본 연구의 목적은 색채 감성척도의 학술적, 실무적 활용 가치를 높이기 위해 색채 감성척도의 사용 현황과 개선 요인을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 5년 이상 현업에 종사하고 있는 색채 전문가 25명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시 하였다. 조사 구성 내용은 고바야시와 아이알아이 색채 감성척도에 대해 우선적으로 개선이 필요한 감성어휘를 도 출하고, 개선과 관련한 전문가들의 추가 의견을 수렴하였다. 분석 결과 1) 친숙도와 신뢰도에 대한 조사 결과는 아 이알아이가 더 높게 나타났다. 2) 필요성과 활용도 조사 결과 색채 감성척도가 필요하다는 응답이 88%로 나타났으 며, 연구, 교육 분야보다 기업 실무분야에서 필요하다는 의견이 43.6%로 가장 높게 조사되었다. 3) 개선 필요성 조 사 결과 아이알아이의 색채 감성척도의 개선이 필요하다는 의견이 88%로 나타났다. 4) 개선 필요 요인에 대해 가장 높은 응답은 시대성 반영이었으며, 고바야시 31.9%와 아이알아이 30.9%로 나타났다. 5) 색채 감성척도를 개선 할 경우 중요하게 또는 우선적으로 다루어질 필요가 있는 어휘는 모던한(15.8%) → 내추럴한, 낭만적인, 와일드한 (8.8%) → 다이내믹한(7.0%) → 고전적인, 캐주얼한, 시크한(5.3%) 순서로 조사되었다. 결과를 종합하면 실무 및 연 구 현장에서 색채 감성척도 사용에 한계를 인식하고 있었으며, 수정 보완에 대한 요구가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

In classical Chinese, the distinction between a rhetorical question and a simple question may not be readily clear when interrogative words are used. This paper aims to investigate factors that may determine whether a question formed with an安, yan焉, or heyi何以is a simple question or a rhetorical question; they include the presence of (1) a modal verb; (2) a negative marker in the main clause; (3) condition in the subordinate clause; and (4) a final exclamatory particle. Based on an analysis of these factors, a set of markers is proposed to distinguish a rhetorical question from a simple question and the extent of their reliability is discussed. Furthermore, a scale will be proposed to measure the strength of a rhetorical question based on the set of said markers.

This study assessed the changes in the fiber properties of virgin and recovered fibers from lab-scale and pilot-scale depolymerization reactors based on the thermal air oxidation-resistance characteristics. Lab-scale and pilot-scale depolymerization reactors had different depolymerization volumes. Results showed that the lab-scale and pilot-scale peak solvent temperatures were 185 °C and 151 °C, respectively. The lab-scale had highest solvent temperature rate increase because of the small depolymerization volume and the dominant role of the cavitation volume. The structural properties of the recovered and virgin fibers were intact even after the depolymerization and after the pretreatment and oxidation-resistance test. We observed 1.213%, 1.027% and 0.842% weight loss for the recovered (lab-scale), the recovered (pilot-scale) and virgin fibers because of the removal of impurities from the surface and chemisorbed gases. Further, we observed 0.8% mass loss of the recovered fibers (lab-scale) after the oxidative-onset temperature because of the “cavitation erosion effect” from the dominant of the cavitation bubbles. The “cavitation erosion effect” was subdued because of the increased depolymerization volume in the pilot-scale reactor. Therefore, negligible impact of the pilot-scale mechanochemical recycling process on the structure and surface characteristics of the fibers and the possibility of reusing the recovered fibers recycling process were characteristic. Representative functional groups were affected by the thermal oxidation process. We conducted HPLC, HT-XRD, TGA– DSC, XPS, SEM, and AFM analysis and provided an extensive discussion of the test thereof. This study highlighted how misleading and insufficient small-lab-scale results could be in developing viable CFRP depolymerization process.

This prospective, observational study of acute stroke survivors was completed to report our clinical application of the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS), an 8-point multidimensional assessment, used in conjunction with the Video Fluoroscopic Swallow Study (VFSS). In addition, we were interested in determining the association of PAS scores at admission, demographics and clinical characteristics with functional recovery (measured by the Functional Independence Measure [FIM]) at discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation hospital. There were thirty-five patients that met inclusion and consented. Out of the 35, 34 (97%) were successfully assessed with the PAS with VFSS. Multivariate regression model revealed that the PAS scores, sex, length of stay, and admission FIM scores were significantly associated with functional recovery at hospital discharge (all p values < .05). We conclude that the PAS was feasible to administer with VFSS and implement in our inpatient setting. The PAS provided information about the depth of the airway invasion, material remaining after the swallow, and the response to aspiration, which were not reported in a standardized way prior to this study. The association between the PAS and functional recovery at discharge suggests that stroke survivors with swallowing impairment have less functional improvement noted at discharge than those with better swallowing scores. Therefore, people with dysphagia may need additional services and care. Future research should determine if using the PAS can improve clinical practice and ensure consistency across care transitions (expansion), as those with dysphagia may need additional services and care.

본 연구는 회복환경으로서 농촌경관자원 활용을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 실시하였다. 조경학과 학생 50명을 대상으로 농촌경관 유형별 회복환경지각척도와 선호도 및 회복성을 조사하였다. 8개 경관유형별 회복환경지각척도를 분석한 결과 하천과 저수지가 여타 경관보다 높게 나타났다. 물이 포함된 공간을 선호하였고 돌담, 다랑이논, 전통마을 등의 생활경관은 상대적으로 선호도가 낮았다. 회복환경지각척도 요인분석 결과 ‘적합성’, ‘매력성’, ‘벗어남’, ‘규모’ 등 4개 요인이 추출되었으며 모든 요인이 선호도 및 주의회복성에 유의한 영향을 주었다. 선호도에는 적합성 요인이, 주의회복성에는 규모 요인이 가장 크게 영향을 미쳤다. 선호도와 주의회복성 간에는 다소 높은 정적 상관관계를 보여 선호도가 높을수록 주의회복성도 높은 것으로 파악되었다. 모든 경관유형에서 벗어남 요인과 규모 요인이 상대적으로 높게 나타난 반면 적합성 요인은 가장 낮았다.

Source localization technique using acoustic emission (AE) has been widely used to track the accurate location of the damaged structure. The principle of localization is based on signal velocity and the time difference of arrival (TDOF) obtained from different signals for the specific source. However, signal velocity changes depending on the frequency domain of signals. In addition, the TDOF is dependent on the signal threshold which affects the prediction accuracy. In this study, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approach is used to overcome the existing problem. The concrete block corresponding to 1.3×1.3×1.3 m size is prepared according to the mixing ratio of Wolseong low-to-intermediate level radioactive waste disposal concrete materials. The source is excited using an impact hammer, and signals were acquired through eight AE sensors attached to the concrete block and a multi-channel AE measurement system. The different signals for a specific source are time-synchronized to obtain TDOF information and are transformed into a time-frequency domain using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for consideration of various frequencies. The developed CNN model is compared with the conventional TDOF-based method using the testing dataset. The result suggests that the CNN-based method can contribute to the improvement of localization performance.

The radioactive waste repository consists of an engineered barrier and a natural barrier and must be managed safely after isolation. We classify the geological events of natural barriers for the evaluation of their present and future disposal stability assessment, they can be divided into regional and regional evolutions according to their scale. Regional evolution can be quantitatively explained by plate tectonics and regional rock distribution, and local evolution can be explained by petrological, mineralogical evidence and ductile, brittle deformation. Plate tectonics can explain the change quantitatively by restoring the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field recorded when rocks were formed. The time units for these changes are tens of millions of years to hundreds of millions of years, but plate tectonic is a way to estimate geological history. It can be assessed by extrapolating past knowledge considering the known geological events of radioactive waste repository. It is possible to derive a conservative value of the change of the geological environment in the time unit of disposal stability. The Korean Peninsula belongs to the edge of the Eurasian plate and is divided into Gyeonggi, Yeongnam Massif, Okcheon orogeny belt, and Gyeongsang Basin. To quantitatively determine their geological history, we collected paleomagnetic data using rocks from the Korea Peninsula (paleomagnetic database and papers). We attempted to carry out the apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) on the Korean Peninsula by collecting and sorting data. Since the Korean Peninsula is composed of multiple massifs, this APWP is expected to serve as a basis for explaining the local crustal rotation or brittle ductile deformation. Furthermore, by extrapolating the change pattern from the past to the present, it can contribute to the estimation of the future geological evolution.

지난 10여년간 성범죄자 재범위험성 평가는 학문적으로나 실무적으로 많은 발전을 이루어 왔다. 이러한 비약적 발전에도 불구하고, 선행연구들은 재범위험성 평가도구의 한계 중 하나로 범죄자 유형론에 관한 고려가 부족하다는 점을 지적하고 있다. 본 연 구는 이러한 주장의 타당성을 검증하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위해‘한국형 성범죄자 재범위험성 평가도구(KSORAS: Korean Sex Offender Risk Assessment Scale)’ 를 활용하여, KSORAS가 아동/청소년 상대 성범죄자와 성인 상대 성범죄자의 재범위 험성을 적절히 예측하는지를 검증했다. 본 연구문제에 답하기 위해 전자감독명령이 부과된 성폭력사범 866명의 재범상황을 추적했다. 데이터 분석결과, KSORAS는 아 동/청소년 상대 성범죄자의 재범은 잘 예측함에 반해, 성인 상대 성범죄자의 재범은 상대적으로 잘 예측하지 못했다. 두 집단의 재범을 예측하는 문항들도 상이한 패턴을 보였다. 연구의 후반부에서는 성범죄자 유형론의 주장을 고려하여, 아동/청소년 상대 성범죄자 평가도구(KSORAS-MINOR)와 성인 상대 성범죄자 재범위험성 평가도구 (KSORAS-ADULT)를 각각 구성하고 그 예측타당도를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 성범 죄자 유형론을 고려하지 않은 기존의 접근법에 비해, 기존 도구를 수정 개발한 성범죄 자 유형별 평가도구의 예측타당도는 통계적으로 유의미한 수준까지 향상되었다. 이러 한 결과를 바탕으로 향후 성범죄자 평가와 관련된 정책방향 및 후속연구의 제안점을 논의하였다.

The frequent detection and occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems has raised public health concerns worldwide. In this study, the behavior of 50 MPs was investigated in three different domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the geographical and seasonal variation of MPs in the WWTPs. The results showed that the concentrations of 43 MPs ranged from less than 0.1 to 237.6 μg L-1, while other seven MPs including 17-ethynylestradiol, 17-estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, clofibric acid, simvastatin, and lovastatin were not detected in all WWTPs. Among the detected MPs, the pharmaceuticals such as metformin, acetaminophen, naproxen, and caffeine were prominent with maximum concentrations of 133.4, 237.6, 71.5, and 107.7 μg L-1, respectively. Most perfluorinated compounds and nitrosamines were found at trace levels of 1.2 to 55.3 ng L-1, while the concentration of corrosion inhibitors, preservatives (parabens), and endocrine disruptors ranged from less than 0.1 to 4310.8 ng L-1. Regardless of the type of biological treatment process such as MLE, A2O, and MBR, the majority of pharmaceuticals (except lincomycin, diclofenac, iopromide, and carbamazepine), parabens (except Methyl paraben), and endocrine disruptors were removed by more than 80%. However, the removal efficiencies of certain MPs such as atrazine, DEET, perfluorinated compounds (except PFHxA), nitrosamines, and corrosion inhibitors were relatively low or their concentration even increased after treatment. The results of statistical analysis reveal that there is no significant geographical difference in the removal efficacy of MPs, but there are temporal seasonal variations in all WWTPs.

In this study, we learned about the effects of indoor radon concentration reduction associated with the operation of a mechanical ventilation system at an apartment house. The experimental parameters were mainly the indoor radon level and air change rate, which were controlled by the amount of emissions released and fan motor speed. Even at the high level of radon diffused in an apartment house, indoor radon concentrations converged to the Korean national guideline level within 3 to 4 hours when the air was ventilated at 0.5 ACH and 0.7 ACH. In the case of 0.3 ACH, however, where the degree of ventilation was insufficient compared to the legal air change rate, the high concentration indoor radon could not be sufficiently removed even if the mechanical ventilation system was operated for more than 14 hours continuously. When the indoor radon level was high, the reduction rate was 34.3% for 0.3 ACH, 70.4% for 0.5 ACH, and 69.7% for 0.7 ACH at 6 hours-operation, while at the medium-level, indoor radon can be reduced by 46.2% (0.3 ACH) to 73.2% (0.7 ACH). Depending on the indoor concentration range, it may be required to secure a ventilation rate of 0.5 ACH or more at all times. In addition, in apartment houses with excellent airtight performance, even if indoor radon is at a level similar to the national guideline, it is difficult to expect a reduction in the concentration due to natural decay. Therefore, it is desirable to lower the indoor concentrations as much as possible.