수처리용 MF 막의 소재로 널리 쓰이는 PVDF는 높은 소수성으로 인해 막 오염현상 등의 문제점을 발생시킨다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 현상을 해결하기 위해 PVDF 중공사막 표면과 기공 내부에 defluorination을 시켜 hydroxyl기를 형성하고 epoxy, aldehyde functional PEG를 grafting하여 기공 내부와 막 표면의 친수화를 달성하고자한다. 이를 통해 막 오염현상을 감소시킴은 물론 수투과도 향상 또한 기대할 수 있다. PVDF 중공사 표면에 grafting된 functional PEG를 확인하고, 개질된 막의 친수화 정도와 anti-fouling 특성을 평가하고자 한다.

Increasing attention has been paid to marketing and consumer behavior of luxury industry but research into value creation network and operational mechanisms is very limited. This study focuses on two aspects of the luxury industry: luxury brand and value chain, to inform a comprehensive understanding of the value creation process for high value added brands. In luxury industry, the key elements that create and deliver value are brand, design and research, production, distribution, and retail. A clear brand identity is found as the first step of this value chain, which influences the choices of all other activities. Luxury goods companies will align all the activities in line with brand identity to deliver consistent tangible and intangible values to end users. Furthermore, a luxury value chain is a holistic network with strong coordination among its elements. A combined approach of case study and secondary data collection is pursued. A sample of 9 luxury companies within 6 selected industries is investigated. Data is qualitatively collected via semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and observations as a triangulation approach for the purpose of ensuring the reliability of the research data. Multiple interviews of the general manager, industrial manager, brand/communication manager, creative director, and store manager are conducted in each company to achieve a broader perspective and also make data triangulation procedures possible. This research contributes to the luxury brands management as well as value chain concept. It discusses the value creation network and operational mechanism from a less explored corporate perspective. It unveils a secretive existence of brand in value generation process and further establishes a model to amplify the relationship between each activity in the value chain. Also, it expands the research of value chain into luxury industry. It argues that a supply leading value chain can also command a premium rather than the customer-centric value chain discussed by most researchers recently. It also provides valuable insights for companies who want to have a high-end market position. It shows that the widely adopted luxury strategy invented mainly by French and Italian companies employs fundamentally different rules from those of fast-moving consumer goods in mass market. In short, a luxury strategy is different in nature, not in level.

침지식분리막 오염을 최소화하기 위한 두 가지 공기세정방식을 비교하였다. 연속적인 공기세정과 단계별 공기량을 증가시키는 방식을 연구하였다. 15분의 여과 중에 세정공기의 증가는 5분마다 단계별로 공기량을 증가시켜주었다. 모의 여과 원수에 분말활성탄을 10 g/L 이하 그리고 카올린은 20 g/L 이하로 준비하였으며, 플러스는 80 LMH로 하였다. 단계별 공기세정방식은 연속적인 공기세정 방식보다 분리막 오염억제에 효과적이었다. 추가적으로 주입된 응집제는 분리막 오염저감을 보다 향상시켰다. 연속적인 공기세정의 오염현상은 공경막힘과 분리막 표면에 지속적인 입자의 축적에 기인하였다.

Two step rapid filter system as a pre-treatment for the injected water into aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in Korea was developed to reduce physical blockage and secure the volume of the injected water. First, single rapid sand filters with three different media sizes (0.4~0.7, 0.7~1.0 and 1.0~1.4 mm) were tested. Only two sizes (0.4~0.7 and 0.7~1.0 mm) satisfied target turbidity, below 1.0 NTU. However, they showed the fast head loss. To prevent the fast head loss and secure the volume of the injected water, a rapid anthracite filter with roughing media size (2.0~3.4 mm) were installed before a single rapid sand filter. As results, both the target turbidity and reduction of head loss were achieved. It was determined that the media size for a rapid sand filter in two step rapid filter system (i.e. a rapid anthracite filter before a rapid sand filter) was 0.7~1.0 mm. In addition, the effects of coagulant doses on the removal of natural organic matter (NOM), which might cause a biological clogging, were preliminarily evaluated, and the values of UV254, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and SUVA were interpreted.

정삼투-역삼투 융합 플랜트 기술 개발 연구단은 국토교통부/국토교통과학기술 진흥원의 지원을 받아 시장지배적인 역삼투 해수담수화 공정기술을 탈피하는 기술선도형 정삼투-역삼투 융합 기술을 개발하고자 한다. 정삼투와 역삼투 기술을 결합시켜 기존 역삼투 해수담수화 기술 대비 톤당 전력량 35% 이상 감소, 톤당 생산단가 25%를 절감하는 기술을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위하여 정삼투-역삼투 융합 플랜트 엔지니어링 기술, 공정 고도화(시스템 최적화, 막오염 제어 및 예측)기술, 저에너지・고효율의 전처리 기술을 개발한다. 실험실규모에서 개발된 모든 기술은 1,000m3/day 용량의 실증 파일럿 플랜트에 적용된다.

In this paper investigated the without encoder drive for stepping motor using back electromotive force(B-EMF). In generally stepping motor should be rotary encoder to rotor position, the rotary encoder is adopted to detect the position. But in this way increase cost and volume. This paper propose B-EMF & closed-loop method was implemented using current detect circuit, AD-converter and MCU(micro controller unit). So that stepping motor environment is very simplify. The current of stepping motor was measured by using amplifier. The change of current was measured and analyzed, when the missing step occurred. Based on data from current feedback, position errors were compensated and it was confirmed by using AD-converter.

Benzene was oxidized by binary oxidants composed of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide at 80℃. The product obtained was analyzed with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Eight high value compounds, 2-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-6-nitrophenol, 4-chloro-2- nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol and 2-chloro-4,6-dinitro-phenol were found, which they have high contents in the range from 4.28% to 32.52%. These compounds are very widely used in organic synthesis. e.g., synthesizing dye, medicines and chemical reagents, pesticide, explosive, polymer, etc.

In order to increase the seismic safety of nuclear power plant (NPP) structures in high seismicity regions, seismic isolation techniques can be adapted to NPP structures. In this paper, the applicability of multi-step analysis of seismically isolated NPP containment structures with lead-rubber bearings (LRB) is evaluated. The floor response spectrum of NPP containment structures with equivalent linear LRB and nonlinear LRB are compared. In addition, the force-displacement relationships for equivalent linear LRB and nonlinear LRB are compared.

PVY (Potyviridae: potyvirus) is one of the most important potato virus affecting seed potato production and also it is transmitted non-persistently via aphids. For healthy seed potato production, a virus detection system is highly important in addition to aphid monitoring and control. To achieve this detection method, it need to fast and easy to use. About two decades ago RT-PCR based PVY detection method was developed. However that was very time consuming and has low sensitivity. Here, we developed an advanced PVY detection method which a uses the boiling extraction of the viral RNA from aphid stylet and amplification by specific primers located in the viral capsid protein gene. Therefore, it could directly synthesize cDNA of PVY viral capsid gene from extracted RNA of PVY using one-step RT-PCR method in very short time compared to previous methods due to the omission of RNA extraction step. We confirmed this PVY detection method using the two aphid species (Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Aphis gossypii) that known as PVY vectors. The efficiency of this PVY detection method was 60% to 80% from two the aphid species. Hence, this method could be potentially applied to virus free seed potato production programs.

In this paper, we deal with a single machine scheduling problems integrating with step deterioration effect and a rate-modifying activity (RMA). The scheduling problem assumes that the machine may have a single RMA and each job has the processing time of a job with deterioration is a step function of the gap between recent RMA and starting time of the job and a deteriorating date that is individual to all jobs. Based on the two scheduling phenomena, we simultaneously determine the schedule of step deteriorating jobs and the position of the RMA to minimize the makespan. To solve the problem, we propose a hybrid typed genetic algorithm compared with conventional GAs.

수치한정발명은 공지발명에‘수치’라는 구성 이 개시되어 있지 않거나, 그 구성에 차이가 있음에 도 대부분 그 수치범위에 임계적 의의가 없다거나, 반복 실험에 의해 쉽게 도출할 수 있는 단순한 수치 한정에 불과하다는 이유로 특허성을 인정받지 못 한다. 그런데 최근 수정한정에 따른 임계적 의의가 없음에도 진보성이 인정된 대법원 판결들이 나타 나고 있고, 일본에서도 지적재산고등재판소가 생긴 이후 수치한정발명에서 진보성을 인정하는 사례들 이 많이 생겨나고 있다. 우리나라의 경우는 대부분 기술적 과제 내지 효 과의 이질성으로 인해 특허성이 인정되고 있지만, 일본의 경우는 임계적 의의로 인해 특허성이 인정된 사례도 있고, 또한, 효과의 이질성 내지 임계적 의의 가 없더라도 수치한정의 기술적 의의만으로 인해 특허성이 인정된 사례도 찾아볼 수 있다. 수치한정 을구성의곤란성관점에서바라볼때수치한정자체 에 기술적 의의가 있는 경우에는 해당 수치한정을 용이하게 도출할 수 있다고 볼 수 없기 때문에 우리 나라에서도 일본처럼 수치한정 자체에 기술적 의의 를 갖는 경우에도 특허성을 인정할 수 있도록 새로 운 판단기준을 마련해야 할 것이다 한편 수치한정을 수반하는 파라미터 발명의 경우 넓은 의미에서의 수치한정발명에 포함된다. 하지만 우리나라에서는 파라미터 발명에 관한 판 단기준을 수치한정발명의 판단기준과 별도로 제시 하고 있기 때문에 실무적으로 수치한정발명과 파 라미터 발명을 별도로 구분해서 특허성 여부를 판 단하고 있다. 그런데 이러한 이원론적인 접근 방법 은 특허성 판단 이전에 청구항에 기재된 발명이 파 라미터 발명인지 수치한정발명인지를 구분해야 하 기 때문에 심사관이나 심판관에게 부담이 될 수 있 고, 잘못된 판단을 초래할 가능성도 있다. 또한, 수 치를 포함한 발명이 수치를 한정하고 있는 대상(관 용적 파라미터인지 특수한 파라미터인지)에 따라서 그 판단방법이 달라진다는 것은 타당하다고 말하 기 어렵기 때문에 수치를 포함한 모든 발명에 공통 적으로 적용될 수 있는 통합적인 판단기준이 필요 하다고 본다. 이글에서제시된통합적인판단기준은현재의 판단기준을 그대로 따르면서도 수치한정발명이든 파라미터 발명이든 관계없이 하나의 판단기준만으 로 특허성 여부를 판단할 수 있도록 한 것이어서, 수치한정을 포함한 모든 발명의 특허성 여부를 좀 더 일관적이고 효율적으로 판단할 수 있게 될 것으 로 기대된다.

원스텝 방식으로 투과 타입의 홀로그램을 제작할 수 있는 디지털 광학 시스템에 대해 연구 하였다. 원스텝 방식의 광학 시스템에서는 LCos panel과 DLP Project를 사용해 홀로그램 영상을 촬영하였다. 평면 타입의 홀로그래픽 스테레오그램을 합성 할 때는 반사형의 LCos panel를 사용하여 요소 홀로그램을 제작했다. 시차 이미지를 LCos panel에 순차적으로 표시하면서 기록 재료를 이동시켜 홀로그래픽 스테레오그램으로 합성하였다. 레인보우 홀로그램과 이미지 홀로그램을 노광할 때는 DLP Project를 사용하였다. 레인보우 홀로그램의 광학 시스템에서는 DLP Project와 결상 렌즈 사이에 슬릿을 설치하고 슬릿의 실상을 기록재료 뒤쪽에 재생되도록 구성하였다. DLP Project 별도의 구동 드라이버가 필요 없었고 진동에도 강해 안정적으로 노광하기에 적합하였다. 디지털 방식을 광학 시스템에 도입하여 원스텝으로 투과 타입의 얇은 홀로그램을 실현 가능하는 것을 확인하였다.

대기 모델링 연구에서 시간 간격을 적절하게 결정하는 것은 중요한 문제이다. 본 연구에서는 비선형 대기 모형에서 수치 해의 시간 간격에 대한 민감도를 조사하였다. 이를 위해 간단한 무차원화된 역학 모형을 사용하여 시간 간격과 비선형성 인자를 바꾸어가며 수치 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과, 비선형성 인자가 영향을 줄 만큼 크지 않고 절단 오차를 무시할 수 있는 경우에는 수치 해가 시간 간격에 민감하지 않았다. 그러나 비선형성 인자가 큰 경우에는 수치 해가 시간 간격에 민감한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 경우, 시간 간격이 감소할수록 공간 필터의 강도가 증가하여 작은 규모의 현상이 약하게 모의되었다. 이는 일반적으로 시간 간격이 감소하면 절단 오차가 감소하여 더 정확한 수치 해가 도출된다는 사실과 상충한다. 이러한 충돌은 비선형 모형의 수치 해를 안정하게 하기 위해 공간 필터가 반드시 필요하기 때문에 피할 수 없다.

Solution of glycerol, ethylene glycol, sucrose, dextrose (GESD) and cryotop methods were carried out to investigate the survivability on vitrification of embryos. Embryos cultured in vitro were vitrified by GESD of 10 or 8 step and cryotop methods of 6 step, from cryopreservation step to frozen-thawed and culture step. Survival rate and ICM, TE cells of embryos were investigated after frozen-thawed 24 h. As a results, cryotop method was significantly (p<0.05) higher ( vs. , ) than GESD 10 or 8 step methods on survivability. Also, In ICM cell number, cryotop method was significantly (p<0.05) higher to cells than GESD 8 step method. TE cell number was significantly (p<0.05) highest to cells in cryotop method. On the other hand, survival rate, TE and total cell number were all the significantly (p<0.05) high, except ICM in GESD 10 step method between GESD 10 step method and GESD 8 step method. In conclusion cryotop method was to be most effective, but it is considered necessary to study vitrification method for step-by-step freezing and thawing process.

The large-space single-layer lattice dome is relatively simpler in terms of the arrangement of the various framework members and of the design of the junction than the multi-layered lattice dome, can reduce the numbers and quantity of the framework members, and has the merit of exposing the beauty of the framework as it stands. The single-layer lattice dome, however, requires a stability investigation of the whole structure itself, along with an analysis of the stress of the framework members, because an unstable phenomenon called "buckling" occurs when its weight reaches critical levels. Many researchers have systematically conducted researches on the stability evaluation of the single-layer lattice dome. No construction case of a single-layer lattice dome with a 300-m-long span, however, has yet been reported anywhere in the world. The large-space dome structure is difficult to erect due to the gigantic span and higher ceiling compared with other common buildings, and its construction cost is generally huge. The method of erecting a structure causes major differences in the construction cost and period. Therefore, many researchers have been conducting various researches on the method of erecting such structure. The step-up method developed by these authors can reduce the construction cost and period to a great extent compared with the other general methods, but the application of this method inevitably requires the development of system supports in the center section as well as pre-existing supports in the boundary sections. In this research, the safety during the construction of a single-layer lattice dome with 300-m-long span using pre-existing materials was examined in the aspect of structural strength, and the basic data required for manufacturing the supports in the application of the step-up method developed by these authors during the erection of the roof structure were obtained.

Metal nanowires can be coated on various substrates to create transparent conducting films that can potentially replace the dominant transparent conductor, indium tin oxide, in displays, solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and electrochromic windows. One issue with these metal nanowire based transparent conductive films is that the resistance between the nanowires is still high because of their low aspect ratio. Here, we demonstrate high-performance transparent conductive films with silver nanofiber networks synthesized by a low-cost and scalable electrospinning process followed by two-step sequential thermal treatments. First, the PVP/AgNO3 precursor nanofibers, which have an average diameter of 208 nm and are several thousands of micrometers in length, were synthesized by the electrospinning process. The thermal behavior and the phase and morphology evolution in the thermal treatment processes were systematically investigated to determine the thermal treatment atmosphere and temperature. PVP/AgNO3 nanofibers were transformed stepwise into PVP/Ag and Ag nanofibers by two-step sequential thermal treatments (i.e., 150˚C in H2 for 0.5 h and 300˚C in Ar for 3 h); however, the fibrous shape was perfectly maintained. The silver nanofibers have ultrahigh aspect ratios of up to 10000 and a small average diameter of 142 nm; they also have fused crossing points with ultra-low junction resistances, which result in high transmittance at low sheet resistance.