본 연구는 중금속 오염지역의 토양정화에 적합한 식물을 선발하기 위해 국화과 15종을 중금속으로 오염된 토양에 8주 동안 재배한 다음 생육반응과 부위별 비소, 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 아연 등의 중금속의 축적능을 분석하였다. 톱풀을 제외한 가새쑥부쟁이, 금계국, 감국, 각시취 등의 생육은 비교적 양호하였다. 비소 축적능은 더위지기 지하부(25.52 ㎎·㎏-1)에서 가장 높았고 지상부는 바위구절초(3.35 ㎎·㎏-1)가 가장 우수하였다. 카드뮴은 왕갯쑥부쟁이 지상부(2.50 ㎎·㎏-1)에서 가장 높았다. 구리 축적능은 지상부와 지하부 모두 각시취(24.29, 99.92 ㎎·㎏-1)가 가장 높은 경향을 보였다. 국화과 15종의 지상부는 1.43(왕갯쑥부쟁이)∼5.00 ㎎·㎏-1(수리취)의 납이 축적되었다. 눈갯쑥부쟁이(140.09 ㎎·㎏-1), 쑥부쟁이(109.07 ㎎·㎏-1), 왕갯쑥부쟁이(100.21 ㎎·㎏-1) 등의 아연 축적능은 100 ㎎·㎏-1 이상으로 아연 오염 지역의 식물상 정화 기법 소재로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

Bioremediation has been recognized as a suitable alternative to conventional methods of removing contaminants, and it uses fungi, bacteria and microalgae. In contrast to other organisms, microalgae are unique in that they have the ability to perform photosynthesis like plants and to utilize organic/inorganic carbon substrates, in a process called phytoremediation. Microalgae can populate a reaction site rapidly and enhance the bioremediation efficiency. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris was used to evaluate the removal potentials of the nutrients (N and P) and heavy metals (Cu and Zn) from swine wastewater. The optimum growth conditions for Chlorella vulgaris and the removal potentials of N, P, Cu, and Zn from synthetic wastewater using Chlorella vulgaris were investigated. Based on the results, the applicability of this microalga to on-site wastewater treatment was examined. Optimal growth conditions for Chlorella vulgaris were established to be 28℃, a pH of 7, and light and dark cycles of 14:10 h. As the concentrations of the nutrients were increased, the efficiencies of N and P removal efficiencies by Chlorella vulgaris were decreased in the single and binary mixed treatments of the nutrients, respectively. Further, the efficiencies of Cu and Zn removal also decreased as the heavy metals concentrations added were increased, both in the single and binary mixed treatments. In addition, the efficiency of Cu removal was higher than that of Zn removal. Our results indicate that Chlorella vulgaris could be used in treatment plants for the removal of nutrients and heavy metals from swine wastewater.

Trains have been a major means of transport in Korea during these past decades. However, train facilities such as stations and repair shops are contaminated with organic and inorganic substances. There is a high probability of train facility contamination with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study evaluated the PAH and heavy metal contamination of soil near railroads in the Kyungpook area. A total of 18 soil samples were collected from the railroads and analyzed for 16 PAHs and 6 heavy metal species. The contamination level of the top soil was found to be slightly higher than that of the subsoil for contamination with PAHs. The ratio of carcinogenic PAH concentration to the total PAH concentration was relatively high, with a maximum of 0.9. The toxicity equivalent (TEQ) of the PAHs were 500.6 ng/kg in the topsoil and 355.5 ng/kg in the subsoil. The ratio of low molecular PAHs (LPAHs) to high molecular PAHs (LPAHs) ranged from 6.7 to 29.5; this shows that contamination is primarily due to combustion of fuel rather than due to petroleum. The ratio of phenanthrene to anthracene and the ratio of fluoranthene to pyrene also show that contamination occurred due to combustion for transportation. The heavy metal contamination level was lower than the Korean standard, but higher than the background concentration; this indicates that the soil was affected by the operation of the railways.

The purpose of this study was to verify safe and environmentally-sound recycling of blast-furnace slag in the cement industry. This was accomplished by analyzing the heavy metal contents of three kinds of raw materials: blast-furnace slag, Portland cement, and the substitutes, which were mainly input into the manufacture of cement. The research revealed that, in the five samples tested, the heavy metal level in the blast-furnace slag cements (5.90 ~ 8.38 mg/kg for Cr6+) is lower than the ordinary Portland cement (11.04 ~ 14.92 mg/kg for Cr6+). This suggests that both raw materials have low heavy metal contents compared with the 20 mg/kg limit enforced by the autonomic convention in Korea. As for the substitutes, there was no decisive effect on the overall heavy metal content because of the low input ratio of 2.5%. Therefore, it is of high utility value to recycle the blast-furnace slag in the cement industry, considering slag can dilute the overall heavy metal contents in the cement products.

A continuous process of persulfate oxidation and citric acid washing was investigated for ex-situ remediation of complex contaminated soil containing total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPHs) and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn). The batch experiment results showed that TRPHs could be degraded by Fe2+ activated persulfate oxidation and that heavy metals could be removed by washing with citric acid. For efficient remediation of the complex contaminated soil, two-stage and three-stage processes were evaluated. Removal efficiency of the two-stage process (persulfate oxidation - citric acid washing) was 83% for TRPHs and 49%, 53%, 24% for Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively. To improve the removal efficiency, a three-stage process was also tested; case A) water washing - persulfate oxidation - citirc acid washing and case B) persulfate oxidation - citric acid washing (1) - citric acid washing (2). In case A, 63% of TRPHs, 73% of Cu, 60% of Zn, and 55% of Pb were removed, while the removal efficiencies of TRPHs, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 24%, 68%, 62%, and 59% in case B, respectively. The results indicated that case A was better than case B. The three-stage process was more effective than the two-stage process for the remediation of complex-contaminated soil in therms of overall removal efficiency.

The purpose of this study is to understand the current situation for waste generation from domestic industries and to calculate the designated waste generation containing heavy metals using Korean waste statistics. Analytical data regarding heavy metals for hazardous waste in a previous study was reviewed. In addition, the designated waste generation for each heavy metal was estimated by comparing the data of the Allbaro system (2014). The designated waste generations were, in order, Pb > CN−> Cd > Cu > Hg > Cr6+ > As, and the sludge, ash, slag, dust, etc. generated from the process of wastewater treatment, plating and anodizing of metals, waste treatment, and the manufacture of basic iron and steel, considered as designated waste containing heavy metals, were investigated. The waste generation with heavy metals was 1.812 % of the total waste generation, which is higher than the 1.317 % collected from the Allbaro system (2014). These results will be used as a baseline in establishing waste management policy. Further analytical data about heavy metals in the designated wastes that are mentioned in this study are required for a more accurate picture of waste generation containing heavy metals.

This Research was the standardization of nutrient sources by reviewing the possibility of cultivation and analysis of imported nutrient sources used in Pleurotus ostreatus culture. As a first result, the concentration of heavy metals was not detected or trace, and the total nitrogen content of cotton seed pomace was 6.22% in Australia, which was higher than that of Chinese or USA. As a second result of physical properties of nutrient sources, the water holding capacity of beet pulp from Egypt was higher with increasing pressure. The volume water content of US was highest at 400hpa and 500hpa in case of cottonseed meal. Third, the content of total nitrogen was the highest at pH 5.51 and the total nitrogen content was the highest at 2.45, and the C/N ratio was the highest at 28.18. Last result shows that first germination day, yield and biological effciency of all treatments were not significant differnet except T2. These results shows that australian cootton was inappropriate to Pleurotus ostreatus culture. Nevertheless, the safety and standardization of the Pleurotus ostreatus culture medium should be assured by reviewing the media low material importing season, mushroom yield and nutrient sources.

도금산업은 국가 핵심역량 사업분야인 전기재료 및 전자 부품 산업등과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있는 산업분야일 뿐만 아니라, 핵심 부품 및 소재의 기능적 특성과 부가가치를 향상시켜 가격을 결정하는 품질에 큰 영향을 미치는 기반 산업이지만 배출 폐수에는 중금속 이외에도 맹독성 물질인 시안화물과 주요 오염물질이 대량 포함되어 있어 주요 유해물질 배출 관리 대상 업종으로 분류되어 집중 관리되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 소규모 국내 도급업체는 공동 폐수처리장을 통해 폐수를 처리하고 있으나, 도금방법이나 폐수의 특성에 따라 분리 배출되어지지 않고 대부분 통합 배출되어짐으로 인해 처리공정이 복잡하고 처리시설이 방대해지며 많은 처리비용이 소요되고 있어 도급산업을 위축시키는 원인으로 지목되고 있다. 최근 이러한 문제의 해결을 통해 도금산업을 강화하고자 이온성 물질을 분리해 정제할 수 있는 전기투석 기술을 이용한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 전기투석 장치를 이용하여 도금폐수내 구리와 니켈의 제거성능을 평가하였다. 전기투석장치의 이온교환막은 Astom사의 NEOSEPTA를 이용하였고 총 5쌍의 음이온 교환막과 양이온 교환막으로 구성된 스택을 제작하였다. NaCl을 이용하여 TDS 4,000mg/L, 니켈과 구리의 농도를 각각 20mg/L로 제조한 합성폐수를 이용하여 실험한 결과, 한계전류 12v와 25분의 체류시간 조건에서 구리와 니켈은 모두 99%이상 제거되었다. 또한 동일조건에서 유량이 증가할수록 구리와 니켈의 제거효율도 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이온교환막의 변경에 따른 처리성능을 평가한 결과, 이온교환막의 종류에 따라 처리성능에 차이를 나타내어 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

중금속으로 오염된 토양과 광미는 지하수 및 생태계에 추가적으로 피해를 발생시킨다. 이러한 독성 금속의 축적은 식물의 성장억제 및 인체의 발달이상, 발암과 같은 다양한 질병의 원인이 된다. 오염된 토양에서 중금속을 정화하는 방법으로는 고형화/안정화, 토양세척, 토양경작법 등과 같이 다양한 방법이 있다. 하지만 부지 및 오염특성에 따라 적절한 방법을 사용해야 한다. 적절한 방법 중 하나는 오염된 토양의 고형화/안정화이다. 본 연구의 목적은 오염된 토양 및 광미 내 존재하고 있는 중금속을 고형화/안정화 공법을 적용하여 정화하는 방법을 제안하는데 있다. 본 연구에서는 오염토양 내 중금속을 고형화/안정화 시키고 강도 증진을 위해 MICP 토착미생물과 산업폐기물인 굴패각, 폐석고를 배합하여 고화제로 사용하였다. 국내의 중금속 오염토양과 광미에서 MICP 토착미생물을 분리하였고 균체 지방산 분석을 통하여 동정을 진행하였다. 각각의 시료에서 분리한 균주를 동정한 결과 가장 많이 유사성을 보이는 균주는 Brevibacillus centrosporus 와 Bacillus megaterium 이었다. 또한 MICP 토착미생물의 최적 성장 조건을 도출하였으며, 산업폐기물과 MICP 토착미생물의 최적 배합비를 적용한 공시체의 일축압축강도 분석을 진행하였다. 그 결과 28일 경과 후 일축압축강도는 미국 EPA 폐기물처리 표준 기준을 만족하였으며, 위해성 평가를 위한 TCLP, SPLP 분석 결과 미국 EPA 기준을 만족하였다.

For 26 soil series distributed more than 1% among 63 soil series in Jeju Island, natural uncultivated soil samples were collected. For these soils, the chemical speciation of eight heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) was examined. Further, the Plant Bioavailability (PB) and Mobility Factor (MF) of these heavy metals were evaluated using Tessier’s 5-step sequential extraction method (exchangeable, carbonate, reducible (bound to Fe/Mn oxides), oxidizable (bound to organic matter), and residual fraction). The main form present was residual fraction for Cd and Zn; residual and oxidizable fractions for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb; reducible fraction for Mn; and carbonate fraction for V. The average plant availability and average mobility factor were found to be V (57.37%) > Zn (12.49%) > Cd (11.76%) > Cu (11.19%) > Pb (9.37%) > Cr (9.09%) > Mn (3.13%) > Ni (2.63%), and Mn (61.04%) > V (59.94%) > Zn (31.54%) > Cd (17.65%) > Cr (15.66%) > Ni (13.89%) > Pb (13.80%) > Cu (13.53%), respectively.

This study was performed to develop the efficient phytoremediation model in the paddy soil contaminated with heavy metals by cultivating Pteris multifida and Artemisia princeps with different mixing ratios (1:0, 8:1, 6:1, 4:1). As a result of investigating the heavy metal accumulation of each plant per dried material (1 ㎏), content of arsenic and cadmium was the highest in aerial part of P. multifida (169.82, 1.70 ㎎·㎏-1 DW, each) among the treated group. Lead content was the highest (12.58 ㎎·㎏-1 DW) in the aerial part of P. multifida cultivated with 8:1 mixed planting. But the content of copper and zinc was the highest (33.94, 61.78 ㎎·㎏-1 DW, each) in the aerial part of A. princeps with 8:1 treatment. Regardless of heavy metals, plant uptake from the 1 ㎡ soil was the highest in 4:1 mixed planting group, which showed the best yield of A. princeps.

Aeration with low energy micro-bubble generation and UV/H2O2 processes was introduced to verify the possibility of oxidation treatment for acid mine drainage. During 10 hours of aeration with micro-bubbles, Fe and As concentrations were decreased to 18.1 and 61.8%, respectively, while Cu, Cd, Al were kept at influent concentrations. Other heavy metals such as Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Ni concentrations fluctuated due to the repetition of oxidation and release. Twenty days of aeration indicated the oxidation possibility for Cu, Cd, and Al. With the employment of UV/H2O2 processes, more than 77% of Cu and Fe removed, whereas slightly more than 30% of Cd and Al removed.

Raw and secondary waste materials from recycling products have been used to produce cements. A total of 10 cements produced from recycling products were analyzed for chemical composition, such as Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, CuO, ZnO, and PbO, using the Korean standard leaching test. The total content of toxic substances, such as Pb, Cd, Cu, As, Hg, and Cr(VI), present in each cement was also measured. The corrosion characteristics of cement leachates were also determined by measuring their pH values using an ion selective electrode and measuring the corrosion rate of a circular steel plate in each leachate. The chemical composition of the cements was found to be 60-67% CaO, 18-23% SiO2, and 5-6% Al2O3. Based on the results of the leaching tests, the samples did not exceed the prescribed regulatory leaching levels. The total content of toxic substances in each cement did not exceed the voluntary agreement criteria of 20 mg/kg. In the case of the corrosion characteristics of the cement leachates, the pH of each leachate was greater than 12.5 and the corrosion rate of a circular steel plate in each leachate did not exceed 6.35 mm/yr. The correlation between pH and the corrosion rate of steel in the solid waste leachates was difficult to determine.

용수보급률 증가에 따른 용수 공급량의 증가로 인해 하폐수처리시설이 증가되어 슬러지의 발생량 또한 증가하고 있다. 반면, 슬러지 해양투기가 금지됨에 따라 슬러지의 육상처리 및 재활용 처리방법이 갈구되고 있다. 현재 슬러지는 주로 소각, 매립, 시멘트 원료로의 사용, 복토제로의 활용 등의 방법으로 처리되고 있고, 슬러지를 연료로써 활용하는 방법도 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 슬러지를 건조시켰을 때 발열량은 3,000~4,500kcal/kg 정도로, 국내 무연탄과 비슷한 수준이기 때문에, 슬러지를 에너지화하는 것이 가능하다. 하지만 슬러지는 다량의 중금속 및 유해성분을 함유하고 있기 때문에 연소 또는 소각 시 가스상 오염물질 배출의 문제가 있다. 슬러지 연소 또는 소각 시 발생되는 오염물질은 슬러지에 포함된 중금속 성분은 배출원 종류 및 처리방법에 따라 차이가 있기 때문에, 충분한 연구를 통해 소각이나 연소 시 해당 슬러지에 대한 오염물질 배출 특성을 분석하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 슬러지 연소 시 중금속 배출특성을 조사하기 위해 lab-scale drop tube furnace를 이용해 건조슬러지를 연소하였다. 수은은 입자상 수은과 배출가스 중 산화수은, 원소수은으로 구별해 조사하였으며, 수은을 제외한 중금속은 바닥재의 농도를 조사하였다.

신재생에너지원 중 가장 큰 비율을 차지하고 있는 폐기물은 소각, 매립 등으로 폐기되고 있다. 그러나 생활폐기물 에너지화에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 진행됨에 따라, 현재 생활폐기물 처리시설에서는 SRF생산 공정을 도입하고 있는 추세이다. SRF는 평균 3,500 kg/kcal의 발열량을 나타내며, 대체연료로써 주목을 받고 있다. 그러나 SRF는 성형을 위한 추가적인 비용이 필요하기 때문에, 비성형 폐기물의 에너지화 기술에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 폐기물 에너지화 기술 중 가스화는 고형시료를 합성가스로 전환하는 기술로 저급연로를 고 효율화를 기대할 수 있다. 본 연구는 8ton/day 용량 pilot-scale 비성형 고형연료 가스화 공정에서 수행되었으며, 대기오염 방지시설은 사이클론, 열교환기, 탈염/탈질/탈황 장비, 습식 전기집진기, 수분제거장치로 구성되어 있다. 위의 공정에서 최근 문제가 되고 있는 미세먼지를 다단입경분석기를 이용하여 채취하였다. 채취된 시료는 건조 및 무게측정을 통해 대기오염 방지시설 구간별 미세먼지 분포를 살펴보았고, 각 대기오염 방지시설별 제어효율을 도출하였다. 추가적으로 채취된 입도별 미세먼지 시료는 ICP-MS분석을 통해 K, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb에 대한 거동을 살펴보았다.

In this study, content and leaching tests of heavy metals (14 items) were analyzed to evaluate the recyclability of the sludge from wastewater treatment facilities. Additionally, this was compared with and examined with the standard of controlled waste, certification standards of compost materials, etc. In the results of the content test, Cr6+ (30.82 mg/kg) of waste from the leather, fur, and textile industries (EWC 04) and Cr6+ (103.13 mg/kg) of waste from the manufacture formulation, supply, and use of coatings (EWC 08) were higher than the proposed criteria of Cr6+ (20 mg/kg). The high level of Cr6+ concentration was observed because of the use of sodium dichromate and chromic anhydride in the materials of dyestuffs and pigments and ink in the EWC 04 and EWC 08 processes. The results on sludge in this study did not meet the standard of the Fertilizer Control Act and quality standard of fuels. In particular, the high levels of Pb and Cd was the main reason.

The application of animal manure on farm fields is one of the most economical ways. However, the continuous application of manure in paddy fields might change soil properties influencing the growth of rice plant. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the changes in selected chemical and biological properties of soils and rice production as affected by the applications of two different fertilizer sources, which were the consecutive applications of liquid swine manure (LSM) and chemical fertilizer (CF), during the three experimental years, from 2012 to 2014. Application amount of LSM was based on 100% of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation rate for rice cultivation estimated by soil testing. Plant height and tiller number in rice at the first year of liquid swine manure manure plot were lower than those of chemical fertilizer plot. Height and tillers of rice in liquid swine manure plot were higher than those of rice in chemical fertilizer plot after consecutive application for 3 years. Rice yield In the first year of application was decreased by 7% than that of chemical fertilizer, but the yield of rice in the third year of application in LM 100% plot was increased by 8% compared to the chemical fertilizer. Toyo-taste value of milled rice in LM 100% was decreased by increasing of protein contents and decreasing rate of perfect grain. The K and Zn contents in the soil were increased in the plots of consecutive LSM application. The results implied that the liquid manure may neither decrease the yield of rice and nor increase soil properties except K and Zn in the soil, and decrease rice quality.

In this paper, the heavy metal leaching of mortar substituted the crushed waste glass as fine aggregate are evaluated. From the results, when the heavy weight waste glass substitution ratio increase, leching quantities of heavy metal is increased. Therefore, it is needed that the characteristics of heavy metal leching according to waste glass substitution ratio in mortar specimens.

The soil contamination by heavy metals in playgrounds of kindergartens in Vilnius city is analysed in this article. The aim of this research is to investigate and evaluate soil contamination by heavy metals in playgrounds of kindergartens in different territories of Vilnius city. Concentrations of heavy metals were measured using Thermo Fisher Scientific Niton® XL2 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Maximum allowable and background concentrations that are given in Lithuanian hygiene standard and Lithuania geochemical atlas are used to compare and evaluate concentrations of heavy metals. Concentrations of heavy metals and their spatial distribution were analysed in order to exclude the most contaminated areas relating with different functional areas of the city. Geo-statistical analysis and maps of spatial distribution were developed using IDW interpolator in ArcMap software. Detail soil surveys helps to assess the extent of anthropogenic impact in different parts of the city which can be harmful to the soil ecosystem and human health. Such researches can help to change or select different function for city areas in territorial planning process.

Bottom sediment pollution with heavy metals of the Sventoji River in Ukmerge, Lithuania using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is analyzed in this article. During the research, qualitative and quantitative parameters of heavy metal concentrations and their distribution were investigated. This article presents obtained results of study, where bottom sediment samples were examined from both shores of the river of Sventoji. During this research, received data was treated using GIS software, which helped to interpolate the data of concentrations into the research polygon of the river. GIS software also helped to evaluate the urban runoff influence to the bottom sediment quality and exclude sources of pollution. The runoff dischargers which transport surface wastewater to the river were registered before sampling. At the mouth of streams, flowing into the river of Sventoji, additional samples were taken. After comprehensive river bottom sediment research there is a possibility to assess the extent of anthropogenic activity and its impact on the river ecosystem and human health.