The purpose of this paper it to investigate the differences in prevalence of obesity and body fat distribution on the variances of age. Height, weight, skinfold thickness and girth circumference on about 422 women residing in Cheju, Korea were surveyed. The results of analysis of the survey are as follows : 1) All the antropometric measurements except height were shown to increase with age. Weight is at its highest level between the age of 50-59. The measurement of skinfold thickness and girth circumference between the ages of 20-39 of the female subjects are significantly higher than the above 40's. However, there is no significant difference among the middle aged women. 2) Physical indices tend to increase according to age. Both BMI and RBW of women in their 50's are at their highest values, however, the index values of the women in their 60's decreased slightly (p<0.05). On the contrary, there is no significant difference in the percentage of body fat and total body fat content among the middle aged women surveyed. 3) According to this survey, 15.6% of the 422 subjects are assessed as being obese ; more specifically 4.4% of women in their 20's, 12.6% in 30's, 25.6% in 40's, 22.5% in 50's and 17.3% in 60's. 4) 39.4% among obese women proved to be upper body type women. Because the frequency of upper body type women became higher as the obese women aged, there is possibility that the pattern of fat distribution can change. 5) Weight is the most highly correlated with BMI(r=0.91), whereas weight as correlated with RBW, percentage of BF and WHR are 0.8, 0.66 and 0.44 respectfully. The conclusion of this survey is that it is better to estimate the value of total body fat and percentage of body fat than the value of BMI in the analysis of prevalence of obesity and its related factors of middle aged women.

Loran-C 위치의 정도를 높이기 위하여 제주지역을 대상으로 북동태평양 Chain (GRI 5970)에 대한 시간차를 관측하여 그 전파경로와 측지계 및 전파속도에 따른 시간차오차 등을 분석 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Loran-C 전파는 M-X 조국, M-Y조국 모두 주국, X, Y 종국과 관측점 사이에 높이 500m 이상 되는 한라산을 통과하여 전파될 때 시간차 오차가 커짐을 알 수 있었다. 2. 측지계 및 전파속도의 보정에 따른 시간차오차는 M-X 조국에서는 측지계변환과 속도보정을 행할수록 적어지고, M-Y조국에서는 M-X조국과는 달리 해상 및 육상의 전파경로에 따라 시간차오차가 불규칙적으로 변함을 알 수 있었다. 3. 보정요소별 측위의 정도는 측지계를 변화하고 속도보정을 행한 것이 가장 높고, WGS-72 측지계를 변환시키지 않은 것이 가장 낮았다. 4. 측정위치의 정도를 향상시키기 위해서는 굴절율에 의한 속도보정과 측지계변환 및 육상전파속도보정을 행하여야 함을 알 수 있었다.

In this study, the contributions of emissions (foreign and domestic) and atmospheric physical and chemical processes to PM2.5 concentrations were evaluated during a high PM2.5 episode (March 24-26, 2018) observed on the Jeju Island in the spring of 2018. These analyses were performed using the community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system using the brute-force method and integrated process rate (IPR) analysis, respectively. The contributions of domestic emissions from South Korea (41-45%) to PM2.5 on the Jeju Island were lower than those (81-89%) of long-range transport (LRT) from China. The substantial contribution of LRT was also confirmed in conjunction with the air mass trajectory analysis, indicating that the frequency of airflow from China (58-62% of all trajectories) was higher than from other regions (28-32%) (e.g., South Korea). These results imply that compared to domestic emissions, emissions from China have a stronger impact than domestic emissions on the high PM2.5 concentrations in the study area. From the IPR analysis, horizontal transport contributed substantially to PM2.5 concentrations were dominant in most of the areas of the Jeju Island during the high PM2.5 episode, while the aerosol process and vertical transport in the southern areas largely contributed to higher PM2.5 concentrations.

The assessment of wind resources must be carried out to choose wind farm sites adequately. Additionally, input data on surface roughness maps and topographic maps are required to evaluate wind resources, where input data accuracy determines the accuracy of their overall analysis. To estimate this accuracy, we used met-mast data in Jeju and produced the ground roughness value for the Jeju region. To determine these values, an unsupervised classification method using SPOT-5 images was carried out for image classification. The wind resources of the northeastern part of Jeju were predicted, and the ground roughness map of the region was calculated by the WindPRO software. The wind speed of the Pyeongdae region of Jeju from the ground roughness map was calculated using WindPRO as 8.51 m/s. The wind speed calculated using the remote sensing technology presented in this study was 8.69 m/s. To assess the accuracy of the measured WindPro and the remote sensing technology values, we compared these results to the observed values in the Pyeongdae region using met-mast. This comparison shows that remote sensing data are more accurate than the WindPro data. We also found that the ground roughness map calculated in this study is useful for generating an accurate wind resource map of Jeju Island.

This study investigated the nitrate formation process, and mass closure of Particulate Matter (PM) were calculated over the urbanized area of Jeju Island. The data for eight water-soluble inorganic ions and nineteen elements in PM2.5 and PM10 were used. The results show that the nitrate concentration increased as excess ammonium increased in ammonium-rich samples. Furthermore, nitrate formation was not as important in ammonium-poor samples as it was in previous studies. According to the sum of the measured species, approximately 45~53% of gravimetric mass of PM remained unidentified. To calculate the mass closure for both PM2.5 and PM10, PM chemical components were categorized into secondary inorganic aerosol, crustal matter, sea salt, trace matter and unidentified matter. The results by the mass reconstruction of PM components show that the portion of unidentified matter was decreased from 52.7% to 44.0% in PM2.5 and from 45.1% to 29.1% in PM10, despite the exclusion of organic matter and elemental carbon.

In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of summertime thermal environments in the two subtropical cities (Jeju and Seogwipo) of Jeju Island, Korea are examined. Long-term average data from Jeju and Seogwipo show that higher human sensible temperature (HST) than air temperature (T) due to the high humidity effects associated with warm sea surface temperature around Jeju Island is most distinct during mid-summer period (late July-early August). Comparatively, their trend analyses reveal that summertime intra-seasonal changes with more increasing HST than T are most obviously observed in late summer (late September-early October) and regionally in Seogwipo. According to the hourly temperature-humidity data measured at approximately 30 HOBO temperature-humidity sensors deployed in the two subtropical cities during 2019 summer, the greater HST than T during mid-summer period maximizes up to 6.2°C and 7.0°C across the urban areas of Jeju and Seogwipo, respectively in early afternoon, leading to consecutive inter-daily heat wave events. The examination of their spatial patterns demonstrates that bioclimatic heat waves in these two subtropical cities are affected primarily by the urban heat island phenomenon. However, it should not be overlooked that local moisture advection from the warm ocean adjacent to the subtropical cities can modify the stronger heat wave pattern toward urban cores. It is also notable that according to comparisons of local HST and T distributions between impervious urban cores and neighboring urban parks, not only the size of green space but also other ecological properties including species of vegetation may be crucial factors to the mitigation of hot thermal environments in subtropical cities during summers.

Seasonal changes in the CO2 fixation rate and water-use efficiency in the leaves of six evergreen and two deciduous broad-leaved tree species on Jeju Island, Korea, were measured using a portable photosynthesis analyzer, to identify which species are most efficient in taking up CO2 from the air. The CO2 fixation rate was high in the deciduous species in spring and summer and decreased in fall, whereas it was high in the evergreen species in summer and fall and decreased in winter. The rate remained high in the deciduous tree Prunus yedoensis from spring to fall (> 7.1 μmol CO2/m2/s) and in two evergreen trees, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii and Cinnamomum camphora, in summer and fall (7.0 9.9 μmol CO2/m2/s). Therefore, these tree species fix atmospheric CO2 effectively. The water-use efficiency was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species regardless of the season. Exceptionally, it was high in the deciduous species Zelkova serrata in spring and summer (> 100 μmol CO2/mol H2O), suggesting that Z. serrata is a useful tree for dry conditions due to its tolerance of water stress. The regressions of the CO2 fixation rate versus the evaporation rate and stomatal conductance were linear and non-linear, respectively. This suggests that the stomatal activity of leaves plays an important part in CO2 fixation of plants. In conclusion, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, C. camphora, and P. yedoensis should be planted along roads or in urban spaces for the greening of cities and mitigation of CO2 concentrations in the air.

To determine the size distributions of water-soluble inorganic ionic species (WSIS) in roadside aerosols, sampling experiments were carried out in the urban roadside area of Jeju City on August 2018 and January 2019 by using the eight-stage cascade impactor sampler. The mass of roadside aerosols were partitioned at 57% in fine fraction, 36-37% in coarse fraction, and 6-7% in giant fraction, regardless of summer and winter. The mass concentrations of WSIS except for Na+ and SO42- in roadside aerosols were higher in winter than in summer. The size distributions of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- were characterized by bimodal types with coarse particle mode peaking around 3.3-4.7㎛ and 5.8-9.0㎛ . The size distributions of NO3 - and K+ shifted from a single fine mode peaking around 0.7-1.1㎛ in winter to bimodal and/or trimodal types with peaks around coarse mode in summer. SO4 2- and NH4 + showed a single fine mode peaking around 0.7-1.1㎛ . The MMAD of roadside aerosols was lower than that of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl-. Based on the marine enrichment factors and the ratio values of WSIS and the corresponding value for sea water, the composition of roadside aerosols in Jeju City may be practically affected by terrestrial sources rather than marine source.

All of the animals and the plants in ecosystem are intimately connected to one another and the changes of forests and surroundings affect directly wild animals. This study was conducted at Hangyeong-myeon Cheongsu-ri located in the western part of Jeju Island belonging to Hangyeong·Andeok Gotjawal Zone and Jocheon-eup Seonheul-ri located in the eastern part of Jeju Island belonging to Jocheon·Hamdeok Gotjawal Zone. The survey on advent of birds was carried out twice a month from January 2014 to December 2015. We divided habitat environments into three survey sites such as a forest, a shrub forest and a farmland. A total of 65 species and 4,802 individuals were observed during the survey period. In a forest, 36 species and 1,287 individuals were observed while A shrub forest had 40 species and 1,554 individuals. And in a farmland, 41 species and 1,961 individuals were observed. The only 10 species were observed in forest and the only 7 species in shrub forest and the only 10 species in farmland. The species diversity and the evenness of a farmland were the highest, and the species richness was the highest in a shrub forest, and the dominance of a forest was the highest among the three areas. The similarity index between a shurb forest and a farmland was high while that between a forest and a farmland was low. The similarity index related with breeding appeared that a forest and a farmland was different from each other.

Ensemble verification and prediction of low-level wind shear (LLWS) are an important matter for airplane landing and management. In this study, we compared the prediction performance of LLWS forecasts of ensemble mean, multiple regression model and long short-term memory (LSTM), which belong to the family of recurrent neural network based on the grid points over the Jeju area. The prediction skills of methods were compared by mean absolute error. We found that the prediction skills of forecasts of LSTM were better than the bias-corrected forecasts in terms of deterministic prediction.

이 글은 제주지역에 거주하는 여성결혼이민자를 대상으로 제주 방언으로 제작된 TV 드라마를 활용하여 제주 방언 교육과 문화 교육을 통합할 수 있는 방안을 살펴보고자 하였다. 드라마 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’는 모든 대사를 제주 방언으로 구사하고 있고, 등장인물은 여성결혼이민자가 늘상 만나는 친근한 인물들로 설정되었다. 이러한 설정은 여성결혼이민자가 드라마를 학습 도구로 활용할 때 큰 거부감이나 어려움 없이 드라마의 내용을 받아들이는 장치로 작용할 것이다. 이 드라마의 모든 대사에는 표준어 자막이 사용되었다. 이는 여성결혼이민자가 제주 방언을 제대로 알아듣지 못한다고 해도 드라마의 내용을 이해하는 데에 문제가 없다는 점을 내포한다. 오히려 이 자료로 교육이 제대로만 이루어진다면 표준어와 방언 교육의 효과를 동시에 거두고 아울러 제주 지역민의 사유 체계를 담아내는 문화까지 학습하여 일석삼조의 효과를 볼 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다. 드라마 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’로 여성결혼이민자의 표준어 교육과 동시에 제주 방언 교육이 이루어진다면 제주지역에 거주하고 있는 여성 결혼이민자들의 의사소통의 장애를 조금이나마 해결할 수 있을 것이 다. 또한 문화 교육의 측면에서도 제주만의 독특한 문화를 제대로 담아내고 있는 이 드라마를 자료로 활용한다면 여성결혼이민자가 제주 사회에서 하나의 구성원으로 적응하는 데에 도움이 되리라 판단하여 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’를 활용한 언어ㆍ문화 교육 방법을 모색해보았다.

Waste management in Jeju Province, Korea, has recently emerged as an urgent problem. The increasing waste discharge requires more landfills but, since it is an island, the available land is restricted. Accordingly, an efficient waste management urgently requires environmentally sustainable policies. In this article, the waste discharge characteristics (such as the amount of waste, its composition, etc.) of Jeju Province have been compared with those in the rest of Korea. The current industrial waste management of two cities on the Island, Jeju City and Seogwipo City, has been also analyzed to suggest policies for an efficient management. The local government’s endeavor to enhance environmental awareness of the community has been known to reduce the private cost of policy compliance, and have individuals recognize the results of their policy compliance. Policies to achieve the above are then proposed.

The purpose of this study was to minimize salt water intrusion into freshwater aquifers and limit the development of freshwater aquifers, by selecting an appropriate excavation depth of in the western coastal area of Jeju Island. The study site was mostly basaltic lava, which was mainly composed of trachy basalt. A vertical logging test was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution of the groundwater and saline groundwater interface in the study well. It was found that freshwater groundwater, saline groundwater, and freshwater groundwater are distributed from the surface to approximately 16 m, 16∼50 m, and 50∼60 m, below the ground, respectively. In order obtain saline groundwater and minimize the inflow of freshwater into this well, the drilling depth should be limited in the range of 16∼50 m from the surface. Thus, saline groundwater well development should be carried out with reference to the measurement results, which depend on the drilling depth and EC (electrical conductivity) obtained with drilling apparatus for geology and ground handling.

This study observed particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the downtown area of Jeju City, South Korea, to understand the chemical composition of particulates based on an analysis of the water-soluble ionic species contained in the particles. The mass fraction of the ionic species in the sampled PM10 and PM2.5 was 44.3% and 42.2%, respectively. In contrast, in Daegu City and Suwon City, the mass fraction of the ionic species in PM2.5 was higher than that in PM10. The chloride depletion percentage of PM10 and PM2.5 in Jeju City was higher than 61% and 66%, respectively. The contribution of sea-salt to the mass of PM10 (5.9%) and PM2.5 (2.6%) in Jeju City was similar to that in several coastal regions of South Korea. The mass ratio of Cl- to Na+ in the downtown area of Jeju City was comparable to that in some coastal regions, such as the Gosan Area of Jeju Island, Deokjeok Island, and Taean City. The mass fraction of sea-salt in PM10 and PM2.5 was very low, and the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in PM10 was not correlated with those in PM2.5 (R2 < 0.2), suggesting that the effects of sea-salt on the formation of particulate matter in Jeju City might be insignificant. The relationship between NH4 + and several anions such as SO4 2-, NO3 -, and Cl-, as well as the relationship between the measurement and calculation of ammonium ion concentration, suggested that sea-salts may not react with H2SO4, and (NH4)2SO4 may be a major secondary inorganic aerosol component of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeju City.

Road freezing caused by snowfall during wintertime causes traffic congestion and many accidents. To prevent such problems, we developed, in this study, a system to predict road freezing based on weather forecast data and the freezing generation modules. The weather forecast data were obtained from a high-resolution model with 1 km resolution for Jeju Island from 00:00 KST on December 1, 2017, to 23:00 KST on February 28, 2018. The results of the weather forecast data show that index of agreement (IOA) temperature was higher than 0.85 at all points, and that for wind speed was higher than 0.7 except in Seogwipo city. In order to evaluate the results of the freezing predictions, we used model evaluation metrics obtained from a confusion matrix. These metrics revealed that, the Imacho module showed good performance in precision and accuracy and that the Karlsson module showed good performance in specificity and FP rate. In particular, Cohen’s kappa value was shown to be excellent for both modules, demonstrating that the algorithm is reliable. The superiority of both the modules shows that the new system can prevent traffic problems related to road freezing in the Jeju area during wintertime.

The purpose of this study is to characterize the synoptic climatic patterns of extreme humansensible temperature (HST) events in Jeju Island, Korea under a subtropical climate condition as well as to examine their teleconnections with the large-scale climate systems. According to the extreme case analysis of the recent 30 years (1988-2017) data sets, the maximum daily average HST in the coastal areas of Jeju Island can rise up to about 40°C in mid-summer and even up to about 48°C during mid-daytime. These extreme HST events occur when the expansion of subtropical Pacific high pressure toward East Asia as well as the poleward shift of the Changma front provides hot and humid conditions over Jeju Island surrounded by seas, particularly in La Niña years with a positive (+) Arctic Oscillation mode. In contrast, the intensified western high and eastern low dipole pressure pattern in mid-winter, which accompanies the downward shear of upper tropospheric cold air toward the southern region of the Korean Peninsula under a negative (-) Arctic Oscillation mode, provides favorable conditions for frequent low HST extreme events. These conditions can lower daily average HST as much as -10°C in the coastal region of Jeju Island, and lower nighttime HST by -25°C on the peak areas of Mt. Halla due to wind chill effects. These findings will be used as a base for establishing prediction and warming systems of extreme HST events on Jeju Island, which is needed to mitigate the damage to the lives of Jeju residents and tourists under climate change.

최근 제주지역에서의 폐기물관리문제가 가장 심각한 지역현안중 하나로 부각되고 있다. 제주지역 내에서 폐기물관리에서 부각되고 있는 대표적 사안들은 페기물 배출량의 급격한 증가, 빨라지는 매립장 만적현상 등으로 나타나고 있다. 사업장폐기물 발생의 지속적 증가로 인해 야기되는 폐기물 매립장의 조기 만적 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 효율적 폐기물 관리정책이 긴요하다고 판단되어 지는 시점이다. 본 연구에서는 제주특별자치도내에서 배출되는 폐기물의 배출 특성과 전국평균치와 제주도간 폐기물 발생현황을 비교한다. 또한, 두 행정시인 제주시와 서귀포시에서 배출되는 사업장폐기물을 중심으로 폐기물 배출량과 처리량에 대한 현황분석과 이를 통한 효율적 폐기물 관리방안에 대한 논의를 한다. 폐기물관리의 효율성은 공공부문의 노력과 민간부문과의 협업을 통해 높아질 수 있다. 공공부문측면에서 볼 때 해당 지자체 공무원들로 하여금 강력하고 효과적인 폐기물감축을 위해 폐기물 배출자에 대한 관리와 가이드라인 제시를 할 수 있는 실재적 권한을 부여해야 할 필요성이 있다. 민간부문과의 협업측면에서는 폐기물총량제의 일환인 폐기물 매립권 거래제(Landfill Trade)를 생각해 볼 수 있다. 다시 말해, 시장 기구를 통해 가격으로 하여금 일정수준이상을 넘어서는 매립의 초과수요를 해소 할 수 있도록 하여 폐기물매립에 대한 최적의 효율을 달성 할 수 있도록 하는 것이다.

Purpose – This current study will investigate the average financial ratio of top and failed five-star hotels in the Jeju area. A total of 14 financial ratio variables are utilized. This study aims to; first, assess financial ratio of the first-class hotels in Jeju to establishing variables, second, develop distress prediction model for the first-class hotels in Jeju district by using logit analysis and third, evaluate distress prediction capacity for the first-class hotels in Jeju district by using logit analysis. Research design, data, and methodology – The sample was collected from year 2015 and 14 financial ratios of 12 first-class hotels in Jeju district. The results from the samples were analyzed by t-test, and the independent variables were chosen. This was an empirical study where the distress prediction model was evaluated by logit analysis. This current research has focused on critically analyzing and differentiating between the top and failed hotels in the Jeju area by utilizing the 14 financial ratio variables. Results – The verification result of the accuracy estimated by logit analysis has shown to indicate that the distress prediction model’s distress prediction capacity was 83.3%. In order to extract the factors that differentiated the top hotels in the Jeju area from the failed hotels among the 14 chosen, the analysis of t-black was utilized by independent variables. Logit analysis was also used in this study. As a result, it was observed that 5 variables were statistically significant and are included in the logit analysis for discernment of top and failed hotels in the Jeju area. Conclusions – The distress prediction press’ prediction capability was compared in this research analysis. The distress prediction press prediction capability was shown to range from 75-85% by logit analysis from a previous study. In this current research, the study’s prediction capacity was shown to be 83.33%. It was considered a high number and was found to belong to the range of the previous study’s prediction capacity range. From a practical perspective, the capacity of the assessment of the distress prediction model in the top and failed hotels in the Jeju area was considered to be a prominent factor in applications of future hotel appraisal.