In this paper, the long-term reliability of swash plate type hydraulic pump is studied by prognostics method. For the purpose, the pumping power of hydraulic pump is measured for 00 cycles and the performance after 00 cycles is estimated using the particle filter method. To verify the predicted 00 cycle's performance, the actual test results are compared with the estimated result and the trend of estimation is well matched with actual test results. The long-term reliability evaluation using the prognostics method performed in this study shows the feasibility that can be utilized in development phase of tracked vehicle to improve the quality of initial products.

사향노루(Musk deer)는 우제목 사향노루과에 속하는 야생동물로서 현재 우리나라 강원도 비무장지대 인근지역에 서식하는 야생동물이며 멸종위기야생동식물 Ⅰ급으로 지정되어 있다. 그러나 멸종위기종 사향노루에 대한 연구는 매우 미비한 실정이며, 출현여부와 서식지에 대한 연구는 매우 부족한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 보존 가치가 높은 동물이며, 밀렵과 급격한 서식지 변화로 멸종 위기에 처해 있는 사향노루를 대상으로 식생특성과 출현현황을 파악 하여 사향노루 서식지 평가를 하고자 하였다. 사향노루 서식지 조사방법으로는 배설물과 흔적조사를 기준으로 예비조사를 실시하였다. 대상지를 40 × 40(m) 격자 그리드를 형성하여 Site A(1~10), Site B(1~10)로 구분하여, 교목, 아교목, 관목의 수종과 수고, 흉고직경, 울폐도 등을 조사하였으며, 먹이자원으로 추정되는 이끼, 커버자원으로는 바위분포를 추가적으로 조사하였다. 조사기간은 2018년 2월부터 2018년 9월로 시간대는 10시부터 16시까지 진행하였다. 사향노루의 출현현황을 파악하기 위해 최근흔적, 분장이 발견된 지점인 Site A1, Site A2, Site A3, Site B1, Site B2, Site B3, Site B4지점을 대상으로 디지털 방식의 적외선 무인센서카메라(Proof Cam03-ZEN2, USA)를 대상지 능선부를 따라 도보로 이동하면서 야생동물의 길목으로 추정되는 지점에 위치한 나무의 지상에서 30~70cm 높이에 설치하여 24시간 동안 야생동물 출현 시에 자동으로 촬영 되도록 하였다. 사향노루의 배설물과 흔적조사 결과 해발고의 경우 600m에서 950m까지 흔적이 조사되었으며, 그 중 주요 서식지로 판단되는 800m 이상에 무인센서카메라를 설치하였다. 지형은 Site A와 Site B 모두 능선부로 분석되었으며, 향의 경우 남, 남동, 남서로 주로 남향을 이루었다. 대상지의 현존식생유형 구분은 Site A의 경우 혼효림, 소나무림, 참나무림으로 교목층에서 소나무, 졸참나무, 신갈 나무가 조사되었으며, 수고 6~30m, 흉고직경 10~53cm, 울폐도 60~80%로 조사되었다. 아교목층의 경우 졸참나무, 소나 무, 당단풍, 개옻나무 등이 조사되었으며, 수고 2~15m, 흉고 직경 3~25cm, 울폐도 5~75%로 조사되었다. 관목은 쪽동백나무, 산앵도나무, 생강나무, 진달래, 철쭉 등이 조사되었으며, 수고 0.5~3.0m, 울폐도 5~80%로 조사되었다. 먹이자원인 이끼의 경우 대상지 대부분에서 발견되었으며, 사향노루 배설물이 발견된 지역에서는 이끼와 바위가 없었다. Site B의 경우 교목층에서 물푸레나무, 소나무, 신갈나무, 고로쇠나무가 조사되었으며, 수고 6~30m, 흉고직경 9~60cm, 울폐도 60~80%로 조사되었다. 아교목층의 경우 물푸레나무, 신갈나무, 개옻나무, 박달나무 등이 조사되었으며, 수고 2~12m, 흉고직경 3~20cm, 울폐도 30~80%로 조사되었다. 관목층에서는 생강나무, 싸리, 철쭉, 진달래, 산앵도나무 등이 조사되었으며, 수고 0.5~2.0m, 울폐도 5~70%로 조사되었다. 이끼의 경우 대상지 중 바위가 드러나는 지역에서 확인되었으며, 근처 사향노루의 배설물은 없었다. 무인센서카메라 촬영결과 Site A1의 경우 산양, 노루, 다 람쥐, 오소리, 삵, 멧돼지가 확인되었다. Site A2에서는 산양, 노루, 다람쥐, 오소리, 삵, 멧돼지가 확인되었다. Site A3에서는 산양, 다람쥐, 오소리, 삵, 멧돼지가 확인되었다. Site B1의 경우 산양, 다람쥐, 오소리, 족제비가 확인되었다. Site B2에서는 사향노루, 산양, 다람쥐, 오소리, 멧돼지, 족제비, 청설모가 확인되었다. Site B3의 경우 사향노루, 산양, 노루, 오소리, 삵, 멧돼지, 담비가 확인되었다. Site B4에서는 사향노루, 산양, 다람쥐, 멧돼지가 확인되었다.

The relationship between asphalt mixture and crack resistance is difficult to predict because it is influenced by aggregate particle size, aggregate and asphalt interface characteristics, rheological properties of asphalt type, asphalt coating thickness, temperature sensitivity and porosity. For this reason, various evaluation methods of crack resistance have been developed. In Korea, indirect tensile strength and toughness are used as criteria for crack resistance test of asphalt mixture. DC (T), SCB, Fenix test, and OT (overlay test) have been developed and used internationally as crack resistance test methods. In this study, we compared the conventional crack resistance evaluation methods, and developed a direct tensile fatigue test method which was modified with OT method and Fenix method. Crack resistances were evaluated using reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) and virgin asphalt mixtures. As a result, direct tensile fatigue test method was evaluated as suitable for evaluation of crack resistance.

Among the 8,700 in-service bridges in national highway, the steel bridges cover the 1600 sites and make up approximately the 20 percentage of the total amounts. Due to recent rapid increase both in traffic volume and in frequency of overloaded vehicles, the need for re-evaluating the fatigue life of the steel bridges is increasing. However, the existing fatigue life assessment method are too complicate and difficult to apply to field directly. To improve such deficiency of the existing fatigue life assessment procedures, this study reviews the fatigue life assessment methods in Eurocode and then proposes an easier and simpler fatigue life assessment procedure that could evaluate the remaining fatigue life of the steel bridges using traffic data collected from a high-speed weigh-in-motion system installed in the national highway network. The Proposed fatigue life evaluation method is as follows; 1. Calculation of fatigue resistance 𝛾𝑀f and fatigue strength Δ𝜎𝑐 used in design, 2. Calculation of partial safety factor 𝛾𝐹f for equivalent stress range, 3. Calculation of stress range Δ𝜎𝐸2 using influence line, 4. Calculation of damage equivalent factor λ, 5. Review of Fatigue state and evaluation of fatigue life. The Proposed method can omit the existing complicated and repetitive calculation. Therefore, proposed method can estimate the fatigue damage and the theoretical fatigue life simply by comparing with the existing method.

The recent increase in truck traffic volume and overloading frequency causes a growing need to re-evaluation of fatigue life of steel bridges. However, the traditional fatigue analysis method, that is cumulative damage method(CDM), has limitation to apply to a number of bridges because the required calculation steps are very cumbersome and complicated. This study investigates the feasibility and applicability of proposed simple fatigue evaluation method based on the equivalent damage method (EDM) in Eurocode to estimate the remaining fatigue life for a highway bridge. The Proposed fatigue life evaluation method is as follows; 1. Calculation of fatigue resistance 𝛾𝑀f and fatigue strength Δ𝜎𝑐 used in design, 2. Calculation of partial safety factor 𝛾𝐹f for equivalent stress range, 3. Calculation of stress range Δ𝜎𝐸2 using influence line, 4. Calculation of damage equivalent factor λ, 5. Review of Fatigue state and evaluation of fatigue life. The specifications of the target bridge are as follows; Location : Gyeongbu Expressway, Design Life : 100yr, Construction year : 2006, Total length : 341m, Type of superstructure : continuous steel box girder. The resulting remaining fatigue life estimated by both EDM and CDM have been compared. Remaining fatigue life of target bridge in 2016 was calculated 365yr(EDM using WIM data in 2014), 334yr(CDM using strain gauge data in 2012 and reflecting 2% annual traffic volume increase, Gil and Kang(2012)). As a result of comparison, The remaining fatigue life using proposed method(EDM) was evaluated about 10% higher than the CDM. This result, because traffic volume increase had not reflected when calculation of remaining fatigue life using EDM. Proposed method(EDM) can evaluate remaining fatigue life more easily and simply than CDM.

This is the abstract section. One paragraph only Road cavities recently in urban are causing collapse of road surface layer due to loss of support bearing capacity. Detecting road cavities with ground penetrating radar(GPR) test, then excavation and backfill are performed in the anticipated cavity area. However sometimes detecting errors are occurred because of the complexity of the GPR test result analysis or interval space between larger gravels. So before unnecessary excavation, verification for detect the cavities results should be needed. The purpose of this study suggest deflection method by the light weight deflectometer(LWD) as a verification way of GPR test results and as a tracking investigation method continuously at the sites having small size cavity. LWD devices has more advantages than larger NDT because FWD has difficulties in a traffic control and entrance of narrow-back road. In this study, LWD tests were conducted on the pavement sections with and without road cavity detected by GPR tests and after excavating the area, the cavity sizes were measured. LWD test results can be applied to verify a subsurface cavity by comparing maximum deflection and deflection ratio between cavity area and non cavity area at the loading center. The higher deflection and lower modulus was measured at cavity sections. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, It is found that deflection method has a possibility of complementary for detecting road cavity. Also cavity size prediction equation was attempted to propose through deflection ratio using a database. Compared with another validation data, the proposed prediction equation is more suitable for detecting cavity existence than size estimation because the average error rate is larger. As a results of the analysis with depth ratio as a factor, it is necessary to improve the cavity size prediction through the normalization using the parameter of road properties.

Probiotics are defined as advantageous microorganisms to human when they are ingested. However, without any protection, the viability of microbes and their adhesive ability to surface of colon decreases through acidic condition such as stomach and intestines. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to figure out to enhance not only the viability of probiotics, but also its adhesion for increasing effect of probiotics. In this study, extrusion method was conducted to encapsulate Enterococcus faecium. E. faecium-alginate solution was injected to CaCl2 solution with regular side air injection. To prevent coagulation of beads, stirring was conducted in CaCl2 solution and encapsulated alginate-Ca2+ microspheres were produced. For optimal encapsulation condition, air pressure was 100 mbar, flow rate of E. faecium solution was 0.02 ml/h and stirring rate was 200 rpm. For mucoadhesive ability, Monolayer of HT-29 cells used as a colon cell and encapsulated cells were inoculated and incubated in 37℃, 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere for 1 h. Encapsulation efficiency of the encapsulation method used in this study was 98.2%. For mucoadhesive test, the concentration of inoculated E. faecium was 9.9×108 CFU/ml and the concentration of adhered E. faecium was 1.6×106 CFU/ml. In conclusion, encapsulation efficiency of extrusion method was high enough to be accepted for this study, however, alginate-Ca2+ microspheres revealed lower adhesive ability compared to expectation. Therefore, it needs further studies to increase adhesive ability with other polymers.

본 논문에서는 유통 농산물 잔류농약 부적합 현황 분석을 위하여 네트워크 분석 기법을 적용하였다. 분석용 데이터는 『2017년도 식품안전관리지침』내 “유통농산물별 잔류농약 부적합 현황”을 참고하였으며, 주요 분석 기법 으로는 중심성 분석(연결정도 중심성, 근접 중심성, 매개 중심성)을 적용하였다. 연결정도 중심성 분석결과 chlorpyrifos와 diazinon에서 “연결된 노드”가 가장 많은 것으로 확인되었다. 근접 중심성에서는 19종을 제외한 농약성분들 사이에서 유사한 정도를 보여주고 있었다. 매개 중심 성 분석 결과에서는 fluioxonil과 chlorpyrifos가 가장 높은 경향을 보여주어 이들이 농약성분 네트워크에서 “가교” 역 할을 수행 하는 것으로 파악되었다. 네트워크 분석 결과, 기존의 통계분석을 통해서는 분석 할 수 없었던 농약성분 들 사이의 “관계” 데이터를 확인 할 수 있었다. 향후 이러한 분석기법은 최적화/정교화 과정을 통해서 보다 정밀하게 농약성분 부적합 현황 분석을 위한 도구로서 적용되리라 기대한다.

본 연구에서는 역량스펙트럼법을 이용해 얻어진 구조물의 성능점을 확률적으로 평가하는 방법을 제시하였다. ATC-40에 따라 역량스펙트럼법을 이용하여 4층 1경간 철골구조물의 성능점을 산정하였다. 요구스펙트럼을 이용하여 구조물의 성능한계를 초과하는지 여부를 분석하기 위해 구조부재의 소성변형각으로부터 정의되는 구조물의 성능한계에 대해 한계변위를 도출하였다. 또한 설계응답스펙트럼과 유사한 응답스펙트럼을 가지는 인공지진파 30개를 선정하여 스펙트럼 가속도에 따른 각 성능한계의 초과여부를 통해 fragility curve를 도출하였다. 관측된 초과확률을 이용하여 fragility curve를 도출하기 위해 maximum likelihood method를 사용하였다. 각 성능한계점에 대응하는 설계응답스펙트럼의 응답가속도값에서 성능한계점을 초과할 확률은 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 방식은 구조물의 성능점에 대해 지진파의 불확실성을 고려한 확률적 평가가 가능하고, 시간증분해석이 필요하지 않아 해석시간을 상당부분 단축시킬 수 있다는 장점이 있다.

PURPOSES : The current practice in car headlight visibility performance evaluation is based on the luminous intensity and illuminance of headlight. Such practice can be inappropriate from a visibility point of view where visibility indicates abilities to perceive an object ahead on the road. This study aimed at evaluating the appropriateness of current headlight evaluation methodMETHODS: This study measured the luminance of object and road surface at unlit roadways. The variables were measured by vehicle type and by headlight lamp type. Based on the measurements, the distance where drivers can perceive an object ahead was calculated and then compared against such distance obtained by conventional visibility performance evaluation.RESULTS: The evaluation method based on illuminance of headlight is not appropriate when viewed from the visibility concept that is based on object-perceivable distance. Further, the results indicated a shorter object-perceiving distance even when road surface luminance is higher, thereby suggesting that illuminance of headlight and luminance of road surface are not the representative indices of nighttime visibility.CONCLUSIONS : Considering that this study utilized limited vehicle types and that road surface (background) luminance can vary depending on the characteristics of the given road surface, it would likely go too far to argue that this study’s visibility performance evaluation results can get generalized to other conditions. Regardless, there is little doubt that the current performance evaluation criterion which is based on illuminance, is unreasonable. There should be future endeavors on the current subject which will need to explore study conditions further, under which more experiments should be conducted and effective methodologies developed for evaluating automotive headlight visibility performance. Needs are recognized particularly in the development of headlight visibility performance evaluation methodology which will take into account road surface (background) luminance and luminance contrast from various perspectives as the former indicates the driver’s perception of the front road alignment and the latter being indicative of object perception performance.

최근 강우 발생빈도의 불규칙한 변화로 홍수 및 가뭄 피해가 증가함에 따라 불규칙한 자연현상의 특 성을 예측하는 확률론적 방안들이 관심을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 자연계 현상을 확률론적으로 예측 하는 기법인 플랙탈이론의 허스트지수(Hurst exponent)를 이용한 자기유사성 평가를 전국 64개 기상관 측소의 월강수량 자료를 대상으로 실시하였다. 1986년부터 2015년까지 총 30년 동안의 월강수량을 평 가한 결과 허스트지수는 H=0.97~0.99의 범위로 나타났다. 이는 H>1/2의 양의 상관관계를 보이며, 자 기유사성을 가지는 것으로 평가될 수 있어 기존의 축척된 자료를 통해 향후의 이상강우에 대한 예측이 가능하다는 사실을 보여주는 것으로 나타났다.

In order to consider application and evaluation of value and class of domestic wetland, we investigated 146 wetlands located Gyeongsangnam-do using Rapid Assessment Method (RAM). We utilized Self-Organizing-Map (SOM) to analysis relationship between evaluation index and land coverage ratio surrounding wetland. Among total 8 evaluation index, ‘Fish and herptile habitat’ and ‘Aesthetic value’ were higher, most of the wetlands evaluated as 2, 3 grade. Result of SOM analysis, ‘vegetation diversity and wild animals habitat’ is negatively related to the ‘Fish and herptile habitat’, because fishs were not prefer habitat excessively occupied by plant. However, high vegetation diversity can be support high score of ‘Aesthetic’ in wetland. Also, ‘Erosion control’ and ‘Flood storage and control’ were closely related, wetlands with high score of ‘Erosion control’ have high score of ‘Flood storage and control’. When applied RAM in domestic wetland, six out of 6 evaluation index induced biased results, the index of RAM need a little change as some new or modify evaluation index. Therefore, we consider to need adjustable, subdivide, and actualization of some evaluation index for application of RAM in domestic wetlands. Consequently, wetland assessment and class using RAM can be utilized as important indicate for conservation and management of wetland, and contributed greatly to maintain biodiversity include to endangered species by preserving remaining wetland.

Advances in information technology, communication and network technology are radically facilitating digital convergences as the integration of human, equipment, and space in the current industry 4.0 era. In industry 4.0 environment, the vast amount of information with networked computing technology can be simultaneously accessible even in limited physical space. Two main benefit points out of these information are the convenience and efficiency in their online transactions either buying things online or selling online. Even though there exist so many benefits that information technology can create for the people doing business over the internet there is a critical problem to be answered. In spite of many such advantages, however, online transactions have many dysfunctions such as personal information leakage, account hacking, and cybercrime. Without preparing the appropriate protection methods or schema people reluctantly use the transaction or would find some other partners with enhanced information security environment. In this paper we suggested a novel selection criteria that can be used to evaluate the reliable means of authentication against the expected risks under on-going IoT based environment. Our selection criteria consists of 4 steps. The first step is services and risk identification step. The second step is evaluation of risk occurrence step. The third step includes the evaluation of the extent of damage. And the final step is the assessment of the level of risk. With the help of the above 4 step-approach people can systematically identify potential risks hiding in the online transactions and effectively avoid by taking appropriate counter actions

This study aims to establish a seismic resistance performance evaluation method that makes sure to secure the seismic resistance performance of the existing mid-low story reinforced concrete structures. This study focuses on the development of the seismic resistance performance evaluation method for the overall seismic resistance performance evaluation on the buildings by applying fuzzy theory. This seismic resistance performance evaluation method considers the mutual relations among the type of force, the type of member, the type of story, and the states of deterioration of the buildings. The total seismic resistance performance index from this method was calculated by the intensity weight of each evaluation item, fuzzy measure, fuzzy integration. Moreover, the evaluation methodology was established in this study to identify the performance level of the Immediate Occupancy, Life Safe, Collapse Prevention by applying the fuzzy theory.