Pig producers have been shown keen interest of the number of spermatozoa in a semen dose since pig artificial insemination introduce. However, determining the minimal number of spermatozoa need per AI without detrimental effect on overall reproductive performances is not an easy question to answer. To increase the efficiency of semen utilization in pig AI, optimum number of spermatozoa per dose needed to determine. The objective of this study was to determine the reproductive performance and factors that affect on-farm application of low-dose semen insemination in sows. Data were collected from Darby Genetics AI studs from 4th of June to 7th of July, 2012 (n=401). The numbers of parturition were 84, 234 and 83 in sows inseminated with doses of 1.5×109, 2.0×109 and 2.5×109 spermatozoa in 100ml extender, respectively. There were no significant differences on reproductive performances such as gestation pe-riod, total born, total born alive, stillbirth and mummy in sows inseminated with different semen doses. The average number of born alive was 10.5, 11.0 and 10.4 from sows inseminated with 1.5×109, 2.0×109 and 2.5×109 sperms, re- spectively. Also, number of spermatozoa per dose did not affect litter size (p>0.10). There were no significant differ-ences of maternal genetic line difference on gestation period, total number born, number born alive, born dead and mummy. The estimated correlation coefficients of the different semen doses with total number born, number born alive, born dead and mummy were r=—0.00, —0.01, 0.02 and 0.02, respectively. Taken together, the result of this study suggested that when semen was appropriately inseminated after induced ovulation, insemination with low-dose (1.5∼2.0×109) semen dose not adversely affect sow’s fertility.

A nuclear receptor, Met, mediates juvenile hormone (JH) action to control gene expressions associated with metamorphosis in many insects. In this study, we showed that RNA interference (RNAi) of the Met or Kruffel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) induced the precocious metamorphosis of Tribolium castaneum larvae. JH significantly inhibited cellular immune response of T. castaneum hemocyte by suppressing hemocyte-spreading behaviour and nodule formation in response to bacterial injection. However, either RNAi of Met or Kr-h1 expression did not prevent the JH-inhibitory effect on hemocyte behaviors. However, several inhibitors specific to JH membrane action significantly inhibit the JH action hemocytes. These results suggest that JH responsiveness of hemocyte is not mediated by the nuclear receptor.

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae는 시아노박테리아 일종이며 anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin 등의 독소를 생산할 수 있어 국내에서는 식품원료로 사용이 금지되어있다. 전통적으로 시아노박테리아는 사상체 넓이, 세포 크기, 분열방법, 세포형태, 가스주머니의 존재유무 등의 형태학적 특징에 의한 분류가 가능하다. 그러나 가스주머니 혹은 무성 포자와 같은 특징은 주변 환경 또는 생장조건에 따라 차이가 있으며 경우에 따라 소실되기도 한다. 따라서 PCR에 의한 Aph. flos-aquae를 함유하는 기능식품을 검출할 수 있는 분석법을 개발하였다. 프라이머를 설계하기 위하여 유전자은행(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)에 등록되어있는 Aph. flos-aquae, 스피루리나의 16S rRNA 염기서열을 이용하였으며, 비교 및 분석에는 BioEdit ver. 7.0.9.0 프로그램을 사용하였다. 최종적으로 클로렐라, 스피루리나, 녹차, 시금치로부터 Aph. flos-aquae를 검출할 수 있는 AFA-F1/AFAR1 (363 bp) 프라이머를 최종 선정하였다. 그리고 상기 프라이머는 Aph. flos-aquae가 각각 1% 함유 되도록 제조된 클로렐라, 스피루리나 제품에서 모두 혼입여부의 확인이 가능함을 확인하였다.

기름치를 참치회 또는 메로구이로 판매하는 사례가 있으며 국내에서는 2012년 6월1일부터 식품원료로 판매가 금 지되어 이를 판별하는 시험법 마련이 필요하다. 기름치는 농어목(Perciformes) 갈치꼬치과(Gempylidae)에 속하는 기 름갈치꼬치(R. pretiosus)와 흑갈치꼬치(L. flavobrunneum)가 있으며 이를 판별하기 위한 종 특이 프라이머를 개발하기 위하여 미토콘드리아에 존재하는 16S DNA 유전자부위를 선정하였다. 그리고 미국 국립보건원에서 운영하는 유전자 은행(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)에 등록되어있는 기름갈치꼬치, 흑갈치꼬치. 참다랑어, 황다랑, 청새치 및 황새치의 염기서열을 대상으로 BioEdit ver. 7.0.9.0 프로그램을 사용하여 비교 및 분석을 실시하였다. 분석을 통하여 기름갈치 꼬치 및 흑갈치꼬치를 판별할 수 있는 각각 4종의 프라이 머를 설계하였다. 설계된 프라이머에 대하여 대조군으로 다랑어 3종(참다랑어, 황다랑어, 눈다랑어) 및 새치류 4종 (청새치, 황새치, 녹새치, 돛새치)에 대한 실험적 평가를 실 시하였다. 그 결과 기름갈치꼬치에 대하여는 R.P-16S-006- F/R.P-16S-008-R, 흑갈치꼬치는 L.F-16S-004-F/L.F-16S- 006-R 프라이머를 최종 선정하였으며, PCR 조건을 확립하였다. 확립된 조건에서는 각각 178bp 및 238bp의 PCR 산 물을 확인하였으며, 유사종간의 비특이적 밴드는 형성되 지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 기름치를 판별할 수 있는 종 특이 프라이머는 인터넷쇼핑몰 또는 시중에 불법적으로 유통 가능성이 있는 제품을 신속하고 과학적으로 판별할 수 있어 식품안전관리에 활용도가 매우 클 것 으로 기대된다.

최근 언론을 통해 보도된 성폭력범죄의 대다수는 성폭력범죄를 저지른 전력이 있는 자들에 의해 이루어진 것이다. 성폭력범죄자들이 계속하여 동종범죄를 저지르는 주목할 만한 이유 중 하나는 친고죄인 성폭력범죄에 있어 피해자들이 고소하지 않는 경우에는 검사가 공소를 제기할 수 없으므로 범죄자들이 처벌받지 않는다는 것을 알고 있다는 점에 있다. 이들이 범한 성폭력범죄 중 피해자와 합의하거나 피해자가 피해사실을 고소하지 않아 처벌받지 않은 경험이 그들의 향후 성폭력범죄를 조장한 것이다. 따라서 성폭력범죄에 대한 처벌의 확실성 측면에서 현행법상 친고죄로 규정되어 있는 성폭력범죄를 전면적으로 비친고죄화 해야 한다. 현행법상 성폭력범죄를 친고죄로 규정한 이유는 피해자의 명예 또는 프라이버시 보호에서 찾는다. 그러나, 현행법상 일부 성폭력범죄는 비친고죄인 점과, 성폭력범죄는 반복적으로 이루어지는 경향이 강하다는 점을 고려할 때, 고소권자가 고소를 하지 않아 처벌을 면하게 된 성폭력 범죄자는 또 다른 피해자 사냥에 나서 성폭력범죄의 피해자의 재생산을 막지 못한다는 점에서, 성폭력범죄의 예방이라는 공공의 이익을 위해 성폭력범죄는 비친고죄로 하여야 한다. 이에 의해 성폭력범죄의 필벌을 통한 형벌의 일반예방과 특별예방의 효과의 실효성을 누려야 한다. 다만, 성폭력범죄를 비친고죄로 전면 개정하는 경우에도 현행 법률이 성폭력범죄를 친고죄로 규정함으로써 피해자의 명예 또는 사생활을 보호하려 한 취지는 보호할 필요가 있다. 즉, 성폭력범죄의 수사절차와 재판절차에서 일어날 수 있는 성폭력범죄 피해자의 2차 피해를 막기 위해 범죄피해자의 신상비밀 보호규정의 실효성을 확보할 것, 미국 연방강간피해자방지법(FRE) 제412조 규정을 참고하여 당해 성폭력사건과 무관한 성폭력피해자의 성관계 이력 등의 증거사용 제한 규정을 신설할 것, 성폭력범죄 피해자에게 인정되는 형사소송법 및 특별법상 권리를 실질적으로 보장하기 위해 권리고지규정을 신설할 것 등이 필요하다.

Previous clinical studies have demonstrated that gabapentin, a drug that binds to the voltage-gated calcium channel α2δ1 subunit proteins, is effective in the management of neuropathic pain, but there is limited evidence that addresses the participation of glial cells in the antiallodynic effects of this drug. The present study investigated the participation of glial cells in the anti-nociceptive effects of gabapentin in rats with trigeminal neuropathic pain produced by mal-positioned dental implants. Under anesthesia, the left mandibular second molar was extracted and replaced by a miniature dental implant to induce injury to the inferior alveolar nerve. Mal-positioned dental implants significantly decreased the air-puff thresholds both ipsilateral and contralateral to the injury site. Gabapentin was administered intracisternally beginning on postoperative day (POD) 1 or on POD 7 for three days. Early or late treatment with 0.3, 3, or 30 μg of gabapentin produced significant anti-allodynic effect in the rats with mal-positioned dental implants. On POD 9, in the mal-positioned dental implants group, OX-42, a microglia marker, and GFAP, an astrocyte marker, were found to be up-regulated in the medullary dorsal horn, compared with the naive group. However, the intracisternal administration of gabapentin (30 μg) failed to reduce the number of activated microglia or astrocytes in the medullary dorsal horn. These findings suggest that gabapentin produces significant antinociceptive effects, which are not mediated by the inhibition of glial cell function in the medullary dorsal horn, in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain.

In this study, we investigated the applicability of the photostimulated luminescence(PSL), thermoluminescence( TL) and electron spin resonance(ESR) methods for various foods which are not allowed to be irradiated in Korea. All 15 foods including sesame, almond, peanut, cocoa powder etc. were analyzed. Samples were irradiated at 1~10 kGy using a 60Co gamma-ray irradiator. In PSL study, the photon counts of all the unirradiated samples showed negative(lower than 700). The photon counts irradiated(1 kGy) dried shrimp, roasted peanut and seasoned peanut showed positive(higher than 5,000) and the other samples were negative or intermediate(> 700 and < 5,000). In TL analysis, results showed that it is possible to apply TL method to all foods containing minerals. In ESR measurements, the ESR signal(single-line) intensity of irradiated foods was higher than non-irradiated foods. In particular, the specific ESR signals of irradiation-induced crystalline sugar, cellulose and bone radical were detected in dried plum, raisin, dried cherry, mango(dried, frozen), rambutan, cocoa(powder), cinnamon, parsley, carrot, broccoli, dried arrow squid, dried pollack and dried shrimp. According to the results, PSL, TL and ESR methods were successfully applied to detect the irradiated foods because TL method is not able to detect the irradiated foods rarely composed of minerals. ESR is also a difficult method to detect the changes of ESR signal patterns of food. It is concluded that TL analysis or ESR assay is suitable for detection of irradiated samples and a combined method is recommendable for enhancing the reliability of detection results.

식물의 노화를 지연시킨다고 알려져 있는 사이토키 닌을 정식시 접삽묘에 처리하여 국내 육성 스프레이 절화장미 ‘New Man’과 ‘New Lady’의 이후 생장과 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 본 연구를 수행하였 다. 발근한 장미 접삽묘에 무처리(대조구), kinetin 10 mg·L-1 또는 BA 50 mg·L-1를 엽면살포(신초처리 ) 또는 관주(뿌리처리) 처리한 후, 암면 슬래브에 즉시 (0일) 또는 처리 7일 후(7일)에 정식하여 이후의 생장 을 비교하였다. ‘New Man’의 정식 후 초기 신초장은 kinetin 또는 BA를 엽면살포 또는 관주 처리하여 0 또는 7일 후 정식했을 때 무처리에 비해 약간 촉진되 었으나 ‘New Lady’의 경우 이러한 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 사이토키닌을 엽면살포 또는 관주 처리 하여도 두 품종 모두의 최초 3회 수확시까지의 절화 수량은 영향을 받지 않았다. 무처리 0일 정식구는 무 처리 7일 정식구의 식물에 비해 최초 3회 수확시까지 의 절화 수량이 우수하였다. 이와 같이 발근한 접삽묘 의 정식시 사이토키닌을 지상부나 뿌리에 처리하여도 이후의 수량성에는 그 효과가 나타나지 않았으므로 ‘New Man’과 ‘New Lady’의 접삽묘에는 사이토키닌을 처리할 필요가 없다는 결론이다. 또한 발근한 접삽묘의 뿌리가 노화하는 것을 방지하기 위해 가능한 빨리 발근 된 식물을 정식하는 것이 좋다고 판단된다.

Superovulation, or ovarian stimulation is a commonly used ART for treatment of human infertility/subfertility. Recent studies suggest that superovulation unaffects methylated imprints acquisition in mouse oocytes during oogenesis, whereas disrupts DNA methylation maintenance in embryos during preimplantation development. However, the mechanisms of defects in methylation maintanence caused by superovulation remain largely unclear. We hypothesized that superovulation may disrupt the expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), the enzymes which catalyze DNA methylation acquisition and maintenance. The mice were subjected to superovulate with low (6 IU) and high (10 IU) dosage hormone. We examined the global DNA methylation levels in zygotes and DNA methylation of repeated sequences (IAP and Line 1) in blastocyst stage embryos. In addition, we investigated the expression of Dnmts (Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Dnmt3l and Dnmt1o) in ovulated oocytes and zygotes. Through staining with antibody 5mC and Di-H3K9 coupled with confocal microscopy, we found that global methylation profiles in zygotes derived from females after low or high dosage hormone treatment were not affected when compared to control counterpart. Moreover, methylation at IAP in blastocysts also was unaffected by superovulation, irrespective of hormone dosage. In contrast, methylation level at Line 1 decreased when the females were administered by high dosage hormone. Furthermore, expression of de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Dnmt3L, as well as maintenance Dnmt1o in MII oocytes and zygotes was not disrupted by superovulation. Given superovulation adversely affected methylation maintenance in blastocysts during preimplantation development but with normal expression of Dnmts in oocytes and zygotes, it is indicated that defects of embryonic methylation didn’t originate from abnormal expression of Dnmts.

Chrysochroa fulgidissima is the most beautiful Korean beetle and valuable insect in traditional culture because of ancient fulgidissima's adornments in Korea and Japan. The species is also recognized as very rare in the Korean fauna. However, we recently realized that the Korean population has been applied to Ch. fulgidissima without detailed taxonomic approaches since Japanese colonial rule of Korea. Therefore, we investigated 76 dried specimens belonging to seven populations collected from N. Vietnam, E. China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea through morphological and molecular taxonomy using DNA barcoding of COI and 16S rRNA. As the result, the Korean population is strongly formed a monophyletic branch divided from other populations by genetic divergence of each 10.2%~11.7% in DNA barcoding and 6.4%~7.9% in 16S rRNA, and as well as fine structure in the male genitalia. It is allowed to us that the Korean population, which has been underestimated at species discrimination in morphology, may be considered as a novel species.

This research was conducted to assess applicability of photostimulated luminescence (PSL) and Thermoluminescence (TL) methods for investigation of infant and young children products, nut, seasoned dried fish,spice, dried fruits, fruit & vegetable, grain and marine products, which are not approved for irradiation in Korea. PSL results show that the photon counts of non-irradiated samples were lower than 700, while those of irradiated samples were higher than 700. In TL measurement, TL ratio of irradiated samples were higher than 0.1 or ones can decrease below 0.1 whereas the temperature range of TL Glow curve was between 150-250℃. Monitoring result about 8 class of 325 not approved to irradiated foods, photon counts of samples were less than 700, and after re-irradiation TL Ratio (TL₁/TL₂) through re-irradiation step at 1 kGy were higher than 0.1 for the all samples. Therefore, these results suggested that PSL and TL measurements were useful detection methods for 8 class food products not approved to irradiation in Korea and all sample (325 cases) were not irradiated when we analysed by PSL and TL methods.