The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was introduced about a decade ago from Asia into North America where it has become a serious pest of soybeans. This invasive pest has rapidly spread throughout the midwestern United States and southern Canada since 2000. We examined 689 individuals obtained from 23 different collections in USA, Korea, China and Japan for testing eight microsatellite loci. To estimate the relative likelihood of alternative introduction scenarios of the soybean aphid, an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) was performed for microsatellite data as implemented in DIYABC. The ABC analysis tested for three scenarios (B1, B2, and B3) hypothesizing an introduction from one of the Asian countries. In this analysis, scenario B1 obtained the highest posterior probability ranging from 0.90 to 0.91 with a 95% CI of 0.81-0.99 and 0.88-0.94, which assumes an introduction from Korea. The ABC analysis revealed that one hypothetical scenario, which assumes an introduction of the soybean aphid into USA from Korea, was very robustly suggested than the other two scenarios (from China or Japan).

카로티노이드는 항산화 및 항암효과를 가지는 비타민 A의전구물질이다. 농촌진흥청 농업유전자원센터에서 보존하고 있는 호박자원 80자원의 과육에서 카로티노이드를 분석을 하였다. 유전자원은 한국, 멕시코, 인도의 원산지에 따라 호박 과육에서 카로티노이드를 분석하였다. 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피를 이용하여 총 9종의 카로티노이드 (크산토필류 3종과카로틴류 6종)를 분리하였다. 특히 카로티노이드 중 lutein과β-carotene 이 주로 분석이 되었다. 총 카로티노이드 함량 평균은 한국 육성종이 213.69 mg, 멕시코 재래종이 139.07mg, 인도 재래종이 69.13 mg, 그리고 한국 재래종 27.51 mg순으로 나타났다. 총 80 자원중 K188417(멕시코원산) 자원이카로티노이드 성분이 가장 많았다. 본 연구의 결과는 카로티노이드 고함유 호박 품종 개발 뿐 아니라 기능성 식품 개발의기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 농수산물의 원산지 표시법에 관한 법률에 따른 음식점의 원산지 표시관리 실태를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 개인 음식점 및 프랜차이즈 업체들을 선발하여 원산지 표시관리 실태를 조 사하였으며, 원산지 관리미흡 사례를 도출하였다. 조사된 전체 표시관리 미흡 사례는 농수산물의 원산 지 표시에 관한 법률 및 농림축산식품부 고시 원산지 표시요령에 정의된 관리미흡 유형에 따라 각각 국 가명 표시오류 38.4%, 함량순서에 따른 표시오류 28.0%, 원산지 일부 미표시 11.2%, 원산지 표시판 미 게시 15.2%, 증빙서류 미보관 7.2%으로 구분되었다. 이들을 다시 프랜차이즈와 개인 음식점으로 구분 할 경우 프랜차이즈에서 개인 음식점과 구분되는 특징적인 유형별 발생비율을 보였다. 이에 따라 프랜 차이즈의 표시관리 미흡 유형별로 그 발생 원인을 탐색한 결과 프랜차이즈 운영시스템에서 기인된 몇 가지 특이적인 원인들을 도출할 수 있었다. 이를 근거로 프랜차이즈 업체의 효율적 원산지 표시관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다.

The Milky Way did not form in isolation, but is the product of a complex evolution of generations of mergers, collapses, star formation, supernovae and collisional heating, radiative and collisional cooling, and ejected nucleosynthesis. Moreover, all of this occurs in the context of the cosmic expansion, the formation of cosmic laments, dark-matter haloes, spiral density waves, and emerging dark energy. This paper summarizes a review of recent attempts to reconstruct this complex evolution. We compare simulated properties with various observed properties of the Local Group. Among the generic features of simulated systems is the tendency for galactic halos to form within the dark matter filaments that define a super- galactic plane. Gravitational interaction along this structure leads to a streaming ow toward the two dominant galaxies in the cluster. We analyze this alignment and streaming flow and compare with the observed properties of Local-Group galaxies. Our comparison with Local Group properties suggests that some dwarf galaxies in the Local Group are part of a local streaming ow. These simulations also suggest that a significant fraction of the Galactic halo formed at large distances and arrived later along these streaming ows.

The FastSound project is a galaxy redshift survey using Subaru/FMOS to detect Hα emitting galaxies at z ~ 1.3, for the purpose of probing the origin of the accelerated expansion of the universe. The survey has detected ~4,000 galaxy redshifts in a total area of 30 deg2, and detected the redshift space distortion at this redshift range for the first time. The redshift space distortion (RSD) signal will be used to derive a measurement of the growth rate of large scale structure, which will provide a test for modified gravity as a possible origin of accelerated cosmic explansion. Here we present an overview and the current status of the project.

Insamsokmieum (人蔘粟米飮), which is a kind of water gruels made with millet, ginseng, glutinous rice, and some minor ingredients, was frequently used as a medicinal food for the royal family, and it appeared first at the 10th year of King Sukjong’s reign. We investigated Insamsokmieum through a literature review and the「SeungjeongwonIlgi(承政院日記)」 of King Sukjong (肅宗) from his 1st year (1674) to 46th year (1720). We analyzed the nutritional value and efficacy of Insamsokmieum. In Oriental medicine, Insamsokmieum is prescribed mainly to treat symptoms such as nausea, languidness, and exhaustion in King Sukjong and Queen Inhyun (仁顯王后). In nutritional terms, Insamsokmieum has higher nutrition density than that of rice porridges (白粥) and has relatively high vitamin and mineral contents. Some nutrients such as leucine and glutamic acid, which are contained in the millet, are also known to help alleviate these symptoms. Whereas there have been studies on the efficacy and types of diet during the Joseon Dynasty, studies regarding nutrition characteristics are lacking. This study will demonstrate the superiority of dietary treatments of the Joseon Dynasty and their potential for application to modern nutrition.

본 연구는 본국 대비 현지국의 발전 수준이 한국 다국적기업 자회사의 성과에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 사회심리학이론의 집단 간 편향에 대한 기존 연구들에 기반을 두어 본 연구는 본국에 비해 현지국의 발전 수준이 높을수록 다국적기업에 대한 현지국 직원들의 국수주의적인 내집단 편향이 강하게 나타날 것이라고 주장하였다. 현지국 직원들의 국수주의적인 내집단 편향은 다국적기업 자회사에 부정적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 본국 대비 현지국의 발전 수준은 다국적기업 자회사의 성과에 부(-)의 영향을 미칠 것으로 가정하였다. 또한 집단 간 접촉이론에 기반을 두어 자회사의 주재원 활용 정도는 본국 대비 현지국의 발전 수준과 다국적기업 자회사 간의 관계를 정(+)의 방향으로 조절할 것이라고 가정하였다. 47개국에서 경영활동을 수행하고 있는 818개 한국 다국적기업의 1,453개 해외자회사들을 대상으로 이상의 주장들을 실증적으로 검증하였다.

1. 환경과 생태위기 2. 온돌에 숨어있는 환경코드 3. 온돌과 관련된 불의 정신세계 4. 온돌의 원점 5. 스스로를깨끗하게 하는온돌민속 참고문헌

본고에서는 同源字의 역사적 근원과 그 변천 양상, 그리고 同源字 理論의 발전에 대하여 살펴보았다. 아울러 이 同源字 理論을 근거로 同源字를 漢字敎育에 응용할 때, 어떻게 분류할 것인지 그 기초적인 작업을 하였다.同源字의 근원은 訓詁의 원리로부터 그 理論적 근거를 찾았다. 특히 訓詁의 방법 중 聲訓의 방법은 同源字 理論과 직접적인 관련이 있다. 聲訓의 특수한 기능 중의 하나는 사물의 이름으로 부터 연원을 탐구하는 것이 다. 말의 근원을 탐구하여 그 말의 특징을 좀 더 쉽게 잘 이해할 수 있다. 이 聲訓의 理論은 다시 形聲字의 聲符에 대하여 연구한 右文說로 발전되었고 이는 聲符에 대한 치밀한 연구 결과와 결합되어 同源字 理論으로 탄생하게 되었다. 비록 同源字에 대한 그 연원 탐구는 고대에서부터 있어 왔고 이와 더불어 동원자 이론이 탄생되었으나 아직까지 同源字 理論의 체계와 글자의 유기적인 관계 정립과 그 체계는 확립되어 있지 못하고 있다. 이러한 同源字 理論의 한계로 인하여 이를 漢字 敎育에 응용할 때도 한계가 있음을 인정할 수밖에 없다. 본문에서는 이러한 점을 감수하고 우선 同源字 理論에 근거하여 漢字들을 세 가지 부류로 나누어서 漢字 敎育에 응용할 수 있음을 제시 하였다. 첫째는 ‘形聲字 同一聲符 同源字’, 둘째는 ‘形聲字 同一聲符 字源假借 同源字’, 셋째는 ‘非同一 聲符 同源字’이다. 同源字 理論이 아직 확실히 정립을 하지 못하여 漢字 敎育에 응용하는데 아직은 한계가 있고 부족한 부분이 많다고 하여도 위와 같은 연구는 同源字 理論의 정립과 이를 이용한 漢字 敎育에 도움이 적지 않은 밑거름이 되리라 기대한다.

Purpose: It has been suggested that the most potent form of the country-of-origin effect is derived from a country having a perceived specialization in a particular product category. By subjecting a novel conceptualization of how products and places form images in conjunction to experimental trial the evaluative pertinence of different facets of interrelation between country image and product categories is examined. Design/Methodology/Approach: A psychometric test-series, featuring a large number of brands from various product categories and countries was conducted. The results were subjected to structural equation modeling using a partial least squares approach. Findings: The findings suggest that the country-of-origin effect can be thought of as being derived simultaneously from several different image constructs, ranging from general to category-specific. These images generate country-of-origin effects in aggregation and the evaluative influence increases with the degree of specificity of how the image construct applies to a specific evaluation situation. Originality/Value: The present study represents an attempt to discern the relative size of the country-of-origin effects derived from different facets of the relationship between a country image and product categories. The results provide a tentative answer to the question of just how much product categories matter in the context of the country-of-origin effect.

Today all nations in the world focus on remaining competitive advantage by adding high values to their fashion businesses. The most typical example of such added value is fashion collection. In case of London Fashion Week, which is among the world’s top 4 most famous fashion collections where more than 5,000 journalists and buyers from 25 nations can be expected every season, it has great contribution to the economic wealth of London. It induces consumption of 20 million GBP and economic production effects of one hundred million GBP. According to Joo (2009), one of the main purposes of fashion collections can be defined as the invigoration of international marketing and the creation of consumption demand. Fashion collections lead to increased direct sales and consumption demand by developing new products based on leading fashion trends that are presented in the collection. The so-called Big four collections in Paris, Milan, New York and London have their own Country of Origin (COO) image, which represents each country, cities, brands, products and services. For example, Paris collection has been established as luxury image with hand-made and Haute Couture. Not only fashion collection but also fashion brands have applied specific country characteristics to their fashion brand’s image. This serves as a critical factor of competitiveness that communicates an integrated image of brands to the customers. Also, within the purchase decision-making process, consumers consider COO as an important element. Therefore, organizer of fashion collections as well as brands that engage in such should consider COO as a key factor. Most of the previous studies about fashion collections focused on content analyses. For example, Joo (2009) compared characteristics and current situations between four major overseas cities’ collections and Seoul collection. Additionally, there are studies about fashion style, trend, design and textile. Characteristics of color change in 1990s fashion collection (Kim & Kim, 2007) and an analysis of design of hats and fashion images in collections (Jeong & Jeong, 2008) have been conducted as well. Previous studies related to COO mainly focused on the product (Bilkey & Nes, 1982) and how the image of the producing country affects product evaluation. Thus, the purposes of this study are 1) to examine of fashion collection’s COO and fashion brand image effects on brand evaluation and purchase intention, 2) to analyze differentiation factors of COO image, brand evaluation, purchasing intention on Seoul, New York and Paris collection. We surveyed Korean, American and French who have experience in their own country’s fashion collection and used SPSS 21 for data analysis. Fashion collection’s COO and brand image has a great effect on brand evaluation and purchase intention. Moreover, it seems to increase the purchase intention by affecting brand evaluation. Therefore, the results of the study are as follows. First, we can confirm that the better the fashion collection’s COO and fashion brand image, the higher brand evaluation and purchase intention is. Second, when assessing fashion collection’s COO image and fashion brand image, brand evaluation and purchase intention differ according to Korea, US and French national stereotypes. This study goes beyond the general product-centric COO studies and introduces the fashion collection’s COO that can be valuable research in terms of contribution not only to academia, but also to the industrial field.

The limited available empirical evidence indicates that consumer ethnocentrism does not have a uniform effect on consumer buying (e.g., Klein, Ettenson & Morris 1998; Suh & Kwon 2002). The paper comes to address this gap by investigating the inconsistency of ethnocentric behaviours and the factors underlying such inconsistencies. More specifically, brand, product category and country of origin (COO) effects are examined for their impact on behavioural consumer ethnocentric bias. Contrary to the main stream of research in this area, which concentrates on general attitudes towards the products or buying intentions (e.g., Balabanis & Diamantopoulos 2004; Poon et al. 2010; Sharma etal. 1995; Shimp & Sharma 1987; Verlegh 2007; Wang & Chen 2004) this paper focuses on behavioural outcomes of consumer ethnocentrism. In addition, it adopts a more focused approach and examines the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on the purchase of specific brands, rather than the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on general product categorisations or simple foreigndomestic product dichotomies. Hypotheses are developed to explain observed differences in the behavioural effects of consumer ethnocentrism. The hypotheses are tested on a sample of 468 US consumers involving purchases in 10 product categories, 432 brands and 22 countries of origin. Results confirm that product category is an important determinant of the behavioural effects of consumer ethnocentrism. Consumer ethnocentrism was found to have an impact on the purchases of the most expensive product categories rather than the frequently purchase convenient items. There is also some limited evidence regarding the moderating role of globalness of brands on the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and purchase behaviour. The cultural proximity of the country of origin of foreign brands was found to have no effect on the purchasing behaviour of ethnocentric consumers.

An extensive body of research on the effects of the country-of-origin (COO) on the purchase of foreign brands has emerged in the international marketing stream. Although previous studies have enhanced the understanding of the effects of the COO on the purchase of foreign brands, they provide limited insight into organizational buyers’ behavior on foreign brands. The objective of this research is to provide an understanding of the effects of the COO on overseas distributors’ behavior in international marketing channels. Integrating the theory of planned behavior and the concepts of country-induced biases, the current study develops an empirically testable model that explains and predicts overseas distributors’ behavior in international marketing channels. The model identifies attitude toward foreign brands, social valuation of the origin of brands, and perceived behavioral control as the factors affecting overseas distributors’ intention to place foreign brands. The model also incorporates the factors of country-induced biases—buyer animosity and perceived risk to the origin of manufacture as the antecedents of attitude toward foreign brands. The model is tested using the primary data drawn from a survey. Findings from an examination of 103 distributors in America reveal that these country-induced biases affect the intention to place foreign brands, in the manner of the hypotheses, through the attitude toward foreign brands. Finally, the present study discusses implications for theory and practice, indicates limitations, and concludes with some suggestions for future research.

The objective of this paper is to understand consumers’ responses (attitude, perception of quality and luxury) to production delocalization in the luxury industry, based on brand origin matching consumers’ origin or not, in order to understand the interaction brand origin and consumer ethnocentrism on those responses.Two experiments were conducted. Study 1 exposes 166 respondents (French, Italian and other European) to a message of delocalization of either a French or Italian brand supposed to delocalize production to China. Study 2 assesses, among 62 French women, the implicit preference toward French luxury brands (through the Implicit Association Test, Greenwald et al. 1998) and the level of consumer ethnocentrism (through CETSCALE, Sharma et al. 1995). Then, the group is exposed between subjects to 2 delocalization messages X 2 country of delocalization (China, Poland EU) Although brand origin is not salient when consumers evaluate brands (no explicit preference for French brands over Italian brands across studies), it is nonetheless present below awareness, as part of the brand heritage and the brand identity (measured through an implicit preference for French brands over Italian brands among our French respondents). It manifests in context of brands delocalizing out of the home country. Across studies, the attitude toward the brand, the perception of quality and perception of luxury is affected negatively post-exposure to a message of delocalization. Yet, this result is moderated by consumer ethnocentrism and message framing. When the message induces positive consequences for the brand and for the national economy, French respondents (and Italian respondents in study 1) are less affected by the delocalization of their home brands than other respondents. In turn, when the message highlights a loss in national employment, respondents judge the brand more negatively. The effect is stronger for respondents higher in ethnocentrism. The country of delocalization does not influence those results. There is scarcity of papers investigating the CoO effect for luxury brands, although the luxury business model and luxury brand identity are rooted into brand origin. This paper is the first to our knowledge to investigate the effect of brand origin and consumer ethnocentrism on brand delocalization.

본 연구는 안정동위원소 분석방법을 적용하여, 호소내 식물플랑크톤 성장에 영향을 미치는 외부 오염원의 기원을 추정함으로써, 효율적인 수질 관리 및 수생태계 기능해석을 제공하기 위하여 연구하였다. POC, PN, Chl. a, 탄소 안정동위원소비 및 질소 안정동위원소비의 자료로 유추해 보았을 때, 팔당댐, 남한강, 북한강 지역에 비해서 경안천 지역에서 계절에 따른 유기물의 기원 변동이 뚜렷하게 관찰되고 있다. 유입량 및 강우량이 많은 시기인 7, 8월경에 입자성 유기물의 기원이 자생기원 유기물보다는 외부기원 유기물이 높은 영향을 미치는 것으로 여겨진다. 한강 유역에서 입자성 유기물의 탄소 및 질소 안정동위원소비를 이용한 유기물 기원 연구는 적용가능 할 것으로 여겨지며, 추후 유역 오염원의 대표값(end member)의 지속적인 조사를 통하여 자료구축이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

“독체자”와 “합체자”는 한자 교육에서 항상 만나게 되는 상대적 개념이다. 그런데 여기서 “체”란 무엇인가? 이전에 이에 대한 본격적인 논의가 없었다. 본문은 이 논의를 아래의 세 방향에서 진행하였다.우선 “독체자”와 “합체자”의 원류에 대해 살펴봄으로써 “체”의 의미를 밝히려 하였다. 허신의 “문”과 “자”는 문자의 역사적 발전 단계에서 나온 것으로, ‘문’은 상형 단계의 전체 모양을 설명하는 형식의 구조를 가지고 있는 문자를 지칭하며, ‘자’는 글자의 구성 요소를 조합하여 글자를 만들어 내는 부호 문자 단계의 문자를 말한다. 그와 관련된 “독체”와 “합체”는 글자를 만들어 내는 것과 글자를 구성하는 두 가지 방면의 내용을 포함하고 있다. 두 번째는 학계에서는 이에 대해 각기 다른 분석의 각도로부터 시작한 다양한 논의가 있었는데 이에 대해 논증하였다.그 다음으로 “독체”와 “합체”와 관련된 한자자형구조 분석법을 서술하였다. 이 분석은 두 가지 방법으로 진행하였는데, 첫째는 구조 기능 분석을 통해 글자를 구성하는 구건이 어떤 기능으로 글자의 구성에 참여하였는가를 밝히는 것이었다. 두 번째는 자소 분석법으로 자형의 조합 요소에 집중해 보면 어떤 경우는 구건의 기능성과는 일정한 관계가 없다. 다음으로 현대한자학과 중국어 국제 교육 영역에서 구체적으로 “독체”와 “합체”를 사용하는 양상을 분석하고 이를 서술하였다. 현대한자학에서는 구조 기능 분석과 자소 분석이 결합된 양상으로 나타나며, 중국어 국제 교육의 영역에서는 자소 분석을 따르고 있었다. 결론적으로 “독체”는 한자의 기능 생성성에만 집중되어지고, “합체”는 구조의 분석에만 집중되어짐을 알 수 있었다. 이런 특징을 잘 살려 고금 한자의 형태를 분석하고 이용하는 것은 효과적인 교육 방법이 될 수 있다.