본 연구는 생태계교란식물인 단풍잎돼지풀의 성공적인 생물학적 방제를 위하여 단풍잎돼지풀을 섭식하는 돼지풀잎벌레의 섭식식물조사를 통해 기주특이성과 돼지풀잎벌레의 섭식에 따른 단풍잎돼지풀의 생태학적 반응의 차이를 확인하였다. 2017년 9월 초에 돼지풀잎벌레 처리에 따른 단풍잎돼지풀의 생리 및 번식 반응에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 돼지풀잎벌레가 없는 곳(대조구)과 있는 곳(처리구)에서 엽록소함량(umolg-1s-1), 최소엽록소형광(Fo), 최대엽록소형광(Fm), 광계 Ⅱ의 광화학적 효율(Fv/Fm)을 측정하였다. 또한, 2018년 6월 말에 돼지풀잎벌레에 따른 단풍잎돼지풀의 활력도에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 돼지풀잎벌레가 있는 단풍잎돼지풀군락에서 단풍잎돼지풀 식피율(10%(방형구 A), 50%(방형구 B), 90%(방형구 C))에 따라 방형구(1m2)를 설치하였다. 각 방형구 내 모든 개체의 지상부 길이(cm), 줄기직경(cm), 잎 수(ea), 잎 피해율(%), 잎 폭과 잎몸 길이(cm)를 측정하였고, 잎 피해율은 1등급(~20%), 2등급(21%-40%), 3등급(41%-60%), 4등급(61%-80%), 5등급(81%~)으로 나누어 조사하였다. 각 방형구 내 단풍잎돼지풀의 고사율(%)은 6월말과 7월 중순 그리고 9월 중순에 3회 측정하였다. 2018년 7월 말에 돼지풀잎벌레의 기주특이성을 알아보기 위해 공주대학교 온실과 온실주변 그리고 묵논에 총 6곳을 선정하여 각각 돼지풀잎벌레 10마리를 방사하여 섭식식물조사를 조사하였다. 엽록소함량, Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm 그리고 개체당 꽃 수는 모두 대조구가 처리구보다 높았다. 6월 말과 7월 초에 2주 동안 방형구 A에서 고사율은 58.2%에서 72.5%로 14.3% 증가하였고, 방형구 B에서 고사율은 48.5%에서 61.8%로 13.2% 증가하였다. 방형구 C에서 고사율은 각각 0%로 변화가 없었다. 7월 초와 9월 중순 2달 동안 방형구 A에서 고사율은 72.5%에서 97.8%로 25.3% 증가하였고, 방형구 B에서 고사율은 61.8%에서 91.2%로 29.4% 증가하였다. 방형구 C에서 고사율은 각각 0%로 변화가 없었다. 9월 중순 전체 방형구의 살아있는 개체 수는 총 38개체이며, 잎 피해율 등급별 개체수의 경우 1등급은 3개체, 2등급은 5개체, 3등급은 9개체, 4등급은 4개체 그리고 5등급은 2개체였다. 잎의 피해율이 증가할수록 지상부 길이, 줄기 직경, 잎 수, 잎 폭 길이 그리고 잎몸 길이는 짧아졌고, 5등급에서 가장 활력도가 낮은 개체의 지상부 길이는 52.5cm 이였고, 줄기 직경은 0.3cm, 잎 수는 8개였다. 온실과 온실주변 그리고 묵논에서 출현한 식물상(74과 152속 207분류군)에서 멸종위기식물은 9과 10속 10분류군, 생태계교란식물은 3과 5속 6분류군 그리고 식용식물은 36과 54속 71분류군 이였다. 돼지풀잎벌레가 섭식한 식물은 국화과에 속하는 단풍잎돼지풀, 돼지풀 그리고 뚱딴지였다. 멸종위기식물은 모두 섭식하지 않았고, 생태계교란식물은 단풍잎돼지풀과 돼지풀을 제외하고는 섭식하지 않았다. 또한, 식용식물은 뚱딴지를 제외하고는 섭식하지 않았다. 이를 통하여 단풍잎돼지풀은 돼지풀잎벌레가 섭식함으로써 활력도가 낮아지고, 고사율이 증가하는 것으로 보아 돼지풀잎벌레는 단풍잎돼지풀의 생육초기단계인 지상부 길이가 50cm 미만일 때 도입해야하며, 고유식물, 멸종위기식물 그리고 식용식물을 대상으로 추가적인 돼지풀잎벌레의 섭식식물조사를 통해 기주특이성에 대한 자료를 확보해야 한다.

양송이버섯에 발생하는 긴수염버섯파리에 대한 곤충병원성선충의 방제효과를 조사하였다. 양송이버섯에 발생하는 긴수염버섯파리 유충의 볏짚배지와 상토에서 30×30㎡ 내 밀도는 각각 평균 0.8마리와 22.2마리로 상토에서 월등히 높았다. 볏짚배지에 상토를 복토하고 첫관주 이후 2일간격 3회 관주시 곤충병원성 선충을 마지막 관주시 물대신 1회 곤충병원성선충을 살포한 시험구에서는 ㎡당 2.5×105 농도가 6.0×104 농도보다 약간 높은 방제효과를 보였고 2회 살포한 시험구에서는 살포 후 14일째에 각각 96.8%와 66.7%로 ㎡당 2.5×105 농도에서 높은 방제효과를 보였다. 따라서, 양송이버섯재배시 벗짚배지에 상토를 복토한 후 2일 간격 3회 관주처리 할 때 물대신 2일간격 2회 곤충병원성선충을 ㎡ 당 2.5×105 농도로 처리할 경우, 긴수염버섯파리 유충을 효과적으로 방제할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Biological control has emerged due to the side effects of chemical control such as residual and toxicity. One of the biological controls is entomopathogenic fungi. The entomopathogenic fungus used in this study was first detected in the insectary. The fungus was identified as Lecanicillium sp. based on the sequences of the ITS1 and 2 regions. Lecanicillium sp. infects aphids, scale insects and whiteflies, especially Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii. In this study, we characterized the fungal phenotype, growth condition, and pathogenicity against green peach aphid. Mycelial growth of Lecanicillium sp. was 12.79±0.46 mm diameter during 7days on potato dextrose agar at 25℃. In addition, the fungus was able to annihilate 100% green peach aphids, after 8days of inoculation. Ultimately, this study would be provide new information on Lecanicillium sp. and suggest the potential utilization of this fungus as a biological control agent.

미국선녀벌레(Metcalfa pruinosa)는 외래 침입해충으로 조사가 시작된 2009년 이후 발생지역과 발생면적이 계속 증가하여 2018년에는 123개 시군구의 21,154ha에서 발생이 보고되고 있다. 미국선녀벌레는 농경지와 그 주변 산림지에서 활동하기 때문에 정부와 지자체간 협업을 통해 농림지 동시방제를 5월하순경(부화약충 대상)과 7월 중순경(성충 대상) 2회 실시하고 있다. 농촌진흥청에서는 미국선녀벌레의 기생천적인 선녀벌레집게벌(Neodryinus typhlocybae)의 안정적인 도입과 미국선녀벌레에 대한 생물적 방제원으로서 국내 정착을 위해 이탈리아 파도바대학과 국제협력사업을 2017년부터 수행하고 있다. 선녀벌레집게벌은 완주에서 월동이 가능하였으며 6월 초에 50%이상 우화를 하였다. 2018년도에 온실(완주)과 야외(수원, 태안)에서 증식하여 1,000여 개체 이상을 확보하였으며 도입천적의 안정적인 국내 정착과 확산 및 활용 방안에 대해 논의하고자 한다.

The domestic natural enemy industry was formed by public institutions before the natural enemy companies were formed. In 1995, during the decentralization period, the technololgy of natural enemy breeding developed by the Rural Development Administration and the Agricultural Research Institute of each province were spread to the Agricultural Technology Centers of each county, Agricultural Technology Centers has supplied a large number of natural enemies to farmers for free. Since the beginning of the 2000s, when the first natural enemy company called Korea-IPM was created in Korea, the natural enemy industry boomed with the birth of Cecil Co., Ltd., a large natural enemy company. Prior to the birth of a natural enemy company, Domestic methods of using nautral enemies to release the natural enemies against the target pests and to test their effectiveness were similar to those of using chemicals. After then, the introduction of banker plant, a natural enemy protection plant, began to develop the concept of natural enemy protection limited to Aphidius colemani, and the effect was excellent. However, there were many cases where the success and failure of biological control were staggered because only the use value of the natural enemy for the target pest was dealt with. Therefore, in our laboratory, we are exploring and developing of the using method of trap plant that can concentrate densities by attracting insect pests. Also, when using a variety of natural enemies in a single plant, we are studying strategies to increase the pest control efficiency by identifying the interraction between natural enemies and determining their amount of releasing.

Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is considered as a serious pest in pine trees. To develop an eco-friendly strategy to manage this forest insect, we collected entomopathogenic fungi from Korean soil and assessed their virulence against the adults of the insect in laboratory conditions. As a result, two isolates with conidial suspension (1.0×107conidia/ml), showed 87% and 90% mortality 12 days after fungal treatment, respectively. We assessed the potential of the fungi-derived destruxin and protease as additives to the fungal isolates, and they showed insecticidal activity via feeding and spraying treatments. Finally, we produced fungal conidia in massive solid cultures and formulated wettable powders, and now studying optimal conditions of oil-based formulation with two isolates. Based on these results, we are evaluating the control efficacy of the fungal agents against M. alternatus in field conditions.

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), can feed on more than 70 species of insects including immature stages of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. P. maculiventris is native to North America and there was an attempt and failure to import P. maculiventris to South Korea in 1970s. Recently, P. maculiventris was successfully re-introduced to South Korea and is being contained and reared in a quarantined facility at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, South Korea. In this presentation, we will introduce this new biological control agent targeting major lepidopteran and coleopteran pests in agriculture and forest. In addition, current research on mass rearing and aerial release of P. maculiventris using drones will be presented.

An analysis of recent studies and a field survey were conducted to investigate the distribution of the exotic species Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and the results’ applicability for biological control against ragweed, which disturbs the island’s ecosystem. The ragweed beetle (O. communa) can be found anywhere on the host plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., which grows in Jeju Island. Moreover, ragweed beetles possess the following characteristics: a high host plant specificity, a high-temperature resistance, an excellent mobility, and multivoltinism. Ragweed is extensively distributed and gradually expands its habitat further on Jeju Island. For this reason, it is recommended to take advantage of O. communa for the biological control of ragweed instead of pesticides or direct removal, considering that Jeju is endowed with many natural reserves and unique insular traits.

Mushroom mites have recently caused severe damage to sawdust beds, mushroom mycelia, and fruiting bodies; therefore, they have reduced the production of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, in greenhouses. There are currently no registered pesticides for mushroom mites. It is necessary to selectively control mushroom flies and mites without affecting the growth of the mushroom. We examined biological control of mushroom mites using predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus in button mushroom cultivation. As a result, a three times treatment (1 treatment after water cleaning, 1 treatment after fungus inoculation, and 1 treatment before or after casing) was most effective at controlling mushroom mites, with 3.000 predatory mites (3 bottles) scattered evenly over 165–230 ㎡ every 1–2 m. Predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus could control mushroom flies and mites at the same time and could be used at any time during cultivation.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is one of potent biological control agents against a variety ofinsect pests. In this study, we investigated enzyme production of M. anisopliae strains A and B. They produced extracellularenzymes for degrading the epidermis of Monochamus alternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchusxylophilus. With Q-TOF MS/MS analysis, 29 kDa protein, a major band on a SDS-PAGE gel, was identified as subtilisin-likeserine protease PR1A. M. anisopliae A produced an extracellular enzyme more efficiently than M. anisopliae B: however,enzyme activities targeted for the cuticle were comparable. Our results suggest that the two strains of M. anisopliae havethe biological potential against M. alternatus with insecticidal protease production.

This study was conducted from November 2016 to March 2017 for the development and evaluation of the biologicalcontrol of the two spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae; TSSM) in the strawberry greenhouses. Natural enemy plot and conventionalplot were selected to compare the mean density of T. urticae. T. urticae was sampled by taking three leaflets (1 stalk)from each plant (3 three-leaflet) leaves from each sampling position. Natural enemy plot was released with Phytoseiuluspersimilis and conventional plot was sprayed with pesticides(abamectin, cyenopyafen, etc). Each stage of TSSM densitywas higher in conventional pesticides than natural enemy. Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) was used toanalyze spatial distribution and index of aggregation   , index of clustering  ,   were used to investigate the spatialdistribution. Also, the clustering indices were mapped as red-blue plot. As a result, The spatial distribution of T. urticaewas varied, particularly, feeding ability and density of P. persimilis caused regular spatial distribution of T. urticae.

Cladobotryum mycophilum is the causal agent of cobweb disease of commercial mushrooms. Symptoms were noticed as round, fleshy, yellowish brown lesions on mushroom caps and progressed when the parasitic fungus formed white cobweb circular colonies on dead or damaged pinheads, spread on the surface of the casing. Two gram-positive bacterium were isolated from mushroom media that markedly showed the antagonistic activity against C. mycophilum.. These isolates were identified as Bacillus altitudinis and Bacillus subtilis by analysis of the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics, and analysis of the 16S rDNA. The isolated bacteria is saprophytic but not parasitic nor pathogenic to cultivation mushroom. The isolated bacteria cell was sufficient for inhibition in vitro for C. mycophilum. Control efficacy of browning disease of Bacillus altitudinis treatment was 78% on Agaricus bisporus. The optimal culture medium was determined as follows: 3% Soluble startch, 10% Soytone, 1% (NH4)2HPO4, 1 mmol KCl, and 0.5% L-asparagin at pH 6.0 at 30°C. Control efficacy of browning disease of Bacillus subtilis treatment was 71% on Agaricus bisporus. The optimal culture medium was determined as follows: 1.5% Xylose, 2% Soytone, 1% NH4H2PO4, 7 mmol CaCl2, and 0.5% Histidine at pH 6.0 at 25°C. Accordingly, the suppressive bacterium may be useful in future for the development of biocontrol system and the construction of genetically modified edible fungi resistant to the disease caused by C. mycophilum.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. This mushroom showed the 5th production to 11,493 M/T in 2014. Several fungus are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Trichoderma harzianum is the causal agent of green mould disease of commercial mushrooms. Early symptoms were noticed as round, fleshy, brown lesions on mushroom caps. Late symptoms spread on the surface of the casing, and covered entirely fruiting bodies. A Gram-positive bacterium was isolated from mushroom media that markedly showed the antagonistic activity against Trichoderma harzianum, the destructive pathogen of cultivated mushrooms. The CH518 strain was selected as antagonistic bacterium by inhibition zone method and it was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus by the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics, and analysis of the 16S rDNA. The isolated bacterium is saprophytic but not parasitic nor pathogenic to cultivation mushroom. The isolated bacterium for Trichoderma harzianum cell, was sufficient for inhibition in vitro. Inoculation of the isolated bacterium prevents the development of bacterial disease in Trichoderma harzianum. Control efficacy of browning disease of strain CH518 treatment was 77.7% on Agaricus bisporus. The optimal culture medium for the antagonistic bacteria growth was determined as follows: 3.0% saccharose, 1.5% Soytone, 1% NH4H2PO4, 10 mM MgSO4, and 2.0% glutamic acid at pH 6.0 at 25°C. The suppressive bacterium may be useful in future for the development of biocontrol system and the construction of genetically modified edible fungi resistant to the disease caused by Trichoderma harzianum.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (TSSM)(Acari: Tetranychidae) is the major arthropod pest in strawberry greenhouses. Elevated levels of stress caused by high populations of TSSM can lead to a significant reduction in vegetative growth and flower development, which can decrease the quality and quantity of mature fruits. Currently, TSSM is managed by pesticide, and which makes that is distributed all over the world with various pesticide resistances and environmental side effects. To solve these problems, alternative pest management strategies are being tried. Biological control, one of alternative strategies, is relatively low toxicity and stable to agricultural ecosystems. I compared the density of TSSM in export strawberry greenhouses, those are under conventional pesticides and natural enemy applied, respectively, and also evaluated the cost of management of each control strategy.

Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) is one of major soybean pests in Korea. Its feeding during pod formation period significantly reduces the yield of soybean. Management tactics commonly used include insecticide such as etofenprox and aggregation pheromone trap, but they have been often found ineffective. As an alternative methods, parasitoids such as Gryon japonicum (Ashmead) and Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii could be conserved by directly releasing non-viable host eggs in the field, by incorporating the non-viable host eggs into aggregation pheromone trap, by planting a trap crop of natural enemies, or by combining selective insecticides with a trap crop of natural enemies. I present study results of these tactics with discussion here.

고추를 비롯한 채소작물에 심각한 피해를 야기하는 흰비단병의 생물학적 방제제를 개발하기 위하여 시설재배 토양에서 분리한 세균 중에서 흰비단병균인 Sclerotium rolfsii의 균사생장을 강하게 억제하는 균주를 선발하였다. 선발된 균주는 형태적, 생리적 분석과 16S rRNA 분석결과를 바탕으로 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens로 동정하였고 최종 선발균주를 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KBC1009로 명명하였 다. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KBC1009의 배양특성을 조사한 결과 배양온도 30℃, pH 7의 조건에서 72시간동안 배양했을 때 배양 효율이 가장 우수하였으며, 배양에 적정한 영양원은 탄소원 glucose, 질 소원 yeast extract를 사용했을 때 가장 높은 균수를 나타내었다. 포장에서 고추 흰비단병에 대한 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KBC1009의 방제효과를 검정하기 위해 흰비단병원균을 토양에 접종하고 B. amyloliquefaciens KBC1009 배양액(5×108 cfu/ml)을 500배로 희석하여 10일 간격으로 3회 관주 처리한 결과 무처리대비 66.7%의 방제효과를 나타내었다.

본 연구에서는 동물플랑크톤인 Daphnia magna를 이용하 여 유해조류인 Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena variabilis, Limnothrix planctonica에 대한 제어 가능성을 평가하였다. D. magna와 유해조류를 공생배양 시킨 경우, M. aeruginosa (80.2±4.2%), A. variabilis (39.7±4.0%) 그리고 L. planctonica (25.9±10.9%)의 순으로 조류 발생 억제효율을 보였 다. 동물플랑크톤의 섭생에 의한 조류 제어 효과 이외에 D. magna의 대사/분비물질의 조류 제어 가능성을 확인할 수 있 었다. D. magna를 배양한 배지를 유해조류 제어에 이용했을 때, M. aeruginosa와 A. variabilis에 대하여 각각 24.9±9.9% 와 8.9±4.0%의 성장 억제효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, L. planctonica에 대한 성장 억제효과는 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 동물플랑크톤인 D. magna를 활용한 친환경적 유해조류 제어기술 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된 다.

The house fly, Musca domestica L. is a serious cosmopolitan pest in livestock production systems. Poultry farmers employ various techniques to control them but rely heavily on the use of chemicals which has the serious drawback of the target pest becoming resistant. We have selected two native natural enemies in Gyeonggi area where selected for the biological control of the house fly. Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae), commonly found in poultry manure, is an important predator of house fly eggs and larvae. The substitute food source was developed for the mass rearing of C. pumilio. Spalangia nigroaenea (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) not only parasitized the host to produce its progeny but also killed host pupae by feeding. The parasitoid induced mortality had an effect on the parasitoid-to-host density relationships.

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive insect pest from Eastern Asia. Since its invasion into North America during the late 1990s, frequent outbreaks of BMSB have caused considerable economic damage to orchards, field crops, and vegetables. Currently, management practices in the United States rely on insecticides to control BMSB. Therefore, identification of potential natural enemies of BMSB is crucial to justify integrated pest management (IPM). We investigated the viability of using the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), as a potential biological control agent for BMSB. In this study, we used choice and non-choice tests to determine which life stages of the spined soldier bug can effectively kill specific stages of BMSB using videography. Prey searching and feeding behavior of the spined soldier bug and defensive behavior of BMSB were analyzed. Our study showed that BMSB eggs and nymphs attacked by the spined soldier bug had a mortality rate of 100%. We also observed that all first instar BMSB remained on the egg cluster allowing the spined soldier bug to attack and kill many BMSB during one feeding session. The results indicate that the spined soldier bug has the potential for killing BMSB