메조포러스 공극구조를 갖는 광촉매 멤브레인은 다양한 환경기술에 적용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 TiO2 층을 형 성시킨 광촉매 반응기용 세라믹 멤브레인을 개발하고 이를 염색용액 처리에 적용하였다. 높은 공극률과 균질성을 지닌 TiO2 광촉매층을 그라프트 공중합체를 사용하여 제조하였다. 멤브레인은 광촉매 반응기와 멤브레인 여과를 결합시킨 하이브리드 광촉매 반응기에 성공적으로 적용하였다. 실험결과 정렬된 구조의 TiO2 층이 Al2O3 지지체에 형성되었다. TiO2 층 형성 후 제조된 세라믹 분리막의 순수 투과도는 형성된 광촉매 층 저항으로 감소하였다. 정렬된 구조의 TiO2 층은 UV 결합 시 5시간 안에 완벽한 염색용액 분해를 달성시킬 수 있었다. 광촉매 멤브레인의 염색용액 분해는 Langmuir-Hinshelwood 흡착 모델로 잘 설명할 수 있었다. 또한 TiO2 층이 고정화된 세라믹 멤브레인의 model Congo Red에 대한 1차 속도상수는 Al2O3 지지체 단독인 경우에 비해 약 6배 정도 큰 값을 나타내었다(0.0081 vs. 0.0013 min-1).

Cobalt was electrodeposited onto chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene/Si/SiO2 substrates, during different time intervals, using an electrolyte solution containing a low concentration of cobalt sulfate. The intention was to investigate the details of the deposition process (and the dissolution process) and the resulting magnetic properties of the Co deposits on graphene. During and after electrodeposition, in-situ magnetic measurements were performed using an (AGFM). These were followed by ex situ morphological analysis of the samples with ΔtDEP 30 and 100 s by atomic force microscopy in the non-contact mode on pristine CVD graphene/SiO2/Si. We demonstrate that it is possible to electrodeposit Co onto graphene, and that in-situ magnetic measurements can also help in understanding details of the deposition process itself. The results show that the Co deposits are ferromagnetic with decreasing coercivity (HC) and demonstrate increasing magnetization on saturation (MSAT) and electric signal proportional to remanence (Mr), as a function of the amount of the electrodeposited Co. It was also found that, after the end of the dissolution process, a certain amount of cobalt remains on the graphene in oxide form (this was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), as suggested by the magnetic measurements. This oxide tends to exhibit a limited asymptotic amount when cycling through the deposition/dissolution process for increasing deposition times, possibly indicating that the oxidation process is similar to the graphene surface chemistry.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial culture supplements on ruminal fermentation and fermentative quality of Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) both in vitro and in situ. Three species of microbes (Lactobacillus casei (LC), Bacillus subtilis (BS), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)) were used in this study. They were applied to IRGS at 30 days after silage manufacture. Various items were measured using in vitro and in situ incubation technique after each microbial supplement was inoculated into IRGS at 0.5×104 CFU/g. In the first experiment, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of IRGS were evaluated at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after microbes were inoculated into IRGS. In the second experiment, in situ fermentation characteristics were investigated at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days after the inoculation of each microbial supplement. In vitro ruminal NH3-N content was significantly (p<0.05) increased in LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS at 12 hrs post incubation compared to that in control IRGS. In vitro ruminal total VFA concentration and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of IRGS were not significantly difference among LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS, although they were numerically increased in LC-IRGS than those of the other IRGS. In addition, this study evaluated the fermentation characteristics and in situ DMD of IRGS with the lapse of incubation time up to 5 days. Throughout the incubation times from 1 day to 5 days, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS than that in control IRGS. Lactate was significantly (p<0.05) higher, and significantly (p<0.05) butyrate was lower in LC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It was higher (p<0.05) in control IRGS than that of BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS at 1-5 days. In situ DMD tended to increase in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS compared to that in control IRGS. Especially, DMD was higher in SC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It tended to be higher in LC-IRGS at all incubation time. Taken together, these results suggest that it might be useful to select a microorganism by considering the feeding time of IRGS to ruminants because organic acids and DMD of IRGS were affected by the incubation time of each microorganism with IRG silage, especially for L. casei decreased the content of acetate and butyrate in IRGS.

Lithium ion battery are one of representative rechargeable batteries with high energy density, tiny memory effect, and low self-discharge and composed of anode, cathode, electrolyte, and membrane separator. The importance of membrane separator has been improved further as electric vehicle market increases rapidly. The conventional membrane separators are based on polyolefin (e.g., polyethylene and/or polypropylene). In case of lithium ion battery with a high capacity, polyolefin membrane separators are suffering from low thermal resistance and easy short-circuit formation leading to overheating. For these reasons, in this study, gel polymers are in-situ synthesized in electrolytes used as solvent, which are located in pores of polyolefin separators to obtain gel polymer electrolyte-polyolefin reinforced membranes.

생명과학산업으로서의 식품산업은 품질혁신 및 효율성 향상을 위해 제약산업과 마찬가지로 중요 공정변수(process parameter)나 품질에 영향을 미치는 특성(quality attribute)을 실시간으로 또는 신속하게 효율적으로 분석하거나 측정하 는 도구 및 수단이 매우 중요하다. 실시간 또는 연속적으로 신속하게 분석하는 방법으로는 그동안 FT-IR, Raman, NIR microspectroscopy 법이 널리 사 용되어왔다. 이는 분광광도법과 현미경관찰을 조합하여 분자정보를 미세구조수준에서 큰 공간해상도로 얻는 분석기 이며, 정성 및 정량 둘다 가능하다. 대부분 주위 온도 및 압력에서 시료처리 없이 습 혹은 건 상태 그대로 이용하므로 식품에서도 오래전부터 시료의 in situ 성분 동정 등에 이용되어 왔다. In situ는 "on site" 혹은 "in position" 및 "in place"로 번역되는 라틴어원의 문구로, 물리, 화학 및 생물학 분야에서는 ‘어떤 현상이 다른 계로의 이동없이 또는 시험 원래조건의 변화없이 동일장소에서 측정하는 방법’을 의미한다. 화학에 서는 전형적으로 "in the reaction mixture"의 의미로, 많은 공정들이 중간체들을 혼합물상태에서 in situ 합성하며, 생의 약공학에서도 많은 단백질 나노겔들을 in situ 중합법으로 제조한다. 화학공학에서는 주로 공장의 현장에서 수행되는 조작 혹은 절차를 의미한다. 또, 최근 제약산업의 새로운 패러다임으로 알려진 설계기반 품질고도화(QbD)의 공정분석 기술(PAT)에서 사용하는 분석기도 이러한 in situ 분석도구라 할 수 있다. 이들 in situ 분석법은 새로운 분석도구들의 개발로 최근들어 여러 분야에서 더욱 다양하게 이용되고 있으며, 시료의 파괴없이 분자정보를 얻어 기능 및 성분 탐 색과 동정이 가능할 뿐 아니라 공정 중의 신속한 분석도 가능하여 품질 및 공정을 혁신하는 데 큰 역할을 할 수 있다. 본 특강에서는 각종 in situ 분석과 정량, 공정이용 등의 연구사례를 개괄적으로 살펴보고, 실제로 그동안 본인이 직 접 기술개발혁신이나 산학공동연구 등에서 이용하였고, 또 성과로서 경험한 이들 개념의 분석법 적용 및 신규 방법의 개발사례를 소개하였다.

Mammals have 3 pairs of major salivary glands i.e., the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Saliva secretion of these glands is modulated by taste perception. Salivary glands are composed mainly of acinar and ductal cells. Primary saliva is secreted by acinar cells and modified during ductal flow. Recently, of the murine 35 bitter taste receptors, Tas2r108 was expressed at highest levels in the submandibular gland by qPCR. Further, Tas2r108-transfected cells respond to a range of bitter compounds, such as denatonium, quinine, colchicine, diphenidol, caffeine and dapson. The objective of the present study was to characterize the expression of Tas2r108 mRNA in acinar and/or ductal cells of the submandibular gland using in situ hybridization (ISH). Male 42-60 days old DBA2 mice were used in the study. Messenger RNAs were extracted from the submandibular gland for generating digoxigenin (DIG) labeled-cRNA probes. These probes were transcribed in anti-sense and sense orientation using T7 RNA polymerase. Dot blot hybridization was performed using DIG labeled-cRNA probes, in order to estimate integrity and optimal diluting concentration of these probes. Subsequently, ISH was performed on murine submandibular gland to detect Tas2r108 mRNA. Dot blot hybridization data demonstrated that Tas2r108 DIG labeled-cRNA anti-sense probes specifically detected Tas2r108 cDNA. ISH results showed that the anti-sense probes labeled acinar and ductal cells in the submandibular gland, whereas no staining was visible in sense controls. Interestingly, the Tas2r108 expression levels were higher in acinar than ductal cells. These results suggested that Tas2r108 might be more associated with primary saliva secretion than with ductal modification of saliva composition.

고분자전해질막은 전극 이외에 전기 화학 연료전지의 성능을 결정하는 중요한 요소이다. 고분자전해질막은 가스나 양성자 등의 작은 분자를 선택적으로 수송해야 한다. 고분자전해질막을 투과한 가스는 급속히 전기 화학적 환원을 발생시켜 음극 촉매의 열화를 유발하기 때문에 수소 장벽으로 작동해야 하며 가능한 한 빨리 양성자를 이동시켜야 한다. 지금까지 고분자전해질막의 수소 기체 투과도를 측정하는데 한정된 방법(예 : Constant volume/variable pressure (Time-lag)법)을 사용 했다. 그러나 측정의 대부분은 고분자전해질막은 건조된 진공 하에서 이루어진다. 그렇지 않으면 얻어진 수소 투과도는 측정 오차가 커지는 원인이 되기 쉽다. 이 연구에서는 일반적으로 고분자전해질막으로 사용되는 Nafion212의 수소 가스 투과 특성을 온도와 습도가 동시에 제어되는 in-situ 측정 시스템을 이용하여 평가하였다.

The concern over the risk of environmental exposure to brominated phenols has been increased and has led the researchers to focus their attention on the study of bromophenol treatment. In this study, the effects of pH and ferrate(VI) dose on the degradation of 2-bromophenol were investigated. The results indicated that the oxidation of 2-bromophenol by liquid ferrate(VI) was found to be highly sensitive to the pH condition. Furthermore, the highest removal efficiency was observed at the neutral condition with the removal efficiency of 94.2%. In addition, experimental results showed that 2-bromophenol removal efficiency increased with increasing of ferrate dosage. Ferrate(VI) dose of 0.23 mM was sufficient to remove most of the 2-bromophenol with the efficiency of 99.73% and kapp value of 2982 M-1s-1. Seven compounds were identified as the intermediate products by the GC/MS analysis.

MOF는 큰 비표면적과 조절 가능한 기공구조로 요즘 분리막 소재로 큰 관심을 받고 있다. ZIF-8은 MOF의 일종으로 높은 화학적 열적 안정성으로 최근 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. ZIF-8 나노기공의 다공성 물질로 Zn이온이 2-메틸이미다졸로 연결되어 있는 유-무기 하이브리드 구조를 가진다. 본 연구에서는 디스크 모양의 α–알루미나 지지체 위에 in situ 방법으로 잘 상호 성장한 ZIF-8 분리막을 합성했다. In situ 방법은 오토클레이브 내에 지지체와 전구체 용액을 넣고 용매열 합성법으로 막을 합성하는 방법이다. 합성시간을 조절하여 막의 두께를 조절했고, 두께 변화에 따른 H2/CO2 기체 투과 특성을 조사했다. 합성된 ZIF-8 분리막은 XRD와 SEM를 통해 결정 및 표면, 두께 분석했다.

The H2/CO2selectivity across ZIF-7 membrane prepared by in-situ growth method at 105°C synthesis temperature for 2 h, was the highest at 15.98, nearly 4 times higher than H2/CO2 Knudsens E.q. factor of 4.7. ZIF-7 membranes prepared from in-situ growth method also surprisingly performed better than ZIF-7 membranes prepared by other innovative techniques such as electro-spray deposition and secondary growth methods. (selectivity : 9.59 and 4.7, respectively) Despite lower selectivity performance than the numerically predicted results, the micro-porous ZIF-7 membrane prepared in this work demonstrated higher H2 permeability of 3770 barrer. Performance comparison between various inorganic membranes, including ZIF-7 & ZIF-8 membranes, was made and a new upper boundary for inorganic membranes was also constructed and reported.

해수 중 광학적 특성 때문에 유색 용존유기물은 위성자료에 기반한 해양의 엽록소와 일차생산력의 정확한 측정에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2009과 2011년 여름철을 대상으로 서로 특이하게 다른 결과를 보고하고자 하였다. 이 두 시기의 여름철 차이는 것은 용존유기물에 영향을 주는 주요 공급원이 다른 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 현장 측정치와 위성자료로 부터 얻어진 엽록소 농도를 비교하여 위성자료로부터 구한 엽록소 농도 측정에 대한 용존유기물의 영향을 보았다. 그 결과, 2009년 MODIS를 이용한 엽록소 농도와 현장 측정된 엽록소 a 농도는 서로 유사하였으나, 2011년과 같이 유색용존유기물의 농도가 높았던 시기에는 이 두 농도간에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 2011년 여름 MODIS 자료와 비교하였을 때, GOCI 자료는 엽록소와 유색용존유기물 모두 현장 측정치 자료와 잘 일치하였다. 수직 혼합에 의해 공급된 표층 해수 중 높은 유색용존유기물의 존재는 위성자료에 의한 엽록소 농도의 과대평가에 영향을 주는 것으로 보인다.

PURPOSES : Recently, bonded concrete overlay has been used as an alternative solution in concrete pavement rehabilitation since its material properties are similar to those of the existing concrete pavements. Deteriorated concrete pavements need rapid rehabilitation in order to prevent traffic jams on Korean expressways. Moreover, speedy and effective repair methods are required. Therefore, the use of bonded concrete overlay with ultra-rapid hardening cement has increased in an effort to reopen promptly the expressways in Korea. However, mobile mixer is required for ultra-rapid hardening cement concrete mixing in the construction site. The use of mobile mixer causes various disadvantages aforementioned such as limitation of the construction supply, open-air storage of mixing materials, increase in construction cost, and etc. In this study, therefore, hydration accelerator in-situ mixing on polymer modified concrete produced in concrete plant is attempted in order to avoid the disadvantages of existing bonded concrete overlay method using ultra-rapid hardening cement. METHODS: Bonded concrete overlay materials using ultra-rapid hardening cement should be meet all the requirements including structural characteristics, compatibility, durability for field application. Therefore, This study aimed to evaluate the application of hydration accelerator in-situ mixing on polymer modified concrete by evaluating structural characteristics, compatibility, durability and economic efficiency for bonded concrete overlay. RESULTS : Test results of structural characteristics showed that the compressive, flexural strength and bond strength were exceed 21MPa, 3.15MPa and 1.4MPa, respectively, which are the target strengths of four hours age for the purpose of prompt traffic reopening. In addition, tests of compatibility, such as drying shrinkage, coefficient of thermal expansion and modulus of elasticity, and durability (chloride ions penetration resistance, freezing-thawing resistance, scaling resistance, abrasion resistance and crack resistance), showed that the hydration accelerator in-situ mixing on polymer modified concrete were satisfied the required criteria. CONCLUSIONS: It was known that the hydration accelerator in-situ mixing on polymer modified concrete overlay method was applicable for bonded concrete overlay and was a good alternative method to substitute the existing bonded concrete overlay method since structural characteristics, compatibility, durability were satisfied the criteria and its economic efficiency was excellent compare to the existing bonded concrete overlay methods.

The aim of this study is to find out the behavior and acoustic backscattering of the large jellyfish Nemopliema nomurai using hydroacoustics in situ. N. nomurai was distributed at depths ranging from 10~15 m during the day. Regarding the behavior of N. nomurai, there was no significant change in depth, and 3D tortuosity was not high. The vertical direction was ±10° from the horizontal, and moving speed was 0.9~1.5 m s–1.With regard to hydro–acoustical characteristics, the mean TS of N. nomurai ranged from –69.6~–56.0 dB at 38 kHz and –69.4~–54.5 dB at 120 kHz. TS variation (Max TS–Min TS) at 38 and 120 kHz was 0~10.2 dB and 0.2~16.0 dB, respectively. Mean TS and TS variation (Max TS–Min TS) of N. nomurai were higher at 120 kHz than at 38 kHz. The results showed that the use of hydroacoustics was effective in estimating the distribution depth, behavior, and acoustic characteristics of the target.

More than sixty percent of highways in Korea were constructed with concrete pavement to carry the heavy traffic loads due to the economic development of this country. The service life of some pavements are close to the end, therefore, they requires the maintenances, rehabilitations and reconstructions to improve their structural performances.According to the similarity of material properties to the concrete pavement, bonded concrete overlay isa good rehabilitation technique used steadily in Korea. However, it is recently reported that the bonded concrete overlays in some highways expose the early distresses and it is assumed that the poor bonding is a cause of this problem. Additionally, the poor bonding of bonded concrete overlay is caused by the bond strength that is less than the bond strength criterion. The pre-investigation of various concrete overlays is conducted in laboratory to determine the possible influence factors reducing the bond strength and it indicates that there are two possible factors affecting the bond strength: the concrete overlay types and the substrate conditions. The study investigates the vulnerable factor between the two factors based on theevaluation of the in-situ bond strength data of bonded concrete overlay gathered from some highways in Korea. The bond strength data is collected from two different application areas: the new constructionand the rehabilitation projects. The new construction and the rehabilitation projects used Latex-modified Concrete (LMC) and Ultra-rapid Hardening Latex-modified concrete (URH-LMC), respectively as the concrete overlay. The evaluation of in-situ bond strength is to determine the percentage of unacceptable bond strength in each projectto study the effect of different types of concrete overlay. Moreover, the percentage of bonding failure modes having the bond strengths less than the criterion is also measured to study the effect of substrate condition.As a result, substrate condition is the vulnerable factor affecting the poor bonding and causing the early distresses in bonded concrete overlay.

본 연구는 옥수수 사일리지를 이용하여 TMR 제조 시 배합시간에 따른 물리적 특성(Particle size, peNDF 및 laceration)의 변화를 조사하고, 반추위 내 in situ 건물분해율 및 비유중기 착유우의 유생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행되었다. TMR 시험사료는 동일한 원료를 이용하여 배합시간을 30분(T1구)과 50분(T2구)으로 제조하였다. Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS, 19 mm와 8mm 체)로 분리하여 입자크기의 분포를 분석한 결과 배합 시간이 30분(T1)에서 50분(T2)로 증가함에 따라 하층(<8mm)의 비율이 유의적으로 증가하였고(p<0.01), peNDF>8.0는 유의적으로 감소하였으며(p<0.01), 굵은 비율(≥1mm) 이 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.01). 반추위 내 in situ 건물 분해율은 모든 배양시간에서 처리구간 차이가 없었지만 24시간 배양에서 T1구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. (p<0.01). 산유량은 처리구간 차이가 없었지만 유지방은 T1이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.01). 본 연구 결과에서 옥수수 사일리지 위주의 TMR 제조 시 배합시간을 단축 조절함으로서 산유량 및 유성분에 대한 부정적 영향 없이 조사료의 물리적 사료가치를 증진하는데 효과가 있을 것으로 기대된다.