activity.

Ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) is an alternative fumigant to methyl bromide (MB). For applying import sweet pumpkins in Korea, the efficacy of EF and PH3 was evaluated on Tetranychus urticae adult and egg stage which is pest in sweet pumpkins. The eggs of T. urticae were more tolerance than adults in both EF and PH3. When T. urticae eggs were treated with EF for 4 hrs, LCT99=107.63 mg/L and LCT99=45.37 mg/L at 5°C and 20°C, respectively. PH3 treatment at 5°C and 20°C for 24 hrs, eggs were controlled LCT99=49.44 mg/L and LCT99=17.23 mg/L, respectively. The mixed treatment of EF and PH3 showed no significant synergistic effect on T. urticae. However, EF (80 mg/L) and PH3 (4 mg/L) treatment did not cause any external phytotoxicity damages in sweet pumpkin even when treated with the maximum amount of fumigant at 5℃ and 20℃ for 24hrs.

Ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) is an alternative fumigant to methyl bromide (MB). The egg, nymph, and adult stages of Frankliniella occidentalis in asparagus were examined for the fumigation activity of EF and PH3. The eggs of F. occidentalis were more tolerance than other stages (adults and nymphs) in both EF and PH3. When the EF was treated for 4 hrs at 5℃ and 20℃, the eggs of F. occidentalis were LCT99=98.70 mg/L and LCT99=61.13 mg/L, and adults were LCT99=11.50 mg/L and LCT99=3.18 mg/L, respectively. However, at 5℃ and 20℃, the eggs were LCT99=83.76 mg/L and LCT99=53.6 mg/L, and adults were LCT99=4.58 mg/L and LCT99=3.44 mg/L, respectively for 4 hrs treatment of PH3. The PH3 was not any external phytotoxic damages at the maximum dose (4 mg/L), but the EF caused significant phytotoxicity in asparagus.

Plant essential oils have been reported to show repellent, insecticidal and growth-reducing effect on many insect herbivores. Recently, it has been reported that plants synthesize secondary metabolites regulating insect juvenile hormone (JH) receptor complex as a part of their defense mechanisms. We tested 180 plant essential oil compounds using a yeast two-hybrid system transformed with the Aedes aegypti JH receptor as a reporter system. Among them, we identified 17 compounds that showing high JH agonist (JHA) or antagonist (JHAN) activities. They were grouped into 4 groups by their structural similarity and their insecticidal activity was tested against larvae of Aedes albopictus, Plutella xylostella, Plodia interpunctella and Laodelphax striatellus. These results could provide insights on the plant-insect coevolution and may be useful for the development of insect specific and safe pesticides.

The adult activity of M. alternatus caught in a pheromone trap showed a bimodal form consisted of the first peak in mid to late June and the second peak in mid to late September in Jeju area, Korea. The two peaks were separated apparently between mid and late August, showing a valley. The pine trees without oleoresin flow were abundant during early July to early August, and declined thereafter, which did not match with the valley of adult activity curve. Thus, the hypothesis that dying pine trees attract much strongly M. alternatus adults than that of pheromone lures may not fully explain the bimodal pattern, because the first adult activity peak occurred during the peak period of dying pine trees and it declined with decreasing dying pine trees. The accumulated degree-days showed that the emergence of the 2nd generation adults could occur before the second peak when the diapause ecology of M. alternatus was not considered. The voltinism of M. alternatus can affect basically the control strategy of this pest. Consequently, further studies are required to find out clearly the voltinism of M. alternatus in Korea.

Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) produced in the suboesophageal ganglion stimulates pheromone biosynthesis in the pheromone gland, mediating sexual behaviors. Based on the transcriptome of the head, PBAN in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, was identified. To examine the pheromonotropic activity of PBAN in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, a PBAN (Mvi-PBAN) was synthesized. When female adults were injected with a synthetic Mvi-PBAN, pheromone production showed a maximal increase 2 h post-injection. PBAN was expressed in all examined tissues and developmental stages. In contrast, PBAN receptor (PBANr) was detected in the female tissues and all developmental stages except for adult male. In addition, two types of PBANr were identified from the transcriptome of the pheromone gland, suggesting that the molecular signal on the pheromone gland may transduce via PBANr.

Dermanyssus gallinae is parasitic to chicken, and they cause many damages such as disturbing sleep reducing for body weight and egg production by blood-sucking. To develop acaricide against D. gallinae, The acaricidal activity of 40 species plant extract were examined. Cnidium officinale extracted by Me-OH showed 82.0% acaricidal activity after treated 48 hrs at 4,000 ppm. The hexane fraction showed 92.4% mortality against D. gallinae at 48 hrs at 2,000 ppm. Purification of the biologically active constituents from the hexane extraction with acaricidal activity was done using silica gel open column chromatography and HPLC. H1122 fraction gave 80.9% mortality to D. gallinae at 400 ppm after treated 48 hrs. H1122 fraction was analyzed by GC-MS and NMR.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stable and unstable bridging exercises on the EMG activity of abdominal muscles. Twenty healthy women participated in this study and the muscle activities of left-right rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) muscles were recorded during 4 bridging exercises (unilateral/ bilateral, stable/unstable). The activity of the right EO muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in unstable condition, and left EO muscle also produced the same result. The activity of the right IO muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in an unstable condition, and left IO muscle also produced the same result. The activity of the right RA muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in a stable condition, and left RA muscle produced the same result. Unstable/unilateral (USUL) represented the highest activity among the 4 exercises. EO/IO muscles represented the highest activity during the USUL exercise, and RA did so during the stable/unilateral exercise. These results suggest that specific posture (USUL) can be administered targeting a specific side of abdominal muscles.

We present the latest results from the Mission Program NIRLT (PI: I.Yamamura), the near-infrared spectroscopy of brown dwarfs using the AKARI/IRC grism mode with the spectral resolution of ~ 120. The near-infrared spectra in the wavelength range between 2.5 and 5.0 μm are especially important to study the brown dwarf atmospheres because of the presence of major molecular bands, including CH4 at 3.3 μm, CO2 at 4.2 μm, CO at 4.6 μm, and H2O around 2.7 μm. We observed 27 sources, and obtained 16 good spectra. Our model fitting reveals deviations between theoretical model and observed spectra in this wavelength range, which may be attributed to the physical condition of the upper atmosphere. The deviations indicate additional heating, which we hypothesize to be due to chromospheric activity. We test this effect by modifying the brown dwarf atmosphere model to artificially increase the temperature of the upper atmosphere, and compare the revised model with observed spectra of early- to mid-L type objects with Hα emission. We find that the chemical structure of the atmosphere changes dramatically, and the heating model spectra of early-type brown dwarfs can be considerably improved to match the observed spectra. Our result suggests that chromospheric activity is essential to understand early-type brown dwarf atmospheres.

Background: Scapular dyskinesis is characterized by altered scapular position and motion. Specifically, excess activation of the Upper trapezius (UT) combined with decreased Lower trapezius (LT) and Serratus anterior (SA) have been observed. The Standard push-up plus exercise (SPP) is considered as a therapeutic exercise for increasing SA activity and maintaining the scapular kinematics. In addition, Using the Sling surface can lead to higher muscle activity. However, the advantage of an unstable surface has been uncertatin. Objects: To compare the activation of the UT, LT, and lower serratus anterior (LSA) muscles during various push-up plus exercises with and without sling in subjects with scapular dyskinesis. Methods: Total 18 male subjects with scapular dyskinesis were recruited. The UT, LT, and LSA electromyographic activities and the UT/LSA and UT/LT EMG activity ratios were measured during three push-up plus exercises with and without sling. Two-way repeated of analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance. Results: The UT activity was significantly lower in all postures without sling than that with sling. In addition, the LSA activity was significantly greater without than with sling, and significantly large in SPP, Low back supported push-up plus (LSPP), and Quadruped push-up plus. Additionally, the UT/LSA and UT/LT activity ratios were lower in SPP and LSPP without sling than with the other four push-up plus exercises. Conclusion: The push-up plus without sling were considered to decrease UT and increase LSA activity compared with exercises with sling. Furthermore, SPP without sling seems to be a more effective exercise for increasing LSA activity and lowering the UT/LSA and UT/LT activity ratios in scapular dyskinesis subjects.

Many kinds of medicinal herbs have been used to treat inflammation in Oriental medicine. However, there few studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of medicinal herbs. In this study, we used mouse bone marrow cells (BMs) treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a simulator of osteomyelitis, to screen medicinal herbs having anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, we investigated the activity of an extract of Rhus chinensis (RC) using metabolic activity and cytokine production of the BMs treated with LPS and RC. The metabolic activity of BMs was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8® solution. RC decreased the metabolic activity of LPS-treated BMs. A viability assay using trypan blue solution demonstrated that RC marginally decreased the viability of LPS-treated BMs. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that RC decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of BMs, regardless of LPS treatment. To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of RC, we measured the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-10 in BMs. LPS increased the production of both cytokines in BMs. Interestingly, RC induced a greater increase in IL-10 than TNF-alpha in LPS-treated BMs. Taken together, RC decreased metabolic activity and modulated the production of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-treated BMs. These findings suggest that RC can be used as a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory activity.

치자 껍질의 항산화 활성을 측정하기 위하여 70% methanol, distilled water (DW) 및 ethyl acetate (EA)의 3가지 용매를 사용한 추출물의 용매 별 flavonoid 함량 및 항산화 활성, 금속 chelating 능력 측정을 통하여 치자 껍질의 기능성 식품 재료로서의 가치를 검토한 결과, 치자 껍질의 proanthocyanidin 함량은 48.165±0.811 mg CE/g DW로 나타났으며, 추출 수율은 70% methanol (36.26%), DW (39.87%), EA (2.88%) 로 나타났다. 추출 용매 별 항산화 활성은 농도(0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL)가 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였으며, control로 사용된 ascorbic acid, BHA, EDTA 보다는 낮은 활성이 관찰되었다. Flavonoid 함량(mg QE/g)은 70% methanol (0.416), DW (0.225), EA (0.212) 순으로 확인되었으며 다른 항산화 분석 및 금속 chelating 능력 실험에서도 이와 유사하게 관찰 되어 모든 분석에서 70% methanol 추출물이 가장 활성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 미루어 볼 때 치자 껍질의 용매 별 flavonoid 함량에 따라 항산화능, 금속 chelating 능력이 증가하는 것으로 사 료되며, EA 추출물을 제외한 다른 추출물에서의 수율과 항산화 활성은 높은 수준으로 관찰되었다. 따라 서 치자의 껍질은 proanthocyanidin과 flavonoid 화합물을 다량 함유하고 있으며 그로 인한 높은 항산 화 활성과 생리활성을 가지고 있어 기능성 식품 및 천연항산화제로서의 가치가 매우 기대된다.

본 연구는 우엉 뿌리 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 피부에 대한 안전성을 평가하기 위하여 총 폴 리페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH radical 소거 활성을 통하여 항산화 활성을 살펴보고, B16F10 melanoma 세포에 대한 세포 독성 및 자외선 A에 대한 피부 세포 보호 효과를 확인하였다. 또 한 화장품 소재로서의 활용을 검증하기 위하여 1차 피부 첩포 테스트를 실시하였다. 본 실험 결과 우엉 뿌리 추출물의 함량이 증가됨에 따라 높은 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드의 함량이 확인되었으며, DPPH radical 소거 활성을 확인하였다. B16F10세포에 대한 세포 독성을 확인한 결과 B16F10 melanoma 세포 에 대해 독성이 낮고, 자외선 A에 대해 80% 이상의 세포 보호 효과를 확인하였다. 또한 1차 피부 첩포 테스트를 통해 우엉 뿌리 추출물이 피부에 자극이 거의 없음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 통하여 우엉 뿌리 추출물이 항산화 활성과 자외선에 대한 피부 보호 효과가 뛰어나고 피부 세포에 대한 독성이 낮으 며, 피부에 대한 안전성이 확인됨에 따라 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다.

To obtain the immunomodulating polysaccharide from chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus sclerotia, IO), crude polysaccharide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP, respectively) prepared from hot-water extract (IO-W) of I. obliquus by EtOH precipitation after MeOH reflux or not. After IO-W was re-dissolved in water followed by EtOH addition in the case without MeOH reflux, EtOH mixture was fractionated into EtOH-soluble (IO-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-CP). In the meanwhile, MeOH-soluble fraction (IO-M) was separated from IO-W after MeOH reflux. The residue was dissolved in water and was added by EtOH, and then EtOH mixture was also fractionation into EtOH-soluble (IO-M-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-M-CP). As a result of the macrophage stimulating activity of these fractions, IO-CP and IO-M-CP showed significantly increased cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W. Particularly, IO-M-CP promotes the production of IL-12 more than IO-CP. In the splenocytes proliferating activity and intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer’s patch, both of 2 crude polysaccharide fractions were significantly promoted in cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W, and IO-M-CP was more potent than IO-CP in IL-2 production from splenocytes and GM-CSF production (10 μg/mL) in Peyer’s patch cells. In addition, immunomodulating polysaccharide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP) prepared from IO-W by EtOH precipitation with or without EtOH reflux showed no significant difference in the chemical composition and component sugar. These results suggested that MeOH reflux might exclude low-molecular weight materials from IO-W and consequently increase the immunomodulating activity of IO-M-CP. Therefore, it was confirmed that immunomodulation of polysaccharide prepared from hot-water extract of chaga mushroom was enhanced by fractionation including MeOH reflux and EtOH precipitation.

The release profiles of nisin from nisin-incorporating gel foods and the antimicrobial activities of the gels on the growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta in an aqueous system containing the gels have been investigated. A linear regression model was applied to determine the diffusion coefficient (D) for the diffusion of nisin in the gel. The antimicrobial activities of nisin released from 1, 2 and 3% (w/v) agar gels on the growth of B. thermosphacta in a broth medium with and without nisin were investigated. The D decreased from 1.2×10 -2 to 8.2×10 -3 and 6.4×10 -3 cm 2 /s as the agar concentration in the gel increased from 1 to 2 and 3% (w/v), demonstrating the diffusion rate in the gels can be controlled by the agar concentration in gel. The agar gel incorporating nisin inhibited the B. thermosphacta growth in the broth medium by prolonging the lag phase. The growth inhibition was enhanced by the addition of nisin in the medium. The results of this study exhibited that the gel food is a feasible nisin delivery system with a controlled release achieved by the adjustment of agar concentration in the system, demonstrating the potential of nisin-incorporating gel for preserving particulate-containing drinks.

To enhance the physiological activities and reduce the off-flavor of garlic in the Kimchi, we manufactured the Kimchi seasoning replaced with 25~75% black garlic instead of raw garlic and measured the contents of antioxidants and antioxidant activities. The polyphenol compound content was 270.91 μg/mL in the control and 278.18~305.75 μg/mL in the Kimchi seasoning with black garlic. The polyphenol compound content increased by increasing the amount of black garlic in the Kimchi seasoning. The polyphenol compound contents gradually decreased during storage period. The flavonoid compound content was 26.18 mg% in the control and 26.80~38.72 mg% in the Kimchi seasoning replaced with 25~75% black garlic. The flavonoid compound contents increased by increasing the amount of black garlic. The flavonoid contents were different from those of polyphenol compounds during storage periods. In the case of DPPH electron donating abilities, DPPH electron donating ability of the control was 84.82%, which showed a lower antioxidative activity than the Kimchi seasoning replaced with black garlic. The electron donating abilities of the Kimchi seasoning replaced with black garlic were increased as the amount of black garlic was increased. In the lipid peroxidation test, the control showed no lipid peroxidation during the storage period. The Kimchi seasoning replaced with black garlic also inhibited lipid peroxidation during storage as in the control. However, it showed lower activity than the control. Reducing power was higher in the Kimchi seasoning replaced with black garlic than in the control. The higher the ratio of black garlic, the higher the reducing power.

한우육과 수입산 우육(호주 및 뉴질랜드)으로 육포를 제조하여 품질특성 및 항산화 활성을 비교하였 다. 육포의 두께는 한우육포에서 다소 두꺼웠고 전단가는 수입산보다 유의적으로 낮았으며, 표면색은 시료간에 차이가 적었다. 육포에 대한 전체적인 선호도는 뉴질랜드산 우육으로 제조한 육포와 한우육포 가 호주산 우육으로 제조한 육포보다 높은 것으로 인지되었다. 4주 동안의 실온 저장 시 저장기간의 경 과에 따른 수분활성도는 한우육포가 가장 낮았다. 육포를 4주간 실온에 저장하는 동안 지질과산화물 함 량은 수입산 우육으로 제조한 육포에 비해 한우육포에서 함량 변화가 적었다. 육포의 총 페놀 및 플라 보노이드 함량은 한우육포와 호주산 우육으로 만든 육포에서 서로 비슷한 수준이었다. 육포의 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성 및 환원력은 시료 첨가량의 증가에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 한우육포는 저 농도(10∼50mg/mL)에서 항산화 활성이 높은 경향이었다. 한우육포는 전체적인 선호도 및 항산화 활성 이 높아 저장 안정성이 우수한 바, 한우육은 기능성 측면에서 육포 제조에 적절할 것으로 여겨진다.