In order to explore the cosmic ray acceleration at the cosmological shocks, we have performed numerical simulations of one-dimensional, plane-parallel, cosmic ray (CR) modified shocks with the newly developed CRASH (Cosmic Ray Amr SHock) numerical code. Based on the hypothesis that strong Alfven waves are self-generated by streaming CRs, the Bohm diffusion model for CRs is adopted. The code includes a plasma-physics-based 'injection' model that transfers a small proportion of the thermal proton flux through the shock into low energy CRs for acceleration there. We found that, for strong accretion shocks with Mach numbers greater than 10, CRs can absorb most of shock kinetic energy and the accretion shock speed is reduced up to 20%, compared to pure gas dynamic shocks. Although the amount of kinetic energy passed through accretion shocks is small, since they propagate into the low density intergalactic medium, they might possibly provide acceleration sites for ultra-high energy cosmic rays of E > 10 18eV. For internal/merger shocks with Mach numbers less than 3, however, the energy transfer to CRs is only about 10-20% and so nonlinear feedback due to the CR pressure is insignificant. Considering that intracluster medium (ICM) can be shocked repeatedly, however, the CRs generated by these weak shocks could be sufficient to explain the observed non-thermal signatures from clusters of galaxies.

해양환경의 비저항 변화에 따른 모재, Ni도금 및 Cr도금의 분극저항, 부식전류밀도, 부식억제율 및 분극지배기구에 관하여 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) Cr도금 및 Ni도금의 분극저항은 모재의 분극저항보다 더 높게 나타나고, 이들 재료의 분극저항은 비저항이 감소함에 따라 낮아진다. 2) 비저항이 낮아질수록 Cr도금 및 Ni도금의 부식전류밀도는 모재의 부식전류보다 더 억제됨에 따라 Ni 및 Cr도금의 부식억제율은 더 높게 된다. 3) 해양환경의 비정항에 따른 모재, Ni도금 및 Cr 도금의 부식반응은 음극지배로 판단된다.(이 논문의 결론부분임)

Mechanical alloying (MA) by high energy ball mill of Pure chromium Powders was carried out under the nitrogen gas atmosphere. Cr-N amorphous alloy powders have been produced through the solid-gas reaction subjected to MA. The atomic structure during amorphization process was observed by X-ray and neutron diffractions. An advantage of the neutron diffraction technique allows us to observe the local atomic structure surrounding a nitrogen atom. The coordination number of metal atoms around a N atom turns out to be 5.5 atoms. This implies that a nitrogen atom is located at both of centers of the tetrahedron and octahedron formed by metal atoms to stabilize an amorphous Cr-N structure. Also, we have revealed that a Cr-N amorphous alloy may produced from a mixture of pure Cr and Cr nitrides powders by solid-solid reaction during mechanical alloying.

This paper has applied a simple model to the mass transfer mechanism of Cr(VI) with crownether in a batch-type, supported liquid membrane module. Concentration at pH 3 are as follows : 0.012 kmol/m3≤18-crown-6≤0.036 kmol/m3 and 20 g/m3≤ Cr(VI)≤500 g/m3. The measured values of forward- and backward-reaction rate constants between Cr(VI) and 18-crown-6 were used to simulate the model with the mass conservation equation and associated boundary conditions. Comparison between the experimental and simulated facilitated factor of Cr(VI) transport led to classification of reaction regions.

In this work, transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of Ni-Cr heat resisted cast alloy (HP) was investigated. And also the behaviors of the solid particles distributed in the interlayer during TLP bonding were investigated. The MBF-60 and solid particles (Ni, Fe, and powders respectively) added MBF-60 which will be a liquid phase coexisting with solid particles at the bonding temperature were used as insert metal. The effective and sound bonding was possible by spark plasma sinter-bonding due to the differences of electric resistance between base metal and liquid insert layer which creates high temperature region. During the isothermal solidification, particles and solid particles of liquid phase sintered insert metal have shown no growth, while Ni and Fe particles grow rapidly. In this TLP bonding using the MBF-60 and distributed Fe, Ni particles as insert materials, the whole isothermal solidification process was dominated by the growth rate of the solid particles distributed in the interlayer.

CH 렌즈에 가한 웅력을 측정하기 위한 편광기는 광원-편광판-시료-편광판 -CCD컴퓨터로 구성하였고， 각 편광판의 단계별 광 파의 EJ, E2 의 성분올 분석하여， 주 웅 력차 01- σ2 와 무늬 차수 (n) 즐 유도하였다. 시료의 광 축은 주 응력 방향과 일치하 는 것으로부터 2 차원 모텔을 결정할 수 있다. 팡 파에 작용하쓴 이중 룹절성과 위상 지연은 주 웅력차(σ1-σ2) 에 비례하며， 최종 광 파의 세기는 sin2( il /2) 에 비례하고， il/2"nπ(n=O， 1, 2, ... )일 때 홉팡이 일어난다. 크기가 I! xW(40X20mm) 형태인 3.00D 렌즈의 외부 옹력의 크기에 따라 홉광 band가 이동함올 볼 수있고， 최대하증， slope, 최 대 하중 stress 값을 각각 23.99(Kgf), 43.73(Kgf/mm), O.076(Kgf/mm2 ) 값을 얻었다.