지구온난화에 따른 멸종위기식물 섬시호의 식물계절과 번식생태학적 반응을 알아보기 위하여, 4년생 섬시호를 일반대기 조건인 대조구와 이산화탄소와 온도를 상승시 킨 처리구로 나누어 유리온실에서 생육시켜 관찰∙비교 하였다. 개엽 시기는 처리구가 대조구보다 4일 빨랐고, 열 매 개시일은 처리구가 대조구보다 1일 빨리 시작되었으 며, 열매성숙 시기는 처리구가 대조구보다 2일 빨랐다. 그 리고 개체 당 화경 수, 성숙한 열매 수, 쭉정이 수, 쭉정이 무게, 총 열매수와 결실율은 처리구와 대조구간의 차이가 없었다. 그러나 성숙한 열매 한 개 무게, 성숙한 열매무게 와 총 열매무게는 대조구에서 처리구보다 높았다. 발아율 은 대조구가 처리구보다 현저히 높았다. 이러한 결과는 지구온난화 조건이 되면 섬시호의 식물계절은 빨라지고, 번식생태학적 반응은 부정적인 영향을 받을 것이다.

The objective of this study was to analyze the accuracy of estrus detection of heat detector and analysis of estrus behavior (mounting and mounted), and the evaluation of conditions required for improving reproductive efficiency in Holstein dairy cows fitted with a estrous detector. The heat detection system consists of estrous detector based on wireless sensor and an electric bulletin board displayed estrus behavior data. When cow mounting other cows, the accuracy of estrus behavior displayed an electric bulletin board were 87.5% (mounting other cows only), 100% (mounting other cows but not standing), 80.0% (mounting other cows with standing for 1∼4 seconds), 90.0% (mounting other cows but not standing for 1∼4 seconds), 80% (mounting other cows with standing for more than 5 seconds) and 90.0% (mounting other cows but not standing for more than 5 seconds). When cow mounted other cows, the accuracy of estrus behavior displayed an electric bulletin board were 100% (mounted other cows but not standing), 100% (mounted other cows with standing for 1∼4 seconds), 100% (mounted other cows but not standing for 1∼4 seconds) and 100% (mounted other cows with standing for more than 5 seconds). Circadian distribution of first observed in estrus were 59.1% (am 8∼pm 6) and 40.9% (pm 6∼am 8). Distribution for the number of estrus behavior were 40.9% (less than 3 times), 36.4% (4∼6 times) and 22.7% (more than 4 times). The conception rates relative to interval from first estrus behavior to insemination for estrus periods were 23.1% (less than 11 hours) and 55.6% (12∼20 hours).

This study aimed to improve the reproductive efficiency of dairy herds by comparison and analyzing estrous appearance rate, conception and non-conception rate according to the stage of lactation using the lactation and reproductive records of average (less than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) and high yielding (more than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) Holstein cows (n=102). Milk production and reproduction data were collected between January 2010 and December 2012 from Holstein cows kept in the commercial dairy farms. Average (n=32) and high yielding (n=24) Holstein cows used to analyze the relationship between milk yield and reproductive performance. Our results showed that estrous appearance rate according to the stage of lactation was 25.0% (30∼59d), 40.6% (60∼ 89d), 25% (90∼110d) and 9.4% (>111d) in average yielding cows and 16.7% (30∼59d), 20.8% (60∼89d), 12.5% (90 ∼110d) and 50.0% (>111d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Conception rate according to the stage of lactation was 87.5% (30∼59d), 61.5% (60∼ 89d), 75.0% (90∼110d) and 66.7% (>111d) in average yielding cows and 25.0% (30∼59d), 0% (60∼89d), 33.3% (90∼ 110d) and 50.0% (>111d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Days between parturition and conception was 23.7% (<149d), 0% (150∼209d) and 0% (>210 d) in average yielding cows and 69.0% (<149 d), 77.8% (150∼209d) and 38.9% (>210d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Conception rate from 110 days postpartum in high yielding cows was 41.7% (110∼150d), 50.0% (151∼180d) and 50.0% (>181d). Body condition score (BCS) in 120 days postpartum was 2.64±0.1 in average yielding cows and 2.28±0.1 in high yielding cows, respectively.

본 연구는 A GP 농장에서 1999년부터 2011년까지 출생되어 분만기록을 가지고 있는 Landrace종 총 5,447두의 자료를 이용하여 종돈의 번식형질에 영향을 미치는 비유전적 환경요인의 효과에 대하여 알아보고 이를 통해 종돈의 번식능력을 향상시켜 경쟁력을 강화시킬 수 있는 자료로 활용하고자 실시하였다. 종돈의 번식 형질에 대한 유의성을 검정한 결과를 살펴보면 분만계절에서 사고두수와 실산자수, 모산차와 실산자수는 유의적인 차이를 나타내었고(p<0.05) 분만년도와 산차의 모든 형질에서는 고도의 유의성이 인정되었다(p<0.01). 형질들 간의 표현형상관에서는 -0.064에서 0.925의 범위에서 상관관계를 보였으며, 특히 실산자수와 총산자수에서 0.925, 생시 복당 자돈 총 체중과 실산자수에서 0.760의 높은 정의 상관을 나타내었으나 이유시 복당 자돈 총 체중과 사고두수에서 -0.064, 생시 복당 자돈 총 체중과 사고두수에서 -0.053으로 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 따라서 종돈의 생산성을 향상시키기 위해서는 우수한 형질을 가진 개체의 입식과 관리, 적절한 산차 유지와 환경요인을 고려한 개량 목표 설정이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Methoxychlor (MXC) was developed to be a replacement for the banned pesticide DDT. HPTE [2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) -1,1,1-trichloroethane], which is an in vivo metabolite of MXC, has strong oestrogenic and anti-androgenic effects. MXC and HPTE are thought to produce potentially adverse effects by acting through oestrogen and androgen receptors. Of the two, HPTE binds to sex-steroid receptors with greater affinity, and it inhibits testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells by inhibiting cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity and cholesterol utilisation. In a previous study, MXC was shown to induce Leydig cell apoptosis by decreasing testosterone concentrations. I focused on the effects of MXC on male mice that resulted from interactions with sex-steroid hormone receptors. Sexsteroid hormones affect other organs including the kidney and liver. Accordingly, I hypothesised that MXC can act through sex-steroid receptors to produce adverse effects on the testis, kidney and liver, and I designed our experiments to confirm the different effects of MXC exposure on the male reproductive system, kidney and liver. In these experiments, I used pre-pubescent ICR mice; the puberty period in ICR mice is from postnatal day (PND) 45 to PND60. I treated the experimental group with 0, 100, 200, 400 mg MXC/kg b.w. delivered by an intra-peritoneal injection with sesame oil used as vehicle for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed under anaesthesia. The testes and accessory reproductive organs were collected, weighed and prepared for histological investigation. I performed a chemiluminescence immune assay to observe the serum levels of testosterone, LH and FSH. Blood biochemical determination was also performed to check for other effects. There were no significant differences in our histological observations or relative organ weights. Serum testosterone levels were decreased in a dose-dependent manner; a greater dose resulted in the production of less testosterone. Compared to the control group, testosterone concentrations differed in the 200 and 400 mg/kg dosage groups. In conclusion, I observed markedly negative effects of MXC exposure on testosterone concentrations in pre-pubescent male mice. From our biochemical determinations, I observed some changes that indicate renal and hepatic failure. Together, these data suggest that MXC produces adverse effects on the reproductive system, kidney and liver.

The objective of this work was to analyze the concentrations of progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) hormones changed during estrus synchronization in dairy heifers. Estrus synchronization was carried out with CIDRⓇ (Controlled Intravaginal Drug Release) devices. Corpus luteum (CL) was classified into three grades based on its size and palpable characteristics. The concentrations of P4 and E2 were measured by enzyme-amplified chemiluminescence. Serum P4 concentration was markedly low at the estrus stage (36 hrs after removal of CIDR) compared to other stages, while E2 concentration was kept high during estrus stage. The serum P4 concentration was highest in the CL classified into gradeⅠ. These results indicate that P4 concentration could be used as a criteria for determining recipients for artificial insemination or embryo transfer in dairy cattle.

The objective of this study was to evaluate several types of uterine bacteria in Hanwoo. uterine bacteria from randomly selected 5 uterus was collected by flushing methods into a sterilized 1.5 ml centrifuge tube and was inoculated onto MacConkey agar and blood agar, respectively. After being incubated for 5% CO2, aerobic or anaerobic condition at 37℃ during 48h, bacterial colonies were selected and re-inoculated onto blood agar plates. Re-cultured colonies were identified by Gram staining and finally identified using Vitek system. The identified bacteria were Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus vitulinus, Staphylococcus warneri of Gram (+) and Rhizobium radiobacter, Sphingomonas paucimobilis of Gram () bacteria. Although, pathogenicity of identified bacteria was unclear, the bacteria can have an effect on the uterine microenvironment. Therefore, repetitive research will be required to determine the effects of bacteria in cattle exposed to a various environment.

An aphid usually stays at one feeding site for a long time for development and reproduction. The green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), feed consistently and regularly throughout all stages of nymphs and adult at one feeding site. In M. persicae, honey dew production, which indicates a state of feeding, occurs at regular intervals within a given stage, and moving, which may be related to escape or dispersal, interrupts feeding, The results of the playback experiments showed that acoustic stimuli with frequencies of 100 and 10000 Hz were effective in inducing feeding repression in M. persicae. That is, HDP occurred less often, and MV occurred more often and longer under acoustic stimuli. In this study, we tested whether the acoustic stimulus effective for inducing feeding suppression decreased reproductive rate in M. persicae. A group of 20 aphids were placed in a host plant and was subject to the acoustic stimulus with two frequency components, 100 and 10000 Hz, for a given time (1, 3, 6, and 12 hours) each day for four days. The result of this experiment showed that the acoustic stimulus did not affect the reproductive rate, regardless of exposure time, in M. persicae.

Reproductive ecology of the sharp toothed eel, Muraenesox cinereus was investigated based on the samples captured in southern Korean waters from January 2010 to December 2011. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in April, and reached maximum between July to August. After spawning it began to decrease from October. Reproductive season was estimated to April-September, with peak in July. Fecundity was proportional to the size of the female, with the clutch size varying from 56,000 eggs in the smallest female (anal length, 27.0cm) to 1,400,000 eggs in the largest (anal length, 49.5cm). Size at 50% sexual maturity (AL50), determined from mature females, were 21.9cm. Annual reproductive cycles of this species could be divided into four successive stages; immature stage (October-February), maturing stage (March-May), mature stage (June-August) and spent stage (August-October).

A study on estrus synchronized dairy cows using progesterone intravaginal device was done to classify each cow's reproductive status from calving to synchronization and to evaluate the reproductive performance according to ovarian and uterine status, and calving season. From calving to estrus synchronization, silent heat or error of estrus detection among ovarian status and endometritis among uterine disorders were exposed in the most distribution (75.4% and 48.3%, respectively). The pregnancy rate of cows with inactive ovaries was lower than those in the follicular and luteal phase. And according to the uterine status before estrus synchronization, the pregnancy rate was similar in three groups; normal, endometritis, and pyometra (70.9, 69.1 and 100%, respectively). The interval from calving to conception was shorter (p<0.05) in cows calved during autumn than in cows calved during spring and winter.

멸종위기종 꾸구리의 번식생태를 밝히기 위하여 2010 년 3월부터 2011년 2월까지 한강 지류인 섬강에서 연구 를 진행하였다. 비산란기의 암컷과 수컷은 형태적으로 차 이가 없었으나 산란기에는 체장에 대한 체고와 체폭, 배 지느러미 기점거리, 뒷지느러미 기점거리 등에서 차이를 보여 구별되었다. 성비(♀ : 􀕵)는 1 : 1.01이었고, 산란기는 수온 15~25􀆆C인 4월말부터 6월 중순으로 추정되었다. 포란수는 평균 2,134±930개였으며, 성숙난의 크기는 0.88 ±0.04mm였다. 산란장소는 느린 여울부인 유속 13~24 cm sec-1, 수심 12~18 cm의 3~10 cm의 자갈과 돌이 깔 려있는 곳으로 추정되었다. 실험실 수조에서 Ovaprim을 주사하여 산란행동을 유도한 결과, 14~15시간 후에 암 컷과 수컷이 수면 근처에서 1 : 1로 산란하였다.

today's dairy production management systems, reproductive efficiency affects the income of any farm by influencing overall milk production, genetic gain, amount of replacement heifers, and wise cullling decisions. Nutrition, management, and genetics play a major role achieving this maximum herd-reproductive performance. Several reports using trace minerals on the diet of cattle have shown reproductive effects. The main justification for using blocks, to provide deficient nutrients is, therefore, their convenience for packaging, storage, transport and ease of feeding. Dairy cattle are annually exposed to prolonged periods of elevated humidity and heat which reduce feed intake and reproductive performance. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of mineral on reproductive performance of dairy cows during Summer. The experimental group of cows had access ad libitum to the mineral lick in the following composition : Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, I, Co, Se. Environmental heat load was described using the THI (temperature humidity index) because thermoregulation in cows is affected by both Temp and RH. The THI was calculated: THI=(0.8×Temp)+[RH×(Temp— 14.4)]+ 46.4. All cows were monitored for estrus twice daily in the morning and late afternoon. And any animal found in estrus was artificially inseminated. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed via ultrasonography at 45 to 70 d after insemination. The visitation and intake of mineral were higher with the maximum THI. The mean intake of mineral block was 23.1 kg in Summer and 17.7 kg in other seasons. The reproductive performance was considerably improved by mineral supplementation. The factors influencing consumption of mineral mixtures include: soil fertility and forage type, available energy and protein, individual requirements, salt content of the water, palatability of mineral mixture, availability of fresh minerals and physical form of minerals. These results show that minerals have a great impact on animal's reproductive physiology.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated with follicle growth arrest, dysregulated sex hormone profile, hyperthecosis and insulin resistance. Chemerin, a novel adipokine, is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Although obese women and in PCOS subjects have elevated plasma chemerin levels, whether and how chemerin is involved in the regulation of follicular growth/steroidogenesis and pathogenesis of PCOS is unknown. Our objective is to better understand the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of these processes and gain insights in their dysregulation in the pathogenesis of PCOS. We hypothesize that: (a) hyperandrogenism induces small and medium antral follicle growth arrest and ovarian structural changes, resulting from granulosa cell and oocyte apoptosis and theca cell survival, and (b) chemerin regulates follicular growth and steroidogenesis and contributes to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Using immature rats (day 13～15 for follicle culture and day 21～24 for granulosa cells culture) and a chronically androgenized rat model [dihydrotestosterone (DHT); 83 μg daily, day 21～105] which recapitulates the reproductive and metabolic phenotypes of human PCOS, we have examined the granulosa cell expression patterns of chemerin and its receptor CMKLR1 and their steroidogenic and follicle growth capability. DHT treatment resulted in decreased follicle numbers in preantral to preovulatory stages and absence of corpus luteum, but increased numbers of condensed atypical follicles. Atypical follicles, constituted predominantly of theca cells, exhibited high expression of calpain and down‐regulation of the cytoskeletal protein substrates vimentin, fodrin and β‐tubulin. Granulosa cell aromatase expression was significantly down‐regulated, a response accompanied by increased activated caspase‐3 content and DNA fragmentation. While PTEN levels were considerably higher in granulosa cells in the PCOS rats than controls, phospho‐Akt (Ser473) content was lower. In addition, DHT also activated granulosa cell caspase‐3, decreased XIAP, PARP and phospho‐Akt contents and induced apoptosis in vitro, responses that could be attenuated by forced expression of XIAP. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that dysregulated follicular growth in PCOS is associated with changes in follicular growth dynamics and follicle cell fate, a consequence of dysregulated interactions of pro‐survival (p‐Akt, XIAP, PARP) and proapoptotic (calpain, PTEN, caspase‐3) modulators in a cell‐specific manner. Chemerin and CMKLR1 were expressed in granulosa cells and negatively regulated by gonadotropin in vivo and in vitro. Serum and ovarian chemerin levels in DHT‐treated rats were elevated, and associated with arrested early antral follicular growth, remodeling of the follicle wall and decreased expression of p450 side‐chain cleavage enzyme (p450- scc), aromatase and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Recombinant chemerin inhibited FSH ‐ induced estradiol secretion in granulosa cells from DHT‐treated rats in vitro. Chemerin also suppressed basal and FSH‐ and GDF9‐induced follicle growth and estradiol/ progesterone production in preantral follicle cultures. Moreover, chemerin suppressed FSH‐induced p450scc/aromatase expression and progesterone/estradiol secretion in immature rat granulosa cells in vitro. These studies demonstrate that chemerin is a novel negative regulator in FSH‐induced follicular growth and steroidogenesis and support the notion that the dysregulation of chemerin expression and function contributes to pathogenesis of PCOS. Our observations also suggest that this chronically androgenized rat model may be useful not only for studies on the long term effects of androgen on folliculogenesis, but also on the pathophysiology of PCOS. * This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; MOP‐119381) and the World Class University (WCU) program through the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (R31‐10056).

The reproductive ecology of the glowbelly, Acropoma japonicum was examined using 637 specimens collected monthly from January to December 2006 in the coastal waters off Gori, Korea. The specimens ranged in standard length (cm, SL) from 2.9 to 11.4cm for female, 2.7 to 10.5cm for male. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female was highest in September and decreased until December, and the spawning season lasted from August to November. The monthly sex was not different significantly (2-test, p〉0.05). The size at 50% maturity was estimated at 6.0cm SL. A. japonicum was multiple spawner that spawn on more than one occasion in a single spawning season, and the maximum egg diameter was 0.75mm. Fecundity (F) ranged from 12,052 to 104,246 eggs, with the mean of 38,321 eggs. The relationships between fecundity and standard length (cm, SL), body weight (g, BW) were estimated as F=86.278SL2.9652 (R2=0.7970) and F=3036BW1.0081 (R2=0.7992), respectively.

A member of mice interferon inducible transmembrane protein like family, IFITM1, is reported to play an important role in primordial germ cell (PGC) formation and this protein reported for anti‐proliferation. This study conducted to investigate the mIFITM1 expression in reproductive organs of male mice. mIFITM1 expression in testis and epididymis were revealed by immunostaining and immuno blot. Moreover, we showed that mIFITM1 is related to development of mouse testis. mIFITM1 protein expression as markedly upregulated around 5‐ 15day after birth in testis, but postnatal 21 56 day detected pattern was decreasing by immunoblot. In the other reproductive organ, epididymis, we observed that mIFITM1 protein was strongly expressed in caput, corpus and cauda. We analyzed IFITM1 gene expression under conditions of androgen manipulation. Total RNAs were obtained from the epididymis of adult mice that castrated and injected. Testosterone replacement for animals 7day after surgery. In castrated animals, A clear decrease was found in the IFITM1 protein level on Interestingly, castrated mice was revealed that mIFITM1 expression is strong. At that time, the injected catration mice decrease in IFITM1 gene expression. We also found same result from the immunoblot analysis. Our data suggest that the function of the IFITM1 expression in sperm is remain unclear but mIFITM1 expression will be important to postnatal development of mice testis and spermatogenesis. Also, mIFITM1 regulated not only sexual maturation by gene expression in the reproductive organs but also by hormone.

The vast majority of embryo generated by Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) do not result in a live offspring and a multiple birth is the single biggest health risk associated with human fertility treatment, and the used of frozen embryos increased for medical or personal reasons. However, practical and ethical reasons might hamper study of human embryos. Therefore, animal models are necessary to elucidate the molecular and morphological changes during development. In the serial experiments, we employed mouse embryos and a Cdx-inducible ES cell system that transdifferentiates into TS cells. We found aberrant gene expression profiles including apoptosis associated (Bcl2), lineage formation related genes (Cdx-2, Tcfap2c, Oct4, and Nanog), and/or mitochondrial DNA replication related genes (mt-cox-1, mt-cox-2, Polg, Polg2, Tfam) in mouse embryos that showed developmentally retardation between morula to blastocyst transition or post implantation development after embryo transfer to surrogate mothers, compared to control embryos. To determine direct interaction between knockdown genes via siRNA approach and putative down-stream genes involved in blastocyst formation and further development, we carried out qPCR and Chip assay in either mouse embryos or the ES cells. qPCR and Chip assay results showed target gene directly bound to promoter regions of down-regulated genes in TS cells. In conclusion, we suggested that an increased understanding of epigenetic regulation of early embryonic development through animal models may ultimately lead to better methodologies for selecting more competent embryos and and/or protocols for augmenting embryos viability.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of semen on reproductive ability in crossbred Korean native chicken (KNC, 58-wk old). The body weight, volume of semen and concentration of spermatozoa, were 2.96 g, 0.40 ml, 36.58×108/ml, respectively, in KNC. The fertility and hatchability were 94.8% and 78.8% respectively in crossbred KNC. KNC(Y) was high compared to other strains in fertility. The other strains were not significantly different among 6 strains. The results of this experiment indicated that hatchability of (G) was high compared to other strains. The result of this study could be available to genetic improvement of reproductive traits as a basic reference in KNC strains. To achieve the more effective improvement of reproductive traits, addition research such as genetic parameter evaluation should be performed.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of days open on subsequent reproductive performance following to estrus synchronization in the 114 lactating dairy cows. The animals were divided into two groups according to the time of estrus synchronization; viz, 85 days, and > 85 days postpartum, respectively. The estrus synchronization protocol consisted of insertion of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device containing 1.9 g progesterone with an injection of 250 gonadorelin (Day 0), an injection of and removal of the device on Day 7, an injection of 250 GnRH on Day 9, and TAI 17 h later. Pregnancy diagnosis was determined at 30 to 60 days after TAI using both ultrasonography and rectal palpation. The body condition score (BCS) gradually increased over the postpartum period. In estrus synchronized cows until 85 days, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception, interval from estrus synchronization to conception, and interval from calving to conception were not significantly different among two farms (P>0.05). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception and interval from calving to conception were significantly different () between herds A and B (26.8 vs 50.0%; vs times, vs days, respectively). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum interval from estrus synchronization to conception was greater (P<0.01) in herd B than in herd A ( vs ). These results indicate that the time of estrus synchronization for maximized the reproductive performance is before 85 days postpartum and feeding and management is important factor for high reproductive performance.

This study was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of PRRSV in breeding farms in Jeju 2008 using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The tested sera were randomly collected from a total of 1,947 sera from 9 breeding farms unvaccinated in Jeju. As a result, all breeding farms were seropositive for PRRSV. Seven hundred-eighty six of 1,947 sera (40.4%) were positive for PRRSV. Seropositve rate of PRRSV infection in 9 farms showed various levels: 1%, 8.9%, 9.1%, 43%, 46.9%, 48.2%, 51.6%, 60.9%, 85.5%, respectively. The results confirmed that PRRSV infection has been prevailing in breeding farms in Jeju. Also, these results must be taken into a consideration in strategy establishment for the control and eradication of PRRS.