Metaverse tourism is blurring the boundaries between the virtual and physical worlds. Among the core technologies in the metaverse world (e.g., Avatar, Virtual reality, Augmented reality, NFTs, etc.), the avatar has the potential power to revolutionise customer experience. Destination management organisation (DMO) can boost customers’ immersion through effective avatar customer journey design (ACJD) in the metaverse world. Yet, there is a lack understanding of how practitioners view an effective ACJD in the metaverse world. This study aims to explore the role of avatars on customer journey design in a metaverse tourism program (e.g., Dunhuang) from practitioners’ perspectives through a qualitative study. This study advances theoretical understanding about metaverse tourism in the tourism literature, and provides important implications for tourism industry on how to design tourist experiences in metaverse tourism.

In recent years, the trend of customer demand and personalization has become more and more obvious. The previous innovation model can no longer meet the diversified needs of consumers. Therefore, firms vigorously develop open innovation to promote internal and external innovation (von Hippel, 1988). With the rapid development of AI technology, open innovation communities have more interactions with the users. Organizations continue to rely on their open innovation community to collect innovative ideas from non-professional customers and then integrate them into their new product development process to produce innovative products that are more in line with customer preferences (Bayus, 2013). At present, the research on user design focuses on how to increase user design implementation and the idea popularity (Yang et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022). Few studies discussed how to motivate consumers to participate in innovative content output from the source. In addition, academic research on user design is mostly limited to management comments, lacking in-depth empirical research (Franke et al. 2008). Previous studies have proved that the number of leading users in the open innovation community is far less than that of non-leading users (Hofstetter et al., 2018), so it is very necessary to improve the willingness of users to participate in community creative activities. With the vigorous development of the new technology, it is an urgent problem to be solved to encourage users to participate in innovation activities and improve the innovation performance of firms (Chesbrough, 2012). Today, firms pay more and more attention on the implementation of AI technology. With AI and user design as the research background, “AI recommendation” and “willingness to design” as the key variables, and the “S-O-R model” and “Self-determination Theory” as the basis, this paper deeply explores whether AI recommendation can be used as a factor affecting user’s participation in design activities from the perspective of users, focusing on the intermediary role of user’s inspiration, competency and self-expression. It also puts forward that product involvement and aesthetic experience openness (Donghwy and Youn, 2018) are the boundary conditions that affect user’s willingness to participate in design. The results show that user’s willingness to participate in design is higher when providing AI recommedation, and the sense of inspiration, competence and self-expression play a mediating role in it. Furthermore, the results show that when product involvement is high, users are more willing to participate in design. Similarly, users with a high degree of aesthetic experience openness are more willing to participate in design activities. This study enriches the theory of enterprise community management, promote the internal information flow of the open innovation community, and provide theoretical guidance and reference for firms to optimize the new product design process.

The GMT-Consortium Large Earth Finder (G-CLEF) is the first instrument for the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). G-CLEF is a fiber feed, optical band echelle spectrograph that is capable of extremely precise radial velocity measurement. G-CLEF Flexure Control Camera (FCC) is included as a part in G-CLEF Front End Assembly (GCFEA), which monitors the field images focused on a fiber mirror to control the flexure and the focus errors within GCFEA. FCC consists of an optical bench on which five optical components are installed. The order of the optical train is: a collimator, neutral density filters, a focus analyzer, a reimager and a detector (Andor iKon-L 936 CCD camera). The collimator consists of a triplet lens and receives the beam reflected by a fiber mirror. The neutral density filters make it possible a broad range star brightness as a target or a guide. The focus analyzer is used to measure a focus offset. The reimager focuses the beam from the collimator onto the CCD detector focal plane. The detector module includes a linear translator and a field de-rotator. We performed thermoelastic stress analysis for lenses and their mounts to confirm the physical safety of the lens materials. We also conducted the global structure analysis for various gravitational orientations to verify the image stability requirement during the operation of the telescope and the instrument. In this article, we present the opto-mechanical detailed design of G-CLEF FCC and describe the consequence of the numerical finite element analyses for the design.

중국의 고령화 사회가 도래함에 따라 가족의 노후는 사회의 주 요 노후 방법 중 하나가 되었으며 중국인들은 음식, 특히 노인을 좋아하고 스스로 요리하는 것을 선호하며 음식 생산 장소, 주방 은 노인의 생활 공간의 일부로써 주택에서 자주 사용되고 가사 노동이 가장 집중되는 곳이며 노인에게도 사고가 발생하기 쉬운 곳입니다.무장애 장비와 시설이 완비된 무장애 주방은 노인의 능 력 부족을 극복하고 보상하며 노인에게 안전하고 편안하며 자립 적인 주방 생활 환경을 제공하고 노인의 생활과 정신의 요구를 충족시켜 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있다.본문은 자기관리 능력이 있는 노인을 연구대상으로 하여 노인의 생리적 특징과 심리적 특 징을 두 가지 차원에서 분석하고, 무장애 주방설계의 이념과 원 칙을 결합하여 주방공간의 평면배치와 조작과정, 주방입면의 설 계원칙을 설명하고, 노인의 주방작업의 행동패턴과 생리적 특징 을 통해 노인의 주방작업시 실제 수요를 분석하여 노인의 무장애 주방공간의 설계원칙과 주방설계를 제안한다.노인의 주방 업무에 대한 장벽을 줄이고 노동 강도를 줄이며 작업 효율성을 높이고 노인의 신체적, 정신적 편안함을 높다.동시에 관련 디자인 분야에 대한 참고 자료를 제공 한다.

In this study, a survey focusing on the status of clothing interest, inconveniences resulting from clothing, preferred design items, etc. was conducted on 364 elderly women to suggest aesthetically and functionally appropriate indoor wear design for at home elderly women aged 60 years or older. The survey results showed that in general, the respondents’ interest in clothing was high, and more respondents in their 70s or older had difficulty in the action of opening and closing. With respect to considerations when purchasing clothes, color was considered more important than design as respondent’s age increased, and size was regarded as the most important factor especially among those in their 80s. The preferred top styles were T-shirts and blouses among those in their 60s and 70s, and T-shirts and shirts among those in their 80s. The preferred sleeve lengths were “below the elbow” and “above the wrist” in all age groups. The preferred sleeve hem type was “tightening” in all age groups. The most preferred bottom styles were “straight-leg pants” and “elastic waistband.” This study suggests the design items of indoor wear, including top, bottom, and overgarment for warmth, appropriate for elderly women at home based on the survey results. The study results are expected to serve as basic data necessary for the revitalization of the clothing industry for elderly women.

This research introduced a command-filtered backstepping control of mirror system to maintain laser communication between satellite and ground station. This requires a 2 degree of freedom gimbal mirror system using DC motors for target acquisition, pointing, and tracking (APT) system. This APT system is used for laser communication between satellite and ground stations. To track these desired angles, we have to control DC motors using introduced command-filtered backstepping controller (CFBSC) with disturbance. Command filtered backstepping controller has second order filter instead differentiation for simple and fast calculation. Introduced command-filtered backstepping control gives a smooth control signal for intermediate states. Simulation results verify that CFBSC outperforms SMC in terms of tracking error and disturbance rejection.

중국의 고건축물(古建築物)은 인류문명중의 걸작으로 고대인 의 출중한 지혜와 정밀한 기예 및 장인정신의 결정체이다. 이 들 건축물의 기세는 성대하며 건축양식의 풍채 또한 독특하며 정교하고 섬세하였다. 특히 중국 강남 지역의 고건축물은 원림 (園林), 수곽(水廓, 水鄕) 등과 청와(靑瓦)와 백벽(白壁)으로 이 루어진 독특한 풍경을 지니고 있다. 또한 그 청와와 백벽으로 이루어진 고건축물 중에서도 강남지역의 독특한 예술매력을 보 여주는 휘파(徽派) 건축이 가장 대표적이다. 오늘날 현대 장신구 디자인에서는 전통문화에 대한 전수와 계승, 그리고 정감 및 예술에 대한 사상의 구현을 더욱 중요시 하고 있다. 이에 본고에서는 강남지역의 청와와 백벽 건축물의 요소를 현대 장신구의 디자인에 유입함을 연구하였다. 휘파(徽 派)건축의 수묵(水墨)양식 건축은 청신하고 아담하며 고풍스러 운 느낌이다. 이는 현대 장신구의 수수하고 진중하며 개성적인 모습으로 전개되어 전통적인 장신구와의 귀족적적이며 화려하 고 고루함 등과 상대적으로 차별이 되었다. 이들 휘파(徽派) 건 축물과 현대 디자인은 예술형식의 융합이며 전통에 대한 추억 이다. 그러므로 본고는 현대 예술 디자인의 창조적인 탐색이다. 이를 바탕으로 장신구 디자인을 탐구하는 동학들에게 새로운 디자인의 창의와 폭넓은 사고에 도움이 되길 바란다.

The production process of ultra-pure water (UPW) involves dozens of unit processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), pretreatments, membrane degasifier, and several ion exchange processes. Recently, continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) has replaced the 2-bed and 3-tower (2B3T) ion exchange process. As a result, the majority of wastewater in UPW production now comes from the RO concentrate. The important of RO in UPW production is to produce high-quality water with a low ion concentration (around 1 mg/L) for CEDI feed water. Minimizing RO concentrate is essential to reduce the wastewater produced in the UPW production process. This can be achieved by maximizing the recovery of the RO system. However, increasing the recovery is limited by the water quality of the RO permeate. To ensure high-quality permeate water, the RO system is designed with a two-pass configuration. The recovery of each pass in the RO system is limited (e.g., < 85%) due to the expected increase in permeate water concentration at higher RO feed water concentrations. Interestingly, tests using 4-inch RO modules with low concentration feed water (≤ 35 mg/L as NaCl) revealed that the permeate concentration remains almost constant regardless of the feed water concentration. This implies that the recovery of the first RO pass can be increased as long as the average feed/concentrate concentration of the second RO pass is less than 35 mg/L. According to this design criterion for the RO system, the recovery of the first and second RO pass, with a feed water concentration of 250 mg/L as NaCl, can be increased up to 94.8% and 96.0%, respectively. Compared to the conventional RO system design (e.g., 70% and 80% for the first and second RO pass) for UPW production, this maximum recovery design reduces the volume of RO feed and concentrate by up to 38.4% and 89.2%, respectively.

Construction industry is considered as one of the most high-risk industries for work-related injuries and fatalities, accounting for more than half of fatalities in Korea. Advanced countries have recognized the critical role of designers in preventing construction accidents and have established regulations on design for safety. In line with this, the Korean government have also implemented regulations that require owners and designers to review the safety of design outcomes. However, it has been observed that designers face challenges in identifying hazards and integrating design solutions at the design stage mainly due to their shortage of required knowledge and skills. This study aimed to examine design solutions that can be applied to prevent fall accidents in the construction industry, and to establish a relationship between these solutions and fatal fall accidents occurred over the past three years in Korea. This study also analyzed the relationships of four variables (construction type, cost, work type, and fall location) with design solutions. The results indicated that all four variables have significant relationships with design solutions, with fall location showing the strongest relationship. The design solutions and their relationships with fatal fall accidents identified in this study can be utilized in identifying hazard and integrating design solutions to ensure design for safety.

본 연구는 고속도로용 RC 교각 기둥구조에 대하여 축방향 기존 철근을 중공철근으로 대체하는 설계방안을 제시하였 다. 동일직경 기준으로 기존 이형철근을 중공철근으로 대체할 수 있는 합리적인 설계방안을 제시하였으며, 기존 축방향 배근량 을 감소하는 방안을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 설계방안을 검증하기 위하여 3차원 유한요소 구조해석을 수행하였으며, 압 축하중에 의한 변수 수치해석을 통하여 본 연구에서 제안한 방안의 타당성을 제시하였다. 향후 다양한 변수 수치해석 및 실물 시험을 통하여 본 연구에서 제시한 설계방안에 대한 추가 검증이 필요하다.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is widely applied to various engineering fields. Especially, RL has shown successful performance for control problems, such as vehicles, robotics, and active structural control system. However, little research on application of RL to optimal structural design has conducted to date. In this study, the possibility of application of RL to structural design of reinforced concrete (RC) beam was investigated. The example of RC beam structural design problem introduced in previous study was used for comparative study. Deep q-network (DQN) is a famous RL algorithm presenting good performance in the discrete action space and thus it was used in this study. The action of DQN agent is required to represent design variables of RC beam. However, the number of design variables of RC beam is too many to represent by the action of conventional DQN. To solve this problem, multi-agent DQN was used in this study. For more effective reinforcement learning process, DDQN (Double Q-Learning) that is an advanced version of a conventional DQN was employed. The multi-agent of DDQN was trained for optimal structural design of RC beam to satisfy American Concrete Institute (318) without any hand-labeled dataset. Five agents of DDQN provides actions for beam with, beam depth, main rebar size, number of main rebar, and shear stirrup size, respectively. Five agents of DDQN were trained for 10,000 episodes and the performance of the multi-agent of DDQN was evaluated with 100 test design cases. This study shows that the multi-agent DDQN algorithm can provide successfully structural design results of RC beam.

Korean innovative SMR has been implemented developing with improved safety/economy and i- SMR technology development project to secure a competitive edge in SMR. For nuclear power plants, according to the revision of the Nuclear Safety Act (2013.6), it is mandatory to be reflected in the aging management program of nuclear power plants, and the aging management and regulation of major nuclear power plants are being strengthened. For i-SMR, chemistry environment and management strategy is essential to mitigate corrosion and radiation fields, since it has compacted and integrated module designs. Since 1994, zinc injection into the reactor coolant system (RCS) has been applied more than 100 PWRs in the world to mitigate primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) and to reduce outof- core radiation fields. In domestic NPPs, 7 have been applying zinc injection and had up to 90% radiation field reductions. For this reason, SMR needs to apply zinc injection for chemistry strategy. Zinc target concentration will be 5~40 ppb at i-SMR, based on Ni-Fe-Cr materials as same as PWRs. Zinc injection location is in volume and purification control system between the volume control tank and charging P/P where the pressure is moderate. Zinc injection skid can consist of two micro-controllable pump (one for operation and one for stand-by) and one injection tank (batching tank for zinc solution). Zn, Ni, Si, Fe, and activated corrosion products should be monitored to identify zinc injection controls and trends. Flux mapping for core performance monitoring should be evaluated. The application of zinc will be essential and effective and bring sustainable reliability for corrosion control and mitigation strategy to meet the risk-free i-SMR development.

In this study, in relation to the demolition of the building as a research reactor, in order to establish a basic design for preparation for relocation and installation of the TRIGA Mark-II, the present conditions such as actual measurements and structural safety were investigated, as well as technologies and cases related to the relocation and installation of cultural properties. Based on this, the basic design for the relocation and installation of cultural assets was established by reviewing the disassembly and transport design of the TRIGA Mark-II and the basic plan for the relocation site. Although the structural safety of the current self-weight of the structure is judged to be reasonable, when lifting the structure, it is necessary to consider a method of lifting the foundation by reinforcing the foundation so that the tensile force can be minimized in the structure. As for the technology to be applied before TRIGA Mark-II, the technology before non-transplacement was confirmed as the most reasonable method in terms of preserving the original form, securing safety, and securing economic feasibility. Among the non-replacement technologies, the methods that can be applied before reactor 1 can be largely classified into three types. The three methods to be reviewed can be largely classified into the traditional rail movement method, the movement method using transport equipment, and the crane movement method. Each required period was calculated from the basic design results, and the modular trailer method was judged to be the most efficient. From the basic design results, the required period for each stage according to the mobile construction method was calculated. Depending on the calculation result, the modular trailer method is judged to be the most efficient. However, the final construction method should be selected according to the detailed design results. Overall, the results obtained through this study suggest that it is possible to create a memorial hall without the previous installation of TRIGA Mark-II if the structure foundation is composed independently of the building foundation after conducting a detailed characteristic investigation on the foundation of the TRIGA Mark-II structure.

A vitrification facility control area is formed to control and monitor the vitrification facility process, and the control system is designed to manage the vitrification facility more safely and effectively. The control system is largely composed of a process control system and an off-gas monitoring system. The process control system is operated so that operation variables can be maintained in a normal state even in normal and transient conditions, and is designed so that the vitrification facility can be stably maintained in the event of an abnormality in the facility. The process control system consists of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Local Control Panel (LCP), which controls and monitors each unit device. In addition, operation variables are provided to the operator so that the operator can manage operation variables during process control in a centralized manner for the operation of the vitrification facility. The off-gas monitoring system is operated to monitor whether the off-gas discharged to the environment is stably maintained within the standard level, and the off-gas is monitored through an independent monitoring system.