본 연구는 이론과 실무를 겸비한 중·소 외식업소의 경영자를 양성하기 위한 외식사업과의 교과과정을 개발하기 위한 결과이다. 외식업계의 직무분석과 외식관련과의 교과과정에 대한 분석 및 설문지에 의한 조사로 외식사업과의 모형 교과과정을 개발하였으며, 개설하려는 교과목들은 1) 식품과 식품위생에 관련된 과목, 2) 조리에 관련된 과목, 3) 식당경영과 서비스에 관련된 과목, 4) 실무를 익힐 수 있는 과목과, 5) 외국어 관련 과목들이다. 외식사업과를 개설하였을 때 기대되는 효과로는 1) 외식관련 전문직업인의 양성, 2) 외식관련 산업에 대한 연구의 활성화, 3) 전통 식문화의 정립, 4) 관광 산업의 활성화, 5) 외식업 종사자의 자질 향상 등이다.

한국지질자원연구원은 기관차원의 연구활동에 따른 온실가스 감축 기여를 활성화하고자, 온실가스 배 출량 산정 가이드라인을 개발하고 이를 적용하고자 하였다. 이에 시범적으로 2022년도에 현재 수행중인 기본사 업 34건의 R&D 활동 그 자체에 의한 온실가스 배출량 규모를 파악하였다. 개별과제의 연구계획 내용과 예 산내역을 분석하여 여러 온실가스 배출범위와 경계를 정하였으며, 직접배출원, 간접배출원, 기타 직·간접 배출원 등 22건을 도출하여 해당 연구활동에 의한 배출량을 시범 산정하였다. 그 결과, 한국지질자원연구원 2022년 도 기본사업 R&D 활동에 의한 온실가스 배출량은 전체 2,041.506 tCO2eq으로 산정되었고, 그 중 직접 배출 량은 793.235 tCO2eq (38.86%), 간접 배출량은 305.647 tCO2eq (14.97%), 기타 직·간접 배출량은 942.624 tCO2eq (46.18%) 이었다. 2022년도 한국지질자원연구원의 기본사업 투입예산(총액 966.61억원)에서 1억원당 온실가스 배출량은 2.11 tCO2eq으로 산정되었고, 참여연구원 1인당(참여율 100% 감안) 온실가스 배출량은 4.800 tCO2eq으로 추정되었다. 이러한 연구과제의 온실가스 배출량 산정연구는 1회성 보다는 지속적으로 매 년 정기적으로 수행하고, 최소 5년 이상 정도의 축적이 이뤄져야만 연구분야 특성과 연구방법의 상이에 따른 배출량 증감 및 특이사항의 정형화가 가능할 것이며, 향후 배출량 관리방향 설정과 ESG경영의 환경부문 기 여도 평가에도 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

This study aims to make a revitalizing plan for managing and maintaining of facilities which were installed after the rural development projects. The survey was conducted to examine some issues of operating facilities from the developing plan. There were some factors that should be considered in the establishment stage of the project plan when promoting rural development projects. Among them, the preservation and maintenance of rurality, consistency with business plans, connectivity with local resources, and ease of maintenance were less reflective than its importance. And for each facility, systematic consulting on appropriate scale and operational management plans and detailed planning is needed.. It's also necessary to plan action so that the local community can lead. The current or future rural development project will be succeeded when local governments support to strengthening their local groups or people’s abilities.

The purpose of this study is to figure out the current condition of local governments (Si or Gun) to implement rural development policy in the face of the central government’s drive for increasing devolution. Since late 1990s or early 2000s when scope of rural policy began to expand quantitatively, there has been considerable increase in rural residents’ participation into community projects as a whole. Nevertheless, there exists regional differentiation in local governments’ efforts to systematically support rural development projects (CRDP: Comprehensive Rural Development Programme) and community activities by setting up intermediary organizations or hiring rural development professionals in a public office. According to this survey on local government officials, regions that have made such efforts to support rural policy at a local level, show more advanced level of institutional capacity than other regions in local decision making process for CRDP, role of strategic rural developmental plans, vitality of community actors, etc. In the era of increasing devolution, these differences can be expected to result in diverging performances of each area in regionalized rural policy. The central government needs to introduce EU’s LEADER-type rural development programmes to support community acitivities by various local actors and at the same time promote local governance building for rural policy, adopting institutional rewarding system such as rural planning contract.

The purpose of this study is to measure the cost-benefit of a road construction project in Vietnam through international development cooperation, which includes private grants and Official Development Assistance(ODA). In developing countries, it is difficult and costly to use data on markets, the CVM(Contingent Valuation Method) to measure the WTP(Willingness-to-Pay) as the benefits of road construction are used. A total of 232 villagers in 16 villages of Lao Cai Province in Northern Vietnam have been surveyed. It is found that the Benefit-Cost Ratio(B/C) in all 3 models are found to be well over 1.0, ranging from 2.8 to 3.64 with the discount rate of 0.06. These BC ratios imply the road construction project in Lao Cai can be justified. Also, it is found that the shortened travel time is the most relevant factor for WTP among direct benefits and the enhanced academic achievement of the children is the most relevant factor among indirect benefits, due to easier and faster access to schools, which in turn increase the school attendance rate. The result of this study can be used to justify other similar projects in Vietnam, even though the benefits may have to be reassessed in other countries.

This study aims to offer base line data for efficient conflicts control measures by first, analyzing the current situation of the regional comprehensive development project and second, identifying level, type and cause of the conflicts appeared during the development business promotion. For this purpose, theoretical side of this study establishes a basic frame by reviewing the existing researches in order to analyze the characteristics of the conflicts between the participation subjects in the development business, and the empirical side conducts survey and analysis on the awareness on these conflicts. As a result of the analysis, the survey revealed the followings. First, the respondents were aware of the overall promotions of the business quite positively, second, the conflicts were considered as a major obstacle against the development project promotion just as the other negative factors, third, majority of the responses on the seriousness of the conflicts were neutral which meant that the conflicts could be deepened by situations, fourth, most respondents had positive recognition on the needs of conflict control training and its effectiveness, and last but not least, most respondents of the survey revealed their intentions to take parts in trouble shooting from the conflicts. Based on the results above, we were able to extract several elements to consider preparing the countermeasures for the conflicts. First, specific plan should be arranged and institutionalized in order to control the conflicts between the residents at the initial stage of the development business or even before. Second, the specific plan must lower its threshold for easy participation of the residents in that region and make the residents main body of the conflict control. Third, enhanced conflict control education must be provided to the residents of the region where comprehensive development plan is in progress or being prepared.

The study was intended to identify the effect of the rural development projects (comprehensive improvement of the seats of Eup and Myeon and regional unit comprehensive development projects) on the quality of life in rural areas against local residents living in areas subject to those projects by means of structural equation modeling based on covariance structure analysis. The result indicated that perception factors affecting the quality of life for residents in rural areas by the projects included ‘improvement in spatial environment’, ‘increase in vitality of rural areas’, and ‘promotion of community activities.’ It was also suggested that ‘improvement in spatial environment’ and ‘increase in vitality of rural areas’ have significantly positive effect on the quality of life for residents in rural areas while the former has relatively higher correlation. In comparison between comprehensive improvement of the seats of Eup and Myeon and regional unit comprehensive development projects, it was analyzed that all the perception factors of the comprehensive improvement of the seats of Eup and Myeon have effect on the quality of life for residents in rural areas indicating that comprehensive improvement of the seats of Eup and Myeon is more effective than regional unit comprehensive development projects in promoting the community activities. It means that existing rural development projects have been promoted to improve spatial environment rather than improving the quality of life for residents in rural areas. Thus, it is considered that the rural development projects in future should seek for a sense of community so that they can induce voluntary participation by local residents.

The purpose of this study is to introduce a rural development project utilized Participatory Rural Appraisal(PRA), which has been widely developed and applied as an approach and methods for participatory rural development since 1990’s. In the ODA project titled as “Happiness Program”, a comprehensive community development program designed and conducted by KOICA for underprivileged ethnic minorities in Lao Cai province, Vietnam, the villagers were able to analyse the realities of their situations, to plan, to act, and to monitor and evaluate their actions for improvement through all the processes of PRA utilization. Apart from the successful implementation of participatory rural development activities, this project also made a contribution to extending our knowledge about PRA by presenting the monitoring and evaluation system built for the project and the impact analyzed by the system such as increase in villagers’ annual income, expansion of infrastructure, capacity development and etc.

일반적으로 보도블록은 주로 행인들이 이용하는 도로에 일정 크기와 형상으로 이루어진 블록체를 배열하여 먼지 등이 발생하는 것을 방지하고, 도로 미화를 위하여 설치된다. 이러한 보도블록은 다양한 종류의 재질로 제조되는데, 일반적으로는 콘크리트를 성형하여 제조한 콘크리트 블록이 많이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 콘크리트로 제조된 보도블록의 경우, 시멘트의 특성상 우천 시 빗물의 배수가 원활하지 않다. 콘크리트 보도블록은 쇄석 등의 골재와 모래 및 시멘트를 일정 비율로 혼합한 뒤 소정의 형상을 갖는 형틀에서 찍어낸 후 경화시켜 제조되는 블록이다. 콘크리트 보도블록은 형틀에 따라 다양한 형상으로 제작이 가능하다. 보행로나 인도 등에 서로 무늬나 형상을 서로 맞물리게 반복적으로 배열 설치되도록 지면 위에 모래를 깐 뒤 그 위에 밀착 고정시키게 되므로 대기와 지면 사이의 수분은 물론 공기도 거의 통과 될 수 없을 정도로 밀착 차단되고 내부 재질의 조직이 치밀하여 블록면에서는 어떠한 빗물이나 공기도 통과될 수 없게 된다. 종래의 콘크리트 투수블록은 강도와 투수율이 낮고 표층부의 골재 탈락이 발생하여 제품이 부분적으로 파손되는 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 시멘트를 많이 사용하면 강도는 좋아지나 투수율이 낮아지고, 투수율을 높이기 위해 시멘트를 적게 사용하면 강도가 낮아져, 표층부의 골재가 탈락하고 파손되는 문제점이 있다. 일반적으로 석재가공 공정 시 발생하는 석재 폐기물인 석재슬러지는 폐기물업자를 통해서 유상으로 버려지는 경우가 태반이다. 이런 폐기물을 재활용함으로서 고부가 자원화 기술을 통하여 친환경적 자원화에 기여하고 재활용 기술을 개발함에 있어 부가적인 응용기술개발이 가능하게 되었다.

The purpose of this study is to understand the master plan of “The project on a comprehensive village development with a unit of a based township” through the master plan analysis and to help understand the implications of this project in order to maintain rural villages that can make local residents satisfied with them and promote the project of comprehensive rural village development as a successful way based on a comparative analysis through the in-site survey. The processes of this study are as follows. First, the analysis of development planning created a drawing based on linking business strategy by each region. The current situation and characteristics of planned public spaces were analyzed through the analysis of location and distribution of public spaces and facilities. Second, the situation analysis was performed by the task of shooting based on the basic plan information, and the master plan and status were confirmed through interviews. Also, the analysis of location and distribution of public spaces and facilities was conducted by a created drawings based on a survey. Finally, the detailed information of public spaces and facilities was compared with the investigation by in-site survey and analyzed through the Master Plan Strategy and a detailed classification of the types of facilities among each regional issues. In addition, by overlapping the planned drawings with the results, the results of formations were confirmed and the planned positional changes and the distribution of facilities were analyzed. As the results of “The project of comprehensive village development with a unit of based township”, it was determined that there were many issues on cultural and welfare facilities in this project to meet the business objectives. Also, the facilities the residents needed, identified by interviews, were rural tourism facilities. According to the results, the residents cherished rural tourism facilities as much as basic living facilities. However, as the results of comparative analysis of public spaces and facilities, it was confirmed that mostly the plan was unfulfilled. Therefore, it is concluded that living, cultural and welfare facilities in the township can be maintained and expanded comprehensively as a purpose of “The project of comprehensive village development with a unit of based township” after not only planning process but also the project is fulfilled actually in rural areas.

In this research, we reappraise saemaul project which is a leading role of rural development in a present perspectives and deduct social and political implications for rural development. For deducting problems and implications, related documents and previous researches are reviewed. Administration statistics are also gathered and analyzed for monitoring detailed projects propulsion progress and results. Samaul project is reappraised based on previous researches such as rural development, regional agricultural production system improvement, agricultural distribution system improvement, leader breeding, income improvement, and governance. Saemaul project has basically positive characteristics because of decreasing growth gap of urban and rural area by empowering cooperation of rural residents, instilling leadership, making village fund, constricting networks of government and urban area for administrative and financial assistant. In conclusion, there are implications that continues interests of most powerful sovereignty and comprehensive assistant of government are needed for overcome agricultural and rural crisis. Saemaulundong is a united and systematic approach in village level. In south korea where most of farms are small size, village or regional level assistants started in saemaulundong are still needed. In regional development, we can infer that will and ability development of participated residents are most basic and important factors for successful project propulsion in saemaul project.

This study is intended to prepare an revitalization plan of region where rural development project is completed through an analysis of the actual condition of facility operation and maintenance in the region where the project is completed. The results of survey of actual condition of facility operation in the region where rural development project was completed showed that the facilities were not self-sufficient in terms of operation and maintenance cost. Therefore, a prerequisite to the revitalization of region where the project is completed is to prepare an alternative plan for increasing the efficiency and applicability of currently already prepared facilities. Second, a project operation organization system should be streamlined and the competency of operation personnel should continue to be strengthened. Third, it is necessary to prepare a support system and establish cooperation networks for increasing the extensibility of project and continuing to induce community revitalization in the region where the project is completed in the future.

고로슬래그는 선철 과정 중 고로에서 발생되는 대표적인 부산물이다. 이러한 고로슬래그는 건설재료 중심으로 다방면에 사용되고 있으며, 그 사용량은 급격하게 증가하는 추세이다. 일반적으로 시멘트 혼합재로 사용되는 슬래그는 급랭슬래그이며, 동일 조성을 갖는 서랭 슬래그라 하더라도 자유에너지가 낮아 물질 자체가 안정하여 반응성이 매우 낮기 때문이다. 급랭(수쇄) 슬래그는 준안정 상태로 존재하기 때문에 외부의 자극에 따라 쉽게 새로운 반응 생성물 또는 수화물로 변화하는 특징을 갖는다. 그러나, 슬래그 자체의 활성화가 초기에 손쉽게 이루어지지 않아, 시멘트 초기 강도저하 및 응결 지연 등을 일으키는 단점을 갖고 있다. 이러한 이유에서 시멘트 자극제로서 석고류(황산염 등)가 일반적으로 사용되고 있으며, 이는 슬래그의 5% 수준이다. 일반적으로 슬래그 자극제로서 슬래그시멘트의 초기 강도 보완을 위해 천연무수석고가 사용되고 있으며, 이는 고가의 수입산(태국, 중국)에 전량 의존하고 있다. 이에 대한 방안으로 화력 발전소의 산업부산물인 배연탈황석고를 일부 사용하고 있으나, 초기 강도 보완이라는 목적을 충분히 달성할 수 없는 실정이다. 배연탈황석고 사용으로 인한 초기 강도 개선을 위해 황산염과 알칼리 성분인 CaO 성분이 다량 함유된 열병합발전소 Fly-Ash와 유리생산공정의 부산물인 망초를 알칼리자극제로 혼합 사용하여, 수입에 의존하던 천연무수석고의 대체 사용으로 고부가가치자원화 및 천연 자원의 절약 또한 가능하다. 수쇄슬래그는 물과의 반응이 매우 느리게 진행되지만 알칼리 분위기에서는 수화활성을 나타내므로, 재활용 가능한 열병합발전소 Fly-Ash 및 폐기되는 망초를 활용함으로써 고로슬래그의 알칼리 자극제로 이용 가능하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 슬래그 자극제 개발에 따른 슬래그 활성화 조건 도출과 수입산 천연무수석고 대체 사용 방안으로 화력발전소 배연탈황석고, 열병합발전소 Fly-ash, 유리산업의 망초를 기본 원료로 하는 석고 대체재(혼합석고) 개발을 실시하고자 한다.

Although the bottom-up rural area development project was conceived with great expectations, the general evaluation of the project so far reveals that it does not significantly differ from projects carried out in a top-down manner. This paper examines the nature of the bottom-up rural area development project with a focus on its background, including the roles of authority and project participants. Results revealed that the project was designed to be implemented in line with the state affairs ideology of the leader in a negative position of bureaucratic society. Though the form of implementation for the project seemed bottom-up as seen in the process of the roles and authorities in supporting organizations the top-down method of implementation can be seen in the authorities and roles of the central government. It was also noticed that the private sector, designed to elicit participation of various experts, looked to be managed and controlled by public organizations. The abovementioned signifies that the Korea rural area development project has been implemented not in a bottom-up manner but rather in an ever-strong top-down manner, which means that the central government holds more responsibility for the project's results, evaluation, and discussions. Furthermore, as seen in the background of the project, policies have been implemented in a top-down manner without the confidence of the bureaucratic society. Therefore, in order to implement a proper bottom-up rural area development project, there is a need for the bureaucratic society to have confidence in the rural societies.

The comprehensive rural village development projects (CRVDP) have been carried out as the core one of the rural development schemes in Korea since 2004. CRVDP included the various rural experience programs to increase rural income and in order to promote rural community development in the project area. This study analyzed the operating management conditions, types and characteristics of the rural experience programs targeting the 168 CRVDPs have been completed so that the recommendations and lessons which were found the usefulness, challenges and improvements to the CRVDP can be provided to be better the same kinds of rural development projects. We identified the relationships between performances such as increasing village income and utilization of rural amenity resources to the CRVDP and operational management types of the rural experience programs as well. Employing principle component analysis and cluster analysis technique, this study found 5 clusters of rural experience programs among 168 CRVDPs. The results of analysis of variance indicated that there were significant the mean differences between clusters such as the utilization of rural amenity resources(0.01), income of rural experience programs(0.1). According to the result of the Chi-squire test, there was very significant differences between internet homepage operation and clusters(0.01). Finally, the analysis of covariance about the income of rural experience programs showed that there were significant the mean differences between clusters(0.05).

In empirical studies on rural development projects, differentiation tends to be considered a strategy aimed at increasing the number of visitors. Rural development projects include the improvement of living environment, and the discussion about project goals and evaluation of project results are often focused on the aspect of rural tourism. Thus, subjective benefits of such projects for residents are omitted. This study examines the meaning of differentiation from the perspective of residents and explores the validity of the number of visitors and the possibility of reflecting residents' subjective score as evaluation indicators for a project. To achieve such an objective, this study uses survey data collected from 153 people in 38 comprehensive development projects in areas of Eup and Myeon, Korea. The results of this study show that differentiation is viewed as a by-product of positive improvement from a rural development project, from the perspective of residents. The effects of rural development are classified into two dimensions: socioeconomic effects and living environmental effects. Landscape improvement is included in the dimension of living environmental effects and an increase in the number of visitors is included in the dimension of socioeconomic effects. As such, they are confirmed to be the factors that determine the level of differentiation. For example, the increase in the number of visitors is confirmed to be a valid indicator of project success, in which two-dimensional characters are reflected. The level of differentiation evaluated by residents is a result of the workings of the above two factors. Unlike in previous studies, the possibility of evaluation based on the perception of residents is confirmed in the evaluation of results. When the level of differentiation is interpreted as the direct result of a project, the number of visitors has an impact on socioeconomic effects, and the project content of landscape improvement has an impact on living environmental effects. The goal of policy and residents is the same in terms of the effort residents may make in maximizing results of a project by themselves; thus, the government's goal is achieved even when a project is carried out under the autonomy of residents. Ultimately, the government should focus on providing conditions in which active citizen participation can not only occur but help to establish a policy direction, which subsequently strengthens the substantial rights of residents.