이 연구는 초음파 에너지의 공동현상(Cavitation)을 이용하여 선내 제조된 혼합연료유의 문제점을 개선하고 혼합연료유의 안정적인 사용이 가능하도록 하여 선박운용비의 상당부분을 차지하는 연료비를 절감하고자 한다. 실험은 선내 혼합연료유 제조 방식을 모사하여 선박용 연료유 M.G.O(Marine Gas Oil)와 MF-180(Marine Fuel-oil 180)를 각각 부피비 기준으로 0.25:0.75 및 0.75:0.25 비율로 혼합하였으며 초음파 처리장치를 이용하여 혼합연료유에 초음파 에너지를 직접 조사하여 초음파 에너지가 혼합연료유에 미치는 영향에 관해 고찰하였다. 실험결과, 선내 혼합유 제조시 보고되었던 문제점을 확인하였으며, 혼합시료유의 초음파 조사 후 잔류탄소량은 최대 28.4 % 감소하였다. 또한, 잔류탄소량 감소 및 분산 안정성 분석결과를 토대로 초음파 에너지에 의한 캐비티의 붕괴압이 연료입자 미립화에 효과가 있고, 중질연료유가 많이 함유된 혼합연료유의 일시적인 가용성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

Recently, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) has been recognized as a core technology of smart water grid, and the relevant market is growing constantly. In this study, we developed all-in-one smart water meter of the AMI system, which was installed on the test-bed to verify both effectiveness and field applicability in office building water usage. Developed 15 mm-diameter smart water meter is a magneto-resistive digital meter, and measures flow rate and water quality parameters (temperature, conductivity) simultaneously. As a result of the water usage analysis by installing six smart water meters on various purposes in office building water usage, the water usage in shower room showed the highest values as the 1,870 L/day and 26.6 liter per capita day (LPCD). But, the water usage in laboratory was irregular, depending on the many variables. From the analysis of the water usage based on day of the week, the water usage on Monday showed the highest value, and tended to decrease toward the weekend. According to the PCA results and multivariate statistical approaches, the shower room (Group 3) and 2 floor man’s restroom sink (Group 1-3) have been classified as a separate group, and the others did not show a significant difference in both water use and water quality aspects. From the analysis of water usage measured in this study, the leak or water quality accident did not occur. Consequently, all-in-one smart water meter developed in this study can measure flow rate and water quality parameters (temperature, conductivity) simultaneously with effective field applicability in office building water usage.

Coal Ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants, is usually disposed in surface impoundments or wet disposal areas and landfill sites. Toxic substances contained in coal ash which slowly seep into the groundwater and aquifers in nearby impoundments, and which are also dispersed by wind and storm water in landfill sites, lead to serious health and environmental effects. The main focus of this study is to analyze the strength characteristics of the recycled coal ash mixed with dredged soil to test its capabilities from external forces such as in the stacking of geotextile tubes. The SEM and XRF analysis were carried out in order to grasp the grain size and composition of the coal ash and the dredged soil. To find the optimum mixing ratio of the coal ash and dredge soil, the type of deformation and the strength of the different mixtures were obtained by performing a uniaxial compression test. The relationship between the compressive stress and deformation of the uniaxial compression test and the tubular structure formed by injecting the coal ash into geotextile tube was confirmed and the applicability of the geotextile tube reinforced with the recycled and improved fill material is very high.

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars have advantages as a construction material, including corrosion resistance, lightweight and high tensile strength. However, FRP rebars have shortcomings, such as low elastic modulus comparing to the steel rebar. With these reasons, FRP bars have not been widely used to reinforced-concrete (RC) structures. To overcome these shortcomings, the steel-hybrid GFRP rebars were developed by the authors at Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT). Mechanical properties of the developed steel-hybrid GFRP rebars were experimentally evaluated through this study. Both tensile and bonding tests were conducted and the mechanical performance was investigated as well as corrosion resistance. As a result of all tests, elastic modulus, tensile strength and boding strength of the steel-hybrid GFRP rebars were all improved in comparison with fully GFRP rebars.

Blueberries are popular early summer fruits. While high temperature in the harvest period induces ripeness of fruits, increases tidal volume and cause reducing their hardness. This result in weight reduction and deterioration of fruits. So, controling temperature of harvested fruits is important to keep storage quality and shipping quality. To decrease the temperature of harvested fruits, we made a precooler using differential pressure method. With infrared thermometer we measured the temperature change of harvested fruits and reviewed the application and utility of the precooler.

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) employ a process of biological treatment that is based on a membrane that has the advantages of producing high-quality treated water and possessing a compact footprint. However, despite these advantages, the occurrence of “fouling” during the operation of these reactors causes the difficulty of maintenance.Hence, in this study, three physical cleaning methods, namely, backwashing, air scrubbing, and mechanical cleaning ball was performed to identify optimum operating conditions through laboratory scale experiments, and apply them in a pilot plant. Further, the existing MBR process was compared with these methods, and the field applicability of a combination of these physical cleaning methods was investigated.Consequently, MCB, direct control of cake fouling on the membrane surface was found to be the most effective. Moreover, as a result of operating with combination of the physical cleaning process in a pilot plant, the TMP increasing rate was found to be – 0.00007 MPa/day, which was 185% higher than that obtained using the existing MBR process. Therefore, assuming fouling only by cake filtration, about one year of operation without chemical cleaning is considered to be feasible through the optimization of the physical cleaning methods.

Time-temperature indicators or integrators (TTIs) indicate food quality changes based on time-temperature history. Whilst many types of TTIs have been developed and commercialized, educated consumers often refuse to purchase food products with attached TTI labels showing even a slight color change. In this study, a novel on-off diffusion-based TTI coupled with polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites has been proposed. The prototype TTI tag has a multilayer structure comprised of a self-adhesive base layer, a middle microporous sheet, and an upper opaque white layer coupled with a square reservoir of Tween 20 attached to an activation stripe. At the end of the diffusion path, polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites were injected into a loading site as a fine blue stripe. After activation, Tween 20 diffused and reached the loading site, where it rapidly changed from blue-to-red via solvatochromism. This alternative and innovative TTI continuously showed a blue color until reaching the end point, at which stage a red color rapidly appeared, indicating product rejection. Thus, this novel TTI it is of great benefit to the brand owner. The developed prototype was characterized and evaluated for its ability to monitor microbial quality based on published, isothermal, microbial growth data of modified-atmosphere packaged minced beef, Mediterranean fish, and ground pork. The diffusion of Tween 20 in the TTI system was measured under various isothermal conditions and a kinetic model, based on the association between diffusion and time-temperature, was investigated. The Gaussian-estimated activation energy value was 51.082kJ mol-1. Tween 20 diffusion of 6.10, 5.15 and 6.15mm along the TTI systems were considered to be end points and the 95% confidence interval between the times taken for TTI to display OFF and for the foods to reach their deterioration thresholds were 23.30-23.70, 23.00-23.50 and 23.44-24.05h for total aerobic bacteria, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Pseudomonas spp. respectively. The TTI performance test for reproducibility and accuracy revealed a normal frequency distribution with 35004.90, 1200.254.82 and 549.811.09min at 0, 11 and 25C, respectively in accordance with the investigation of diffusion in the TTI.

This paper dealt with the applicability of GFRP materials as reinforcements for a steel box girder bridge deck. The purpose of this study is to provide detailed design procedures with a code-based text for GFRP composites for civil engineering structures. From the example design, the deck was optimized from a serviceability perspective but was quite overdesigned with regard to flexural strength and creep rupture stress, due to its relatively low longitudinal modulus but high strength. We may conclude from these results that it is advisable to check the serviceability limits before optimizing the design for strength or starting the design from the serviceability calculation.

제염은 원전 해체를 위한 가장 중요한 기술 중의 하나이다. 제염은 해체작업자의 피폭을 감소시키고 발전소 일부 부품을 재 활용 할 수 있게 한다. 현재는 해체 제염기술의 효용성에 대한 자료가 많지는 않다. 대부분의 경우, 제염 후, 부분적인 방사 능준위가 규제의 적용을 받지 않는 수준까지 낮아 질 수 있으므로 좋은 제염효율을 갖는 제염기술은 꾸준히 개발되어야 한 다. 본 논문에는 이러한 제염기술을 활용하여 원전을 해체한 미국 및 유럽국가들의 경험사례를 설명하였다. 국내 원전을 해 체 할 경우 이 연구가 선행사례로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Temperature correction trans-membrane pressure (TC-TMP) is frequently used as a fouling index in membrane water treatment plants. TC-TMP equation is derived based on an assumption that the total membrane resistance (i.e. the sum of the intrinsic membrane resistance and fouling resistance) is not affected by temperature. This work verified the validity of this assumption using microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with and without fouling. The foulants used in the work were kaolin (inorganic) and humic acid (organic). The intrinsic resistances of MF and UF membranes remains at constant values regardless of temperature change. When the same amount of foulants were accumulated on the membrane, inorganic fouling resistance with kaolin was constant regardless of temperature change while organic fouling resistance with humic acid decreased at higher temperatures, which means that TC-TMP cannot be used as a fouling index when organic fouling occurs in a real field application. Since TC-TMP underestimates the amount of fouling at higher temperatures, more attention should be necessary in the operation of membrane water treatment plant in a hotter season like summer.

This paper aims to critically review the tenets of the European theory of social quality and evaluate its applicability to Asian societies. It takes into account the constructs behind the term ‘the social’ by focusing on its ontological, epistemological, and ideological and ethical aspects followed by the meaning of quality. It reviews the interaction between the vertical pillar (i.e. tension between biographical and societal development) and the horizontal pillar (i.e. tension between the institutions and collective or individual actions). As a result of the interaction between the two pillars, social quality embraces four specific dimensions: social cohesion, socio-economic security, inclusion, and empowerment. Finally, the paper discusses the benefit and limitation of the European theory of social quality for Asian social quality research.

본 연구는 잔류함으로써 문제를 일으킬 수 있는 응집제를 사용하지 않고 물리적인 처리만을 사용하는 막여과 정 수처리의 전처리로 F/A 공정을 구성하고자 하였고 이를 구성하는 여재의 성능을 연구하였다. 특히, 탁질 물질과 유기물 제거 가 가능한 것으로 알려진 Filtralite의 도입 가능성을 검토하였다. Filtralite의 탁도 제거효율은 원수대비 83~84%로 여과사와 비슷한 결과 값을 나타내었으며 여재표면에 잘 발달된 공극 때문에 유기물 제거능은 여과사보다 50% 더 높게 나타났다. 따 라서 F/A 공정을 구성함에 있어 여과사보다 Filtralite가 더 효율적이라 검토되었다. 활성탄과 연계한 F/A 공정을 구성하여 막 여과 처리 시스템의 전처리효율을 실험한 결과, TOC 농도는 TMP의 증가에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 판단되어 막오염 저감에 유기물 제어가 중요함을 확인하였으며 유기물 제거 효율이 뛰어난 여재 사용이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

위성을 이용한 국내외 위험유해물질 (HNS) 원격탐지기술의 현황을 살펴보고 탐지기술의 활용가능성을 고찰하였다. 현재까지 위성기반 HNS 탐지기술은 기름유출사고를 중심으로 이루어져 왔다. 기름유출의 경우, 인공위성 SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)와 가시 광센서 등을 이용한 다양한 탐지기법들과 그 적용 사례들이 여러 선행연구를 통해 보고된 바 있다. 반면, 기름을 제외한 물질탐지를 위한 기반기술 개발은 현재까지 미미한 실정이다.

방사성폐기물의 처리와 관리는 원자력을 이용하는 국가들이 반드시 해결해야 하는 중요한 문제이다. 오늘날 동 사안에 대 해서는 극소수의 국가들만이 실질적인 진척이 있으며, 그 중 프랑스의 관련 정책이 대표적인 성공 사례로 평가되고 있다. 한국의 경우에 있어서도 방사성폐기물의 관리에 대한 적절한 정책의 준비가 필요하며, 이에 프랑스 법제화 접근법을 적용 하자는 제안들이 있다. 동 연구는 그 적용성 검토를 위해 방사성폐기물의 관리와 관련된 두 나라의 기술 현황 및 사회정책 적 지표를 비교하였으며, 자원 재활용과 사회적 수용성 증진 전략 측면에서 프랑스식 법제화 모델을 반영하는 것이 바람직 하다고 판단한다.

The deep see riser is often exposed to harsh ocean environment which may cause riser failure. If the riser fails, it may cause serious economical losses as well as environmental problems. Thus, monitoring the integrity of the rider for preventing sudden failure is very important. In this study, the structural behavior monitoring systems installed for the deep sea riser are examined, and, using the estimated behavior, the applicability of the structural integrity evaluation methods is examined via numerical analysis.

In constructing the cast-in-place concrete track system, the installation of reinforcing bars to a TCL is one of the main causes of consuming construction time. In this study, to eliminate the reinforcing bar installation process, the applicability of the fiber reinforced concrete to the TCL is studied using the numerical analysis. The analysis is performed using the commercial finite element program, ABAQUS, and, in the analysis, the effect of the variations in fiber content rate and the surrounding temperature is considered. From the analysis, it is found that the fiber reinforced concrete has better applicability than the existing reinforced concrete with steel bar.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to assess removal efficiency of non-point pollutants and applicability for non-point pollutant reduction facilities by conducting the demonstration project operation. METHODS : In order to analyze removal efficiency of non-point pollutants for facilities such as a grassed swale, a small constructed wetland, a free water surface wetland, a horizontal sub-surface flow wetland, and a sand filtration, the field data including specifications of facilities, rainfall, inflow and runoff rainfall effluent etc. was acquired after occurring rainfall events, and the acquired data was analyzed for removal efficiency rate to assess road non-point pollutants facilities using event mean concentration (EMC) and summation of load (SOL) methods. RESULTS: The results of analyzing rainfall effluent, non-point pollutant sources showed that total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chrome (Cr), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) can be removed through non-point pollutant reduction facilities by 60.3% ~ 100%. Especially removal efficiency of TSS, COD and BOD is relatively higher than removal efficiency of other non-point pollutant sources in all kind of non-point pollutant facilities. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the result of this study, even though natural type of non-point pollutant reduction facilities for roads occupy small areas comparing with drainage basin areas, most of non-point pollutant sources would be removed through the facilities.

최근 무인 항공기(UAV: Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle)의 활용범위가 넓어짐에 따라 다양한 형태의 무인 비행체 센서 가 개발되고 있으며 이를 활용한 국내·외 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 UAV를 이용하여 촬영한 디 지털 영상의 공간해상도 및 정확도를 분석하여 식생조사에 서 무인항공사진촬영 시스템의 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 사용된 기체는 미국 DJI사에서 제작된 S1000 기종을 이용 하였으며 고해상도 영상 촬영을 위해 RGB Camera(SONY, NEX-7)와 UAV 용 다중분광센서(Tetracam, Mini-MCA6) 를 활용하였다. 대상지는 하천생태계 교란 유해 식물인 가 시박(Sicyos angulatus)이 분포하고 있는 지역(안동시, 송내 천)을 선정하여 비행고도 150m에서 하천을 따라 500m 구 간을 촬영하였다. 촬영결과 공간해상도 3cm급 정사영상을 취득할 수 있었으며 촬영된 영상은 가시박의 개체 수준까지 파악 할 수 있었다. 이는 생태계 교란 식물의 관리 전후의 분포변화를 파악하여 관리 유형별 효과를 평가하는데 이용 가능 할 것으로 판단된다. 한편 다중분광센서를 통한 수종 분류의 가능성 여부를 알아보기 위하여 비교적 다양한 임분 을 형성하고 있는 인공식생지(국립생태원, 50m×50m)를 선 정하여 촬영하였다. 연구에 사용된 다중분광센서는 주요 파 장대별로 총 6개의(490FS10-25, 550FS10-25, 680FS10-25, 720FS10-25, 800FS10-25, 900FS20-25) 영상취득이 가능 하며 촬영된 다중분광 영상의 DN값으로 무감독 분류를 실 시하였다. 분석결과 침엽수종과 활엽수종에 대하여 80%의 분류정확도를 얻을 수 있었으며 향 후 다양한 파장대별 영 상 취득 및 분류기법을 적용하여 분류정확도를 향상 시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 무인항공촬영 시스템을 식생현황 파악에 적용한 결과, 신 속하고 정밀한 자료취득이 가능하며 특히 차량진입이 힘들 거나 육안조사가 어려운 지역의 식생조사, 특정 식생에 대 한 모니터링에 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.