OBJECTIVES : The objective of this study is to analyze the nonlinear behavior of block pavements using multi-load level falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflections. METHODS: Recently, block pavements are employed not only in sidewalks, but also in roadways. For the application of block pavements in roadways, the structural capacities of subbase and subgrade are important factors that support the carry traffic load. Multi-load level FWD testing was conducted on block pavements to analyze their nonlinear behavior. The deflection ratio due to the increase in load was analyzed to estimate the nonlinearity of block pavements. Finite element method with nonlinear soil model was applied to simulate the actual nonlinear behavior of the block pavement under different levels of load. RESULTS: The results of the FWD testing show that the center deflections in block pavements are approximately ten times greater than that in asphalt pavements. The deflection ratios of the block pavement due to the increase in the load range from 1.2 to 1.5, indicating that the deflection increased by 20~50%. The material coefficients of the nonlinear soil model were determined by comparing the measured deflections with the predicted deflections using the finite element method. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the nonlinear behavior of block pavements was reviewed using multi-load level FWD testing. The deflection ratio proposed in this study can estimate the nonlinearity of block pavements. The use of nonlinear soil model in subbase and subgrade increases the accuracy of predicting deflections in finite element method.

Carrier testing for autosomal recessive hereditary disorders in the elite sire population has great significance for the domestic animal breeding. Because the recessive allele embedded in carriers without clinical signs may be passed to the next generation and rapidly spread throughout the population. The occurrences of various autosomal recessive hereditary disorders have been reported, and several causative mutations were elucidated in cattle. However, there is no report for the hereditary disorders in Korean cattle (Hanwoo) although Hanwoo is the indigenous purebred in Korea and have been improved by the national breeding programs in the last 30 years. Here, we investigated the presence of carrier for the following hereditary disorders in the Korean proven bulls (n=78; 42 family) using DNA based analysis: Chediak–Higashi syndrome, spherocytosis, claudin-16 deficiency, factor XI deficiency. The causative genes for these diseases (lysosomal trafficking regulator, solute carrier family 4 member 1, Claudin-16 and coagulation factor XI, respectively) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. As a results, there was no carrier individual, and all animals were normal. Although the recessive alleles for four disorders were not identified in this study, further investigation for other hereditary disorders still remains to remove deleterious factors in the genetic improvement of Korean cattle.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of size and depth of cavities on the pavement failure using the full-scale accelerated pavement testing. METHODS: A full-scale testbed was constructed by installing the artificial cavities at a depth of 0.3 m and 0.7 m from the pavement surface for accelerated pavement testing. The cavities were made of ice with a dimension of 0.5 m*0.5 m*0.3 m, and the thickness of asphalt and base layer were 0.2 m and 0.3 m, respectively. The ground penetrating radar and endoscope testing were conducted to determine the shape and location of cavities. The falling weight deflectometer testing was also performed on the cavity and intact sections to estimate the difference of structural capacity between the two sections. A wheel loading of 80 kN was applied on the pavement section with a speed of 10 km/h in accelerated pavement testing. The permanent deformation was measured periodically at a given number of repetitions. The correlation between the depth and size of cavities and pavement failure was investigated using the accelerated pavement testing results. RESULTS : It is found from FWD testing that the center deflection of cavity section is 10% greater than that of the intact section, indicating the 25% reduction of modulus in subbase layer due to the occurrence of the cavity. The measured permanent deformation of the intact section is approximately 10 mm at 90,000 load repetitions. However, for a cavity section of 0.7 m depth, a permanent deformation of 30 mm was measured at 90,000 load repetitions, which is three times greater than that of the intact section. At cavity section of 0.3 m, the permanent deformation reached up to approximately 90 mm and an elliptical hole occurred at pavement surface after testing. CONCLUSIONS : This study is aimed at determining the pavement failure mechanism due to the occurrence of cavities under the pavement using accelerated pavement testing. In the future, the accelerated pavement testing will be conducted at a pavement section with different depths and sizes of cavities. Test results will be utilized to establish the criteria of risk in road collapse based on the various conditions.

Aquatic ecosystems are receiving various harmful effects due to anthropogenic chemical pollutions. To protect wildlife, risk assessments of the chemicals are conducted using reference indexes of toxicity estimated by species-level laboratory tests and/or micro-/mesocosm community-level studies. However, the existing micro-/mesocosm communities are structurally too complicated, and it is also difficult to compare the experimental results directly with those from species-level tests. Here, we developed a procedure of a simple bi-trophic microcosm experiment which contains the common species (a green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and a cladoceran, Daphnia magna) for testing chemical toxicities. For the proper operation of bitrophic microcosm experiment, the minimum required concentration of primary producer (P. subcapitata) is 5×105 cells mL-1. The microcosm system showed higher stability when the initially introduced D. magna population was composed of neonates (<24-h old) than adults and those mixture. This simple microcosm system would be an applicable tool to estimate the disturbing impacts of pollutants on plant-herbivore interactions, and linking the species- and population-/community level risk assessments in the future studies.

The hydrogen embrittlement of two austenitic high-manganese steels was investigated using tensile testing under high-pressure gaseous hydrogen. The test results were compared with those of different kinds of austenitic alloys containing Ni, Mn, and N in terms of stress and ductility. It was found that the ultimate tensile stress and ductility were more remarkably decreased under high-pressure gaseous hydrogen than under high-pressure gaseous argon, unlike the yield stress. In the specimens tested under high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, transgranular fractures were usually observed together with intergranular cracking near the fracture surface, whereas in those samples tested under high-pressure gaseous argon, ductile fractures mostly occurred. The austenitic high-manganese steels showed a relatively lower resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than did those with larger amounts of Ni because the formation of deformation twins or microbands in austenitic highmanganese steels probably promoted planar slip, which is associated with localized deformation due to gaseous hydrogen.

As the global cosmetics market becomes more competitive, cosmetics firms need to be more market-oriented. Consumers purchase cosmetics products not only based on product-related attributes (e.g., function) but also for non-product-related reasons such as novelty and a pursuit of variety. They are exposed and have access to a variety of choices imported from other countries, which further complicates decision-making. Globalization offers great opportunities for marketers as it may help expand the horizon of the market beyond the domestic boundary. Given that the market is becoming more competitive, it is imperative to understand what influences purchase decisions of global consumers. This study considers and examines extended susceptibility to global consumer culture (Extended SGCC) and its effect on affective commitment, which in turn influences behavioral commitment and loyalty. We consider four elements of extended SGCC: conformity to consumer trend, social prestige, quality perception, and corporate social responsibility. In addition to examining the structural relationships among the variables, we test whether country of origin (COO) moderates the proposed relationships. In order to test the model, we collected data from the purchasers of botanical cosmetics products that came from several different countries. A total of 798 users participated in the survey (425 users of domestic brands and 373 users of foreign brands). We performed several analyses related to the measurement model such as reliability analysis (Cronbach’s alphas), confirmatory factor analysis, and correlations analysis. Using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0, we estimated the structural model. The overall model fit indices include: χ2=1118.934 with df=239, p=0.000; GFI=0.884; AGFI=0.855; NFI=0.924; CFI=0.934; RMSEA=0.068; RMR=0.069. The study finds that all elements of SGCC, with the exception of social prestige, have a significant influence on affective commitment. Specifically, conformity to consumer trend is found to have a significant effect on affective commitment. This means that consumers who conform to the global trend tend to have a higher level of commitment. One implication is that cosmetics firms may want to communicate to the consumers that their products fit the lifestyle corresponding to the global trend. Contrary to our expectation, social prestige is not found significantly related to affective commitment. It seems that social prestige is not an important factor in choosing botanical cosmetics products. This is understandable because, unlike some prestige products that consumers wear or use to be associated with their image or perceived quality (e.g., car, handbag), consumers may not purchase botanical cosmetics products to upgrade their social status. As expected, quality perception has a significant positive effect on affective commitment. The study shows that quality perception has the most significant impact on affective commitment. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is also found to have a significant impact on affective commitment. The finding suggests that companies should be or remain active in taking initiatives that advance social welfare. Our study shows that both affective and behavioral commitments are positively related to customer loyalty. Behavioral commitment, which consists of items representing purchase tendency, has a greater influence on loyalty than affective commitment. We anticipated that country of origin (COO) would moderate the proposed relationships. We find no significant moderating effect of COO. This can be interpreted that the structural relationships are upheld regardless of COO. It seems that global consumers evaluate foreign brands in the same manner as they do domestic brands. This suggests that cosmetics firms may want to be careful in differentiating their strategies based on countries as the return on investment may not be as handsome as they thought and global consumers may have more similarities than differences with respect to how they evaluate and purchase cosmetics products.

Damages of large embankment dams by recent strong earthquakes in the world highlight the importance of seismic security of dams. Some of recent dam construction projects for water storage and hydropower are located in highly seismic zone, hence the seismic performance evaluation is an important issue. While state-of-the-art numerical analysis technology is generally utilized in practice for seismic performance evaluation of large dams, physical modeling is also carried out where new construction technology is involved or numerical analysis technology cannot simulate the behavior appropriately. Geotechnical centrifuge modeling is widely adopted in earthquake engineering to simulate the seismic behavior of large earth structures, but sometimes it can’t be applied for large embankment dams due to various limitations. This study proposes a dynamic centrifuge testing method for large embankment dams and evaluated its applicability. Scaling relations for a case which model scale and g-level are different could be derived considering the stress conditions and predominant period of the structure, which is equivalent to previously suggested scaling relations. The scaling principles and testing method could be verified by modified modeling of models using a model at different acceleration levels. Finally, its applicability was examined by centrifuge tests for an embankment dam in Korea.

대인관계의 어려움은 이차적으로 우울과 같은 정신적인 문제 를 유발한다. 이에 이 연구에서는 청소년을 대상으로 대인관계 와 우울 사이에 매개변인을 규명하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 일반 고등학생 291명을 대상으로 대인관계와 우 울사이의 매개변인에 대한 경로모형 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결 과, 대인관계가 자아존중감을 거쳐 우울에 영향을 미치는 것으 로 밝혀졌으며, 자아존중감의 매개효과는 유의미한 것으로 나 타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 대인관계와 우울감에서 사회적 지지의 매개효과는 유의미하지 않았다. 이 연구를 통하여 '자아존중감'과 '사회적 지지'가 대인관계 와 우울 사이의 매개변인으로 작용하는 경로 모형을 검증하였 으며, 이러한 결과가 향후 청소년에 대한 연구의 기초자료로 사용되길 기대한다.

기존 심리학 연구에 의하면, 사람들이 본인과 유사한 대상에게 더 높은 수준의 도움을 제공하고자 하는 까닭은 본인과 유사한 내집단 구성원에게 더 높은 공감을 경험하기 때문이다. 본 연구는 이와 같은 도움의향에 있어서의 내집단 편향의 크기를 매개하는 공감의 효과를 세계시민주의 수준이 조절하는지를 검증하기 위하여 실시되었다. 본 연구에서 참가자들은 문화 유사성 수준이 각기 다른 국가 출신의 교환 학생들에 대한 설명을 읽고, 공감 수준과 도움의 향, 세계시민주의 성향을 측정하는 문항에 응답하였다. 연구 결과, 도움을 필요로 하는 대상과의 문화 유사성과 도움의향의 관계를 공감이 매개한다는 사실이 확인되었으며, 문화 유사성과 공감의 매개 모형에 있어서의 세계시민주의의 조절효과가 지지되었다. 구체적으로, 세계시민주의 의식이 낮은 사람 참가자들은 대상과의 문화 유사성이 높을 때 더 높은 공감 수준을 보였지만, 세계시민주의 의식이 높은 참가자들은 대상과의 문화 유사성이 높고 낮음과 관계없이 도움이 필요한 대상에게 유사한 수준의 공감 수준을 보여주는 것으로 나타났다.

The Korean National Residue Program (KNRP) use three plans for the sampling of domestic meats: monitoring, surveillance, and exploratory testing. We analyzed the results of monitoring and surveillance for residual veterinary drugs and pesticides in meat during 2012 and 2013. KNRP targets food-producing animals including cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, sheep (goats), and horses. Sampling mainly focuses on veterinary drugs and pesticide residues found in tissues such as muscle, kidney, and liver. A total of 548 residue violations occurred between 2012 and 2013, mainly in pigs (427 violations) and cattle (113 violations). The most commonly found compounds were antimicrobials such as penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and macrolides. Pig residue violations were mainly for the presence of penicillins (34%) and fluoroquinolones (28%), while most residue violations in cattle were due to the presence of penicillins (32%) and aminoglycosides (27%). The overall rates of violations were 0.21% in 2012 and 0.10% in 2013. A major cause of violations was the failure to follow the appropriate withdrawal periods (68.8%). The results of the KNRP were analyzed to provide information on agricultural chemical residues that are of public health concern and to help control and prevent residue violations for ensuring food safety.

This study identifies the complementarity or substitutability among apple production technology bundles. To identify the production technology bundle relationships, this paper focuses on the 8 most commonly used technology groups, including a high density plant, normal density plant, M9, M26, more than 70% adoption ratio of a medium-maturing variety, the adoption of a new variety, artificial pollination, and low-temperature storage. The results show that M9 has a complementary relationship with a high density plant, yet a substitute relationship with a normal density plant. Meanwhile, M26 has a complementary relationship with both a high and normal density plant. No substitute relationship is found between M9 and M26, yet a complementary relationship is identified between the adoption of artificial pollination and low-temperature storage and M9 or M26.

본 연구는 스프링클러식 관개에서 관비재배가 대추 유목의 생육 및 토양 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 수행하였다. 2012년에 1년생 대추나무를 시험포장에 식재하고 2012년부터 2013년까지 시험을 수행하였다. 시험처리는 토양검정 추천 시비량을 기준으로 관비 50%, 관비 75%, 관비 100%, 관비 125%, 관비 150%와 고형 비료 100%처리를 두었다. 대추나무의 줄기 길이 및 줄기 직경은 관비 125% 및 150%에서 가장 좋았다. 8월에 채취된 대추나무 잎의 T-N, P, K, Ca 및 Mg의 함량은 각각 21.7~ 25.5 g/kg, 1.97~ 2.10 g/kg, 26.8~ 30.5 g/kg, 7.64~ 8.71 g/kg, 2.31~ 3.05 g/kg 범위에 있었다. T-N, P, K 및 Mg함량은 8월에 채취된 잎에서 10월에 채취된 잎 보다 많았다. 2013년 시험후 토양은 시험전 토양에 비하여 pH는 낮아지고 EC, 질산태 질소 및 치환성 칼륨은 다소 높아졌다.

Most contaminants found in drinking water have traditionally fallen into one of two categories — health effects; or aesthetic effects, for contaminants not affecting health but rather the taste, appearance or odor of drinking water. Emerging contaminants are a new category of water quality concerns for which evidence of health effects has not yet been established due in part to the trace levels at which these compounds are currently being detected. Thus it was decided that a separate testing standard should be developed for product testing purposes. NSF/ANSI 401: Emerging Contaminants/Incidental Compounds is an American national standard that verifies the ability of a water treatment device to reduce up to 15 of the emerging contaminants including some prescription/OTC drugs, new types of herbicides and pesticides and chemicals used as flame retardants and detergents that have been found at trace levels in drinking water.

According to the generalization of mobile device use in our life, the complexity and diversity of mobile applications are increased, and thus the importance of application test to find faults and errors quickly and easily before release grows. This paper reviews the current automatic testing methodologies for mobile device applications and their element technologies. Also, well-known commercial tools for automatic testing are surveyed and case studies of their recent industry applications in domestic and foreign countries are performed.

The objective of this study is to provide mobile application developers with a standard testing system and service method. By using this testing service, the developers can test the functional performance and quality of their applications from remote sites through Internet. This service standard helps to test applications quickly, easily, and cheaply through the intuitional scenario graphical environment, and becomes a base for constructing a testing system which can be shared by developers, users, and the third parties.