This study aims 1) to estimate the form of living house of pre-urbanization of Inchon, and 2) to ensure originality of to be achieve urban plan and living space plan which is base on local character by 3) arranging changed character of living space through the urbanization sequence by invest of house in natural village at Pupyung. The character of arranging living space of house at Pupyung is placing Sarang-chae(husband's block of house) instead of making another Haenrang-chae (visitor's block of house) and Sarang-chae is attach importance to Man's living space but today, have disappearing the uses of Sarang-bang (husband's living space) because by Man lives An-bang(originally woman's space). The character of plan is arranging room in both side of Maru(wooden living floor) in spite of different structure, and the uses of plan or room is changing to fit to purpose of according to environment of living. Generally, the structure is made by natural stone and cubed column, and used smaller member cause by rare wood material.

Gardens are known to provide relaxation, including psychological stability and mental rest. Recently, social interest in gardens has been growing in various ways, including the increase of groups sensitive to environmental pollution and a rising interest in the overall management of natural resources. In reality, however, the owners of housing gardens lack fundamental knowledge for creating and maintaining the gardens, directly and indirectly. This limitation presents a number of problems and challenges. Therefore, this study conducted an analysis of various aspects relating to the creation and maintenance of housing gardens, reflecting the sense of ownership. The study aimed to examine the current status, and based on this, it was intended to present improvement measures for practical and efficient creation of housing gardens and their maintenance in the future.

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of duck production in duck housing as a function of the breeding period. The items in duck production distribution included body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and average duck production. All data were based on eight cycles (June and December, 2017; February, June, August, September, and November, 2018; February, 2019) at Farm Site 1 through 7. The most optimal results in the duck production distribution were observed at Site 1 for weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. This could be explained by the fact that Site 1 was well managed in environmental improvement and sustainability. Based on these data, selective alternatives to improve duck production in duck farms are recommended as follows: first, proper management and recording of litter used as a flooring material are required, and second, continuous management such as temperature, relative humidity and ventilation is needed. Lastly, it is necessary to change duck facilities by introducing environmental management techniques. Furthermore, efforts to improve the overall facilities and management of duck breeding farms through additional field studies are needed in the future.

As a basic element for sustainable development, the residential housing industry is vital and fundamental for every country in the world. Therefore, this study examines the impacts of financial considerations on house purchase decisions by housing investors in Auckland, New Zealand. 110 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed. For testing the proposed hypotheses, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used. The results show that house prices, income, and credit accessibility significantly influence housing investors’ purchase decisions in a positive direction. It appears that more expensive houses offer more promising returns such that housing investors having higher levels of income and access to loans are brave enough to invest in such houses. This study aims to present the key factors influencing house purchase decisions from the viewpoint of housing investors as fundamental groups of stakeholders in the property market, which is rarely examined in previous studies. The implication of this study is to provide guidelines for housing regulators in New Zealand to develop affordable housing prices through the availability of land banks. This study also offers practical contributions to housing investors, particularly by providing key guidelines to make effective investment decisions.

Purpose: The problem of housing poverty among young people is a very important problem for the nation. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to identify the problems of the government's housing support policy for young people. And it is in presenting specific solutions by fully reflecting the opinions of experts. Research design, data and methodology: This study consisted of analyzing the following three research topics: 1) the differences of youth residential support housing policy impact on young adults’ housing stability, 2) the problems and solutions of youth housing support policy, and 3) the differences of experts' opinions on the impact of government policy on youth housing stability. The subject of this study is the government's seven housing policies for young people. The targets include Happy Public Rental Housing (Happiness Housing), Station Area Rental Housing for youth (Station Area 2030), Public Dormitory for College Students (Public Dormitory & Hope Dormitory), Jeonse Rental Housing for College Students (Subject Lease Rental Housing for College Students), Social Housing for Young People, and Share House. The data was organized through expert surveys from 1st to 30th June 2020. The experts surveyed include professors & researchers, public officer & public institutions staff, and private developers of young adults’ housing. The methodology of analysis on the problem and the solution of government policy was Frequency analysis. And analysis methods on differences of experts’ opinion were ANOVA, Levene’ test, and Schefe test. Results: Problems in Government's youth residential support housing policy include high rents, lack of supply, difficulty in acquiring rental housing, inconvenience in using shared spaces, conflicts with cohabitants, and invasion of privacy. Solutions include expanding supply to urban areas, establishing long-term plans, securing privacy, diversifying business methods, establishing platforms for rental housing transactions, and expanding various public support (financial support, etc). Conclusions: There was a difference in perception among groups of experts on the impact of public rental housing (called ‘happiness housing’) in youth housing stability. It is very urgent to come up with the most reasonable policy to support youth housing. This requires in-depth discussions by experts to narrow their differences.

New towns and large multi-family housing complexes are being built in the capital region of Korea, with the goal of creating safe and pedestrian-friendly cities. Traffic accidents in such residential complexes, however, is on the rise, creating social problems. While there have been many previous studies on problems with pedestrian environment; there is a dearth of studies that take design-based approach to ensure safety in pedestrian environment within residential complexes. Therefore, this study aims to prevent traffic accidents by properly planning pedestrian environment within multi-family housing complexes, in addition to emphasizing theories related to planning safer pedestrian environment in general. This study found the following design directions required to improve the design theory of pedestrian safety in multi-family housing complexes: (1) Linking traffic facilities and residential complex spaces in Korea; (2) Considering implementation of United Kingdom road systems; (3) Establishing appropriate objectives for each residential complex based on case study. In response to these findings, the study selected the A84BL complex in Hwaseong Dongtan 2 Complex located in Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Items that can be implemented, as well as spatial design directions, were discussed with a focus on private vehicles, pedestrians, and service vehicles.

This study is an attempt to develop modular house structural systems with safety seismic performances under maximum seismic load of 0.3G. The modular house system was designed with joints (plan) using four-clip simple fastening type, and was also adopted a type of double inter-metallic assembly modular systems using a light metal. The seismic performance was evaluated.

We study the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) of Asian four countries such as Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, and China on housing market returns in Korea. Also, we document the relationship between the EPU index of those four countries and the housing market including macroeconomic indicators in Korea. The EPU index of those four countries has significantly a negative effect on the housing purchase price index, housing lease price index in Korea. The EPU index in Korea and Japan has significantly a negative effect on the CPI. The EPU index in only Japan has significantly a negative effect on the PPI. The EPU index in Hong Kong and Korea has significantly a negative effect but the EPU index in China significantly has a positive effect on the stock price index in construction industry. The EPU index in only Korea has significantly a negative effect the stock price index in banking industry. This study shows the EPU index of the Korea has the negative relationships on the housing market economy rather than other countries by VECM. And this study has an important evidence of the spillover of several macroeconomic indicators in Korea for the EPU index of the Asian four countries.

주택법에 근거하여 철근콘크리트 공동주택의 리모델링 시 최대 3개층의 수직증축 및 기존 세대수의 15%까지 증축이 가능하게 되 었다. 수직증축 리모델링 가능 여부는 안전진단 기준 및 매뉴얼을 바탕으로 기울기 및 침하, 내하력, 내구성 평가 부문에 대한 조사를 통하여 평가하고 판정하도록 되어 있다. 그러나 현행 증축형 리모델링 안전진단 기준 및 매뉴얼은 재건축 안전진단 기준과 비교하여 조사대상표본 수를 증대시키는 등 보수적인 것으로 평가되고 있으며, 특히 내구성 평가 부문에 검토 및 개선이 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수도권 지역 공동주택의 증축형 리모델링 안전진단 조사 사례에 대한 내구성 조사 항목 중 콘크리트 탄산화를 대상으로 통계적인 수법에 의해 표본 수 합리화 방안을 제시하였다.

This study investigated and analyzed the housing type of North Korea and the current status of standard housing construction. The purpose of this study is to establish a strategy for securing the safety of North Korean standard houses with relatively low structural performance compared to South Korea. In addition, we will use this data as basic data for planning a low-cost emergency reinforcement method to prepare against the natural disasters that are taking place frequently.

The study was conducted to determine the structural optimization method through the estimation of the structure of the floor and the amounts of reinforcement in the apartment building and the amounts of reinforcement depending on the area. The purpose of this study is to examine the comparison of the comparison factors by comparing the comparison factors of the jointly constructed apartment house with each of the conditions.

Purpose - Considering the importance of housing needs to real estate market, domestic studies on real estate prices from the perspective of demand are basically based on macro-data, but relatively few are associated with micro-data of urban real estate demand. We try to find a reliable relation of elasticity of demand and commercial housing market. Research design, data, and methodology - In this paper, we have derived housing demand theoretic method and have utilized micro-data of residential family housing survey of downtown area in Kunming City in October, 2015 to estimate income elasticity and price elasticity of housing demand respectively and make a comparative analysis. Results - The results indicate that income elasticity and price elasticity of families with owner-occupied housing are both larger than those of families with rental housing. Income elasticity of housing demand of urban residential families in Kunming is far below the foreign average and eastern coastal cities level, however, the corresponding price elasticity is far higher. Conclusions - We suggest that housing affordability of urban families in western China are constrained by the level of economic development, and the current housing price level has exceeded the economic affordability and psychological expectation of ordinary residents. Furthermore, noticing the great rigidity of housing demand, the expansion space of housing market for improvement and for commodity is limited.

The general equilibrium theory supposes the resource allocation is most efficient when the market clear out automatically, however this state is unstable，the unbalance of the supply and demand of all commodities is the ordinary state. To improve the allocation efficiency of resource market , unbalance state of supply and demand must be changed and the unbalanced degree is desired to be minimized . Based on the general equilibrium theory and taking the supply and demand of Housing market in Wuhan city as the research object, this paper study on the Disequilibrium of Housing Market in Wuhan City from 2001to 2010.This paper takes main body of using the principal component and measurement analysis method to determine the factors that influence of equilibrium of housing market in Wuhan city, and to construct the unbalanced model of housing market in Wuhan .The results show that the housing price, urban per capita disposable income and housing investment is influencing factors of supply and demand of Wuhan housing market ; At present there is serious unbalance between supply and demand in Wuhan housing market , and thus puts forward some countermeasures and proposals.

The objective of the study is to establish principles of space planning required to create community gardens for improving self-support capability of vulnerable groups. The characteristics of community garden users and the purposes of community gardens were considered when setting these principles. The target users are vulnerable groups. In considering the circumstance of the homeless who have difficulties in overcoming physical, mental, social and financial risks, 13 universal design principles were applied: Equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, size and space for approach and use, self-supporting, aesthetics, economic feasibility, environment friendly, healthiness, and sustainability. As the space planning principles based on the community garden purposes are set to achieve mental, social and financial self-support, healing garden and urban agriculture were combined in the principles. Maximally efficient division of space where various programs are available, privacy-protected space, rest areas for strengthening resilience and health, pleasant and beautiful spaces with plants, easily accessible and safe space, and easy maintenance and sustainability are required factors for community gardens. As the ultimate goal, financial self-support, a space where they can develop acquired skills and then proceed with productive activities was included in the space planning principles. Additionally, ecological aspects such as cycle of materials, efficient energy use and expanded biodiversity were combined and supported by local communities to secure sustainability of the use of space.

최근 연구개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있는 철골 조립식주택은 공장에서 생산되고 현장에서 조립되는 건설방식의 특성으로 인해 일 반 건축물의 철근콘크리트 바닥판과 같이 일체타설 시공되지 못하게 되며 부재 단면크기 감소 및 경량화 등으로 인해 거주자의 활동에 의한 바 닥판의 수직진동 및 처짐이 사용성 평가 측면에서 중요한 문제가 될 수 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 대상 조립식주택에서 장변방향 보 중앙에 샛기둥이 설치된 모듈과 설치되지 않은 모듈을 대상으로 실무에서 일반적으 로 사용되고 있는 AISC 설계지침서 11의 계산식(이하 AISC 계산식)을 이용하여 바닥판의 진동성능을 평가하고 범용해석프로그램을 이용한 해석결과와 비교를 통해 AISC 계산식의 적용성을 고찰하였다. 이를 토대로 샛기둥이 설치된 모듈의 바닥판에서 AISC 계산식과 해석결과의 오차가 크게 발생되는 구조적 원인을 분석하고 이를 고려하는 방안을 제시하였다. 또한 대상 조립식주택 바닥판에 대한 진동성능 향상방안을 변수로 해석모델을 수립하고 진동응답해석 및 경제성평가를 통해 진동성능과 경제성이 우수한 방안을 제시하였다.

택지개발지구조경은 유난히 시공과정에 대한 관심이 높다. 최 근에는 입주자들이 웹 커뮤니티에서 적극적으로 정보를 교환하고 문제점을 같이 논의하는 등 다양한 담론이 이루어지고 있다. 본 연 구는 이러한 점에 주목하여 네이버에 있는 ‘광교신도시 입주자 총 연합회’ 게시판에 나타난 조경관련 게시글을 분석하였다. 분석 결 과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 게시글은 호수․하천과 시설물에 대한 내용이 가장 많았다. 이는 광교신도시의 조경공사에서 호수와 생태하천의 높은 비중을 보여준다. 휴게, 놀이, 운동, 편익 등의 기능을 가진 시설물 또한 조 경 공간에서 가장 눈에 잘 띄기에 이에 대한 게시글 비중이 높은 것 을 판단된다. 내용적으로는 질적 수준에 대한 관심이 많았고, 환경 적 영향과 하자․부실에 대한 우려가 뒤를 이었다. 둘째, 게시글의 동기별, 시공영역별로 다른 이용자들의 호응도 는 유의한 차이가 있었다. 게시 동기별로는 문제제기성 글에 대한 호응도가 높았다. 특히 건축물에 대한 게시글에 호응도가 높은 것 으로 나타났다. 이것은 광교신도시 시공과정에서 공원화장실이 혐 오시설의 대상이 되어 그 위치와 외형을 두고 민원이 속출했던 것 을 잘 드러내는 결과로 해석된다. 셋째, 게시글을 시공영역별로 구분한 결과 건축물은 감정적 비 판이 많았고, 그 외는 모두 문제점 지적이 많았다. 그러나 상대적으 로 비교해 보면, 포장은 문제점 지적, 식재는 타 사례 비교가 많았다. 포장의 경우 가장 손쉽게 그 편리성과 문제점을 확인할 수 있기에 문제점 지적이 많은 것으로 판단된다. 식재의 경우 다른 비교대상 보다 타사례 비교율이 높은 것은, 이용자 입장에서 조경 소재 중 ‘나 무’에 대한 이해도가 비교적 높아 다른 사례지와 손쉽게 비교된 것 으로 판단된다. 그러한 비교가 객관적․합리적인 점도 있었으나, 수 목의 기능보다는 가격이나 이미지에 많이 치중하는 경향이 일부 관 찰된 점은 다소 우려스러운 부분으로 볼 수 있다. 이와 같은 결과는 전반적으로 타 조경 사례지와 구분된 택지개 발지구 이용자들의 특성을 그대로 보여준 것으로 판단된다. 입주자 들의 다양한 반응은 다른 공원녹지와 달리 그들의 생활환경이라는 점과 분양받은 아파트와 관련하여 자산가치의 연장선상에서 생각 하고 판단한다는 차이점이 있었다. 따라서 웹 커뮤니티의 게시글은 그 글의 공공성을 가려, 선택적 으로 수용할 필요성이 있다. 아울러 이용자들의 주된 관심이 어디 에 집중되고 있는지를 파악하여, 이에 대해 선제적으로 대처하는 것이 행정적인 효율성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 1개 사례지의 입주자 커뮤니티를 대상으로 하였기에 연구결과의 일반화에는 일정한 한계가 있다. 따라서 향후 다양한 연구자들의 추가 연구로, 이에 대한 확인과 비교가 이루어질 수 있기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the preferences for the physical features of senior congregate housing. The survey was conducted to target the elderly households living in senior congregate housing and general elderly households living in the rural. The results of this study were as follows. Showed that housing conditions are more important than environmental conditions, elderly households living in senior congregate housing. Among them was the most important house prices and rents. Also among the external factors such as environmental conditions is the distance to the workplace were very important. So the elderly households living in congregate housing showed that more important considering the economic aspects. Finally, want to be the foundation of sustainable housing policies for rural elderly households.

Through the analysis of load behavior for two fixing equipments, the suggested fixing equipment shows higher limit load than an existing fixing equipment, which proves that the suggested fixing equipment have higher safety.