기존의 Markov Chain 모형으로 일강우량 모의시에 강우의 발생여부를 모의하고 강우일의 강우량은 Monte Carlo 시뮬레이션을 통해 일강우 분포 특성에 맞는 분포형에서 랜덤으로 강우량을 추정하는 것이 일반적이다. 이때 강우 지속기간에 따른 강도 및 강우의 시간별 분포 등의 강우 사상의 특성을 반영할 수 없다는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 이를 개선하기 위해 강우 사상을 1일 지속강우, 2일 지속강우, 3일 지속강우, 4일이상 지속강우로 구분하여 강우의 지속기간에 따라 강우량을 추정하였다. 즉 강우 사상의 강우 지속일별로 총강우량의 분포형을 비매개변수 추정이 가능한 핵 밀도추정(Kernel Density Estimation, KDE)를 적용하여 각각 추정하였고, 강우가 지속될 경우에 지속일별로 해당하는 분포형에서 강우량을 구하였다. 각 강우사상에 대해 추정된 총 강우량은 k-최근접 이웃 알고리즘(k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm, KNN)을 통해 관측 강우자료에서 가장 유사한 강우량을 가지는 강우사상의 강우량 일분포 형태에 따라 각 일강우량으로 분배하였다. 본 연구는 기존의 강우량 추정 방법의 한계점을 개선하 고자 하였으며, 연구 결과는 미래 강우에 대한 예측에도 활용될 수 있으며 수자원 설계에 있어서 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The changes in extreme daily rainfall totals in Punjab Province, Pakistan, during the period (1981- 2014) are examined in this study. The analysis was focused on the extreme annual and monthly rainfall events, by processing the exceeding of the daily rainfall over various thresholds, which are indicators for the incidence of extreme rainfall events. To analyze the changes in extreme rainfall events and trends of the time series of the annual number of extreme rainfall days (%) the thresholds of 30mm and 50mm has been estimated. Evidence from the twelve stations considered shows that there is an increase in annual number of extreme rainfall days (%) in dataset. These changes of heavy and extreme rainfall events pronounce significant environmental consequences which cause considerable impact on society.

The purpose of this study is to characterize the synoptic climatic patterns of extreme humansensible temperature (HST) events in Jeju Island, Korea under a subtropical climate condition as well as to examine their teleconnections with the large-scale climate systems. According to the extreme case analysis of the recent 30 years (1988-2017) data sets, the maximum daily average HST in the coastal areas of Jeju Island can rise up to about 40°C in mid-summer and even up to about 48°C during mid-daytime. These extreme HST events occur when the expansion of subtropical Pacific high pressure toward East Asia as well as the poleward shift of the Changma front provides hot and humid conditions over Jeju Island surrounded by seas, particularly in La Niña years with a positive (+) Arctic Oscillation mode. In contrast, the intensified western high and eastern low dipole pressure pattern in mid-winter, which accompanies the downward shear of upper tropospheric cold air toward the southern region of the Korean Peninsula under a negative (-) Arctic Oscillation mode, provides favorable conditions for frequent low HST extreme events. These conditions can lower daily average HST as much as -10°C in the coastal region of Jeju Island, and lower nighttime HST by -25°C on the peak areas of Mt. Halla due to wind chill effects. These findings will be used as a base for establishing prediction and warming systems of extreme HST events on Jeju Island, which is needed to mitigate the damage to the lives of Jeju residents and tourists under climate change.

Persistent Extreme Temperature Events (PETEs) are defined in two steps; first, to define extreme temperature events, the 80th and 20th percentiles of daily maximum and minimum temperature were chosen. Then individual PETE was defined as an event which lasted three or longer consecutive extreme temperature days. In this study, we examined characteristics and changes of PETEs in Republic of Korea (ROK) using 14 weather stations with a relatively long-term period of data, 1954-2016. In ROK, PETEs lasted four-five days on average and occurred two-three times a year. PETEs lasted longer in summer than in winter and in maximum temperature than in minimum temperature. PETEs which lasted greater than seven days account for a greater proportion in summer than in winter. However, intensities of PETEs were greater in winter because of a larger temperature fluctuation. In both summer and winter, durations and intensities of persistent extreme high temperature events increased while those of persistent extreme low temperature events decreased. Changes of PETEs were closely related with both global warming and diverse large-scale climate variabilities such as AO, NAO and Nino 3.4.

During the last glacial–interglacial transition, there were multiple intense climatic events such as the Bølling–Allerød warming and Younger Dryas cooling. These events show abrupt and rapid climatic changes. In this study, the climate events and cycles during this interval are examined through wavelet analysis of Arctic and Antarctic ice-core 18O and tropical marine 14C records. The results show that periods of ~1383–1402, ~1029–1043, ~726–736, ~441–497 and ~202–247 years are dominant in the Arctic region, whereas periods of ~1480, ~765, ~518, ~311, and ~207 years are detected in the Antarctic TALDICE. In addition, cycles of ~1019, ~515, and ~209 years are distinct in the tropical region. Among these variations, the de Vries cycle of ~202–209 years, correlated with variations in solar activity, was detected globally. In particularly, this cycle shows a strong signal in the Antarctic between about 13,000 and 10,500 yr before present (BP). In contrast, the Eddy cycle of ~1019–1043 years was prominent in Greenland and the tropical region, but was not detected in the Antarctic TALDICE records. Instead, these records showed that the Heinrich cycle of ~1480 year was very strong and significant throughout the last glacial–interglacial interval.

Regional climate simulations for the CORDEX East Asia domain were conducted between 1981 and 2100 using five models to project future climate change based on RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 scenarios. By using the ensemble mean of five model results, future changes in climate zones and four extreme temperature events of South Korea were investigated according to Köppen-Trewartha’s classification criteria. The four temporal periods of historical (1981-2005), early future (2021-2040), middle future (2041-2070), and late future (2071-2100) were defined to examine future changes. The analysis domain was divided into 230 administrative districts of South Korea. In historical (1981-2005) period, the subtropical zones are only dominant in the southern coastal regions and Jeju island, while those tend to expand in the future periods. Depending on the RCP scenarios, the more radiative forcing results in the larger subtropical zone over South Korea in the future. The expansion of the subtropical zone in metropolitan areas is more evident than that in rural areas. In addition, the enlargement of the subtropical zone in coastal regions is more prominent than that of in inland regions. Particularly, the subtropical climate zone for the late future period of RCP8.5 scenario is significantly dominant in most South Korea. All scenarios show that cold related extreme temperature events are expected to decrease and hot related extreme temperature events to increase in late future. This study can be utilized by administrative districts for the strategic plan of responses to future climate change.

This study analyzed the changes in the concentrations of organic matters in constructed treatment wetlands, coming from discharge water from a sewage treatment plant and non-point pollutant sources during rainfall events. At the beginning of a rainfall event, a massive amount of particulate organic matter flowed in, and was removed from the sedimentation basin (S1, S2); dissolved organic matter was removed after passing through stepwise treatment processes in the wetland. During dry period in the wetland, the removal efficiency rate for COD and TOC was -21 and -7%, respectively; during the rainfall event, the removal efficiency rate for COD and TOC were 47 and 43%, respectively. The highly-concentrated organic matters that flowd in at the beginning of the rainfall event was stabilized by various structures in the wetland before water discharge. Cyanobacteria blooms annually at the confluence of the So-ok stream and Daecheong Lake. Therefore, it is expected that the wetland will contribute significantly to reducing cyanobacteria and improving water quality in the area.

We investigated two flares in the solar atmosphere that occurred on June 3, 2012 and July 6, 2012 and caused propagation of Moreton and EIT waves. In the June 3 event, we noticed a filament winking which presumably was caused by the wave propagation from the flare. An interesting feature of this event is that there was a reflection of this wave by a coronal hole located alongside the wave propagation, but not all of this wave was transmitted by the coronal hole. Using the running difference method, we calculated the speed of Moreton and EIT waves and we found values of 926 km/s before the reflection and 276 km/s after the reflection (Moreton wave) and 1,127 km/s before the reflection and 46 km/s after the reflection (EIT wave). In the July 6 event, this phenomenon was accompanied by type II and type III solar radio bursts, and we also performed a running difference analysis to find the speed of the Moreton wave, obtaining a value of 988 km/s. The speed derived from the analysis of the solar radio burst was 1,200 km/s, and we assume that this difference was caused by the different nature of the motions in these phenomena, where the solar radio burst was caused by the propagating particles, not waves.

본 연구에서는 가뭄사상과 확률 가뭄심도를 결정하는 새로운 방법을 제안하였다. 강우자료로부터 가뭄사상을 추출하기 위해 연속이론과 누적 강우부족량을 동시에 고려하였다. 절단수준 이상의 강우사상이 발생할 경우, 그 때까지의 누적 강우부족량을 해갈할 수 있을 만큼의 강우량이 발 생하였는가를 확인하여 가뭄사상의 종료여부를 최종 결정하였다. 이와 같이 추출된 가뭄사상의 지속기간과 심도의 상호 의존성 구조를 파악하여 결합분포함수를 추정하기 위해 코플라 함수를 적용하였다. 또한 이변량 코플라 함수의 조건부 함수를 이용하여 가뭄의 특정 지속기간에 대한 가뭄 심도의 재현특성을 분석하였으며, 신뢰구간을 추정하여 이변량 빈도해석의 불확실성을 정량화하였다. 서울지점의 1909∼2015년 강수자료에 적용한 결과 과거 극한가뭄으로 판단되었던 가뭄사상은 대부분 최소 10년에서 최대 50년 정도의 재현기간을 갖는 반면 2013년 발생하여 현재까 지 지속되고 있는 2015년 가뭄은 현저히 높은 재현기간을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 향후 가뭄대책을 마련하는 데 있어 빈도개념을 바탕으로 하는 신뢰성 있는 기준으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of suspended solid concentration in small forest watershed, Hwacheon, Gangwondo. For five rainfall events from July 2013 to August 2013, rainfall, discharge, and suspended solid load has been measured. The results showed that the fist flush effect was observed for suspended solid in each rainfall event, sediment rating curve was obtained with y=3.029x1.573 at rising limb and y=12.902x1.8827 at falling limb, and EMC (event mean concentration) of suspended solid was calculated to 9.4 mg/L. EMC was compared to the values from the watershed that has various land use types and EMC from forest watershed was much lower that from the crop, paddy or low covered forest watershed.

본 연구에서는 표준강수지수(SPI)를 이용하여 우리나라의 과거 가뭄사상을 규모적 관점에서 정량적 평가를 실시하였다. 이를 위하여, 5대강 권역에 대한 가뭄사상의 지속기간, 규모, 평균심도를 연속이론을 바탕으로 산정하였다. 또한 과거 가뭄사상의 재현기간을 추정하고 가뭄 평균심도-지속기간-빈도 곡선을 작성하기 위하여 가뭄빈도분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 우리나라에 발생했던 심한 가뭄의 재현기간은 대부분 30∼50년으로 분석되었으며, 가뭄규모로 평가할 때 가장 가뭄이 심했던 해는 1988년과 1994년으로 나타났다. 특히, 1994년과 1995년에서는 2년 연속 가뭄이 발생하여 가장 극심했던 장기가뭄으로 분석되었다. 또한 2014년의 가뭄은 한강 권역을 중심으로 발생하였으며 가뭄의 규모와 평균심도 면에서 볼 때 우리나라 역사상 가장 극심했던 가뭄으로 평가되었다.

잠재적 안전성에 대한 논란으로 인하여 신규 개발되는 유전자변형작물은 고전적인 신품종과는 달리 환경 및 식품으로서의 안전성이 검증되어야 한다. 유전자변형작물의 안전성 평가는 개발되는 형질전환집단에서 선발된 하나의 elite event에 대해 이루어지는데, 본 평가 대상 elite event는 유전자의 삽입으로 인한 비의도적인 형질 변화가 최소화된 event이어야 한다. 분자유전학적으로 비의도적인 유전자 삽입 효과가 최소화되기 위해서는 단일 복제수의 도입유전자가 식물 유전체의 intergenic region에 삽입될 것을 요구한다. 본 연구의 목적은 배추좀나방 내성을 부여하는 CryIAc1 유전자가 형질 전환된 49 event의 양배추 형질전환집단에서 elite event를 선발하는 것이다. 먼저 도입유전자 cassette이 tandem repeat로 빈번히 삽입되는 현상에 착안하여 도입유전자 cassette의 양 말단에서 제작한 primer의 방향에 따른 모든 조합을 사용하여 PCR을 수행하였다. 본 삽입구조 분석을 통하여 49개 event 중 36개 event는 tandem repeat의 구조로 도입유전자가 2개 복제 수 이상 삽입되었음을 알 수 있었다. 선발된 13개 event에 대하여 Southern blot 분석을 실시한 결과 7개 event가 단일 복제수의 도입유전자를 가짐을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 7개 event에 대한 삽입위치를 inverse PCR 기법을 사용하여 해명한 결과는 3개 event에서 단일 복제수의 도입유전자가 양배추 genome의 intergenic region에 삽입되었음을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구 결과는 형질전환시의 도입유전자가 다중 복제수로 삽입될 시에 tandem repeat로 빈번히 삽입되는 현상에 기초하여 대량의 형질전환집단에서 elite event를 신속히 선발하는 방법을 제시하였다. 선발된 event의 분자유전학적 분석이 현재 진행되고 있다.

The purpose of this study is to characterize long-term (1973~2012) changes in intra-seasonal temperature and extreme low temperature events in winter observed at 61 weather stations in the Republic of Korea and their associations with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns around East Asia. Maps of long-term linear trends clearly show that both temperature means and extreme events in Korea have asymmetrically changed between early winter and late winter. In early winter, changes with statistical significance are less observable, while in late winter reductions in low extreme temperature events as well as increases in temperatures, particularly after mid-1980s, are obviously observed across the study region. Comparisons of tropospheric synoptic climatic fields before and after the mid-1980s demonstrate that in early winter of recent decades, active meridional circulation from the Arctic appeared in western Eurasia and Bering sea, while in late winter, zonal circulation around East Asia associated with positive Arctic Oscillation-like patterns prevailed. These results indicate that asymmetric changes between early and late winter temperatures in Korea are associated with intra-seasonally inconsistent atmospheric circulation patterns around East Asia.

Estimation of runoff peak is needed to assess water availability, in order to support the multifaceted water uses and functions, hence to underscore the modalities for efficient water utilization. The magnitude of storm rainfall acts as a primary input for basin level runoff computation. The rainfall-runoff linkage plays a pivotal role in water resource system management and feasibility level planning for resource distribution. Considering this importance, a case study has been carried out in the Hancheon basin of Jeju Island where distinctive hydrological characteristics are investigated for continuous storm rainfall and high permeable geological features. The study aims to estimate unit hydrograph parameters, peak runoff and peak time of storm rainfalls based on Clark unit hydrograph method. For analyzing observed runoff, five storm rainfall events were selected randomly from recent years’ rainfall and HEC-hydrologic modeling system (HMS) model was used for rainfall-runoff data processing. The simulation results showed that the peak runoff varies from 164 to 548 m3/sec and peak time (onset) varies from 8 to 27 hours. A comprehensive relationship between Clark unit hydrograph parameters (time of concentration and storage coefficient) has also been derived in this study. The optimized values of the two parameters were verified by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and runoff comparison performance were analyzed by root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) estimation. After statistical analysis of the Clark parameters significance level was found in 5% and runoff performances were found as 3.97 RMSE and 0.99 NSE, respectively. The calibration and validation results indicated strong coherence of unit hydrograph model responses to the actual situation of historical storm runoff events.

To monitor static and dynamic responses of bridges, an image-based monitoring system using networking PTZ IP (Pan-Tilt-Zoom Internet Protocol) cameras has been developed. Triggers to acquire video or still-images are performed when structural events like vibrations or excessive displacements occur. Also, periodic or user-defined triggers can be performed. When a trigger occurs, the system collects bridge members' images along the pre-defined touring route of a group of presets and extracts relative displacements between images.

Forbush Decreases (FD) are transient, sudden reductions of cosmic ray (CR) intensity lasting a few days, to a week. Such events are observed globally using ground neutron monitors (NMs). Most studies of FD events indicate that an FD event is observed simultaneously at NM stations located all over the Earth. However, using statistical analysis, previous researchers verified that while FD events could occur simultaneously, in some cases, FD events could occur non-simultaneously. Previous studies confirmed the statistical reality of non-simultaneous FD events and the mechanism by which they occur, using data from high-latitude and middle-latitude NM stations. In this study, we used long-term data (1971-2006) from middle-latitude NM stations (Irkutsk, Climax, and Jungfraujoch) to enhance statistical reliability. According to the results from this analysis, the variation of cosmic ray intensity during the main phase, is larger (statistically significant) for simultaneous FD events, than for non-simultaneous ones. Moreover, the distribution of main-phase-onset time shows differences that are statistically significant. While the onset times for the simultaneous FDs are distributed evenly over 24- hour intervals (day and night), those of non-simultaneous FDs are mostly distributed over 12-hour intervals, in daytime. Thus, the existence of the two kinds of FD events, according to differences in their statistical properties, were verified based on data from middle-latitude NM stations.

영동 지역에서는 해마다 대설로 인한 피해가 발생하고 있다. 최근 2014년 2월에는 총 누적 강설량이 192.8 cm의 기록적인 폭설이 내렸으며, 이로 인해 영동 지역에 크고 작은 재해 피해(약 171억 원) 및 인명 피해(사상자 6명)를 야기했다. 뿐만 아니라 2011년(약 230억 원)과 2013년도(약 75억 원)에도 유사한 대설현상이 발생하여 지역 주민들에게 사회·경제적 손실을 초래하였다. 이에 따라 영동 지역에 재해 피해를 유발하는 대설현상의 특징과 그 피해 규모 및 피해 종류를 분석하여 영동 지역에서 발생하는 재해 피해를 예방하는 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 최근 20년(1993~2012)기간 동안에 영동 지역으로 집중적인 적설량 분포를 보이고, 재해 피해를 입힌 사례는 총 5건이며, 1996년 2월, 1998년 1월, 2005년 3월, 2008년 1월, 그리고 2011년 2월 사례 등이다. 이 사례들에 대해 영동해안지역에 해당하는 강원도, 경상남도, 경상북도, 부산광역시, 그리고 울산광역시의 재해 피해를 분석한 결과, 강원도와 경상북도 지역에서는 모든 사례에서 재해 피해를 입었으며, 재해 피해에 가장 취약한 지역임을 알 수 있다. 이렇게 재해 피해를 일으키는 각 사례의 종관 배경을 살펴보면, 공통적으로 시베리아 고기압의 확장과 남쪽 기압골 또는 저기압의 영향을 받았으며, 1996년, 1998년, 그리고 2005년 사례의 경우, 500 hPa 고도에서의 상층 기압골이 통과하면서 저기압에 동반된 경압불안정과 북쪽 한기이류의 영향으로 북동 계열의 바람이 강화되는 특징이, 2005년과 2011년 사례의 경우에는 부산 및 울진 앞바다 부근에 부저기압이 형성되어 있는 특징이 있었다.

유역내 홍수관리를 위한 타당한 설계홍수량의 결정은 기본적이고 중요한 사항이다. 홍수량 산정방법은 크게 계측유역의 홍수량 관측 자료로부터 결정하는 직접적인 방법과 미계측유역에서 수문모형의 이용에 의한 간접적인 방법으로 구분된다. Clark모형은 국내 미계측 유역에서 홍수량 산정 방법에 널리 적용되어 왔다. Clark 모형에서 적용되는 수문모형의 매개변수는 강우-유출 관측 자료에 의하여 보정되어야 하지만 관측자료의 부족으로 말미암아 실무에서는 경험적인 수치를 적용하는 것이 보편화되어 왔다. 유역의 도달시간과 밀접한 관련성이 있는 Clark 모형의 저류상수는 홍수수문곡선의 형상과 첨두유량의 크기에 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 강우-유출 관측 자료를 통하여 저류상수를 결정하는 몇가지 방안을 제시하고 그의 분석 결과를 검토하였다. 강우-유출 사상은 안성천 유역과 임진강 유역에서 국토해양부 한강홍수통제소에서 운영하고 있는 강우 및 유량관측소로부터 수집하였다. 홍수량 산정 수문모형을 활용하여 저류상수의 민감도 분석을 실시하였으며 강우-유출 관측자료를 통하여 저류상수의 결정 방안을 제시하였다. 이에 관한 결과와 Clark 단위도 이론을 근거로 한 순간단위도 및 단위도와의표준제곱근오차의 산정을 통하여 제시된 저류상수 산정 방법의 타당성을 판단코자 하였다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore psychological momentum events which influence player's performances in badminton competition and to examine in depth the player's psychological momentum experiences. Methods: A total of 83 badminton athletes over high school in Korea Badminton Association were carried out in this survey with open-ended questionnaires. And 8 adult athletes were interviewed in-depth with the guidelines based on the open-ended survey responses. The collected data was analyzed by inductive content analysis and the extracted contents from the inductive categorization were developed by deductive method. Results: The survey was conducted to analyze psychological momentum accidents which may influence on the performances of badminton players. The total of 615 raw data were collected and then categorized into 25 positive momentum accidents and 28 negative ones. The respective accidents were classified 8 general categories according to performance, opponent's performance, the flow of game, score, psychological states, physical condition, other's significant behavior and the court environment. Conclusion: Finally, this study will promote the understanding of context and environment which affect the player's performance in badminton competitions. Also, it is expected as the opportunity of increasing the interest on psychological momentum in sport psychology.

수공구조물을 설계함에 있어 설계우량주상도를 결정하기 위해 설계강우량을 시간분포시키는 방법은 매우 중요하다. 우리나라에서 널리 쓰이는 Huff 방법의 경우 MOCT(2000), MOLTMA (2011)에서 적용성을 높여왔으나, 기존 Huff (1967) 방법과 똑같은 기각기준으로 강우총량 1 inch (25.4mm)를 제시하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Huff 방법 적용시 자료 기각기준을 집중호우기준에 따라 극치사상만을 분석하는 시간분포방법을 제안하였고, 이를 실제유역에 적용시켜 강우-유출모형을 통한 검증을 실시하였으며 목적함수 비교를 통해 실제유역의 적용성을 확인하였다. 그 결과 첨두유출량의 과소산정 문제를 보완하여 실제 첨두유출량에 더 가까운 유출수문곡선을 제시함으로써 수공구조물 설계의 안정성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.