For the effective seedling production of the hard shelled mussel, Mytilus coruscus, this study assessed the effects of the dietary value of live food, density, water temperature and salinity on growth and survival rate of the larvae. The optimal survival rate and growth rate were examined under differing conditions of water temperature, salinity, and rearing density for 30 days. The three groups were provided different feeding organisms, such as Isochrysis galbana and Teleaulax suecica. The mixtures were provided at a rate of 5×104 cell mL-1. The best growth was observed in the group with conditions 21℃ water temperature (16.2±9.1 μm), 33 psu of salinity (16.82±3.9 μm), 2500 individual m-2 (17.2±5.9 μm), and fed with 5×104 cell mL-1 of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture (16.0±7.3 μm). The highest survival rate was found in the group at conditions 18℃ water temperature (66.4%), 33 psu of salinity (24.4%), 2500 individual m-2 (65.8%), and fed with 5×104 cell mL-1 of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture (58.8%). We therefore conclude that the suitable culture conditions for the stable production of hard shelled mussel artificial seedlings was at 18 to 21℃ of temperature, 30 to 33 psu of salinity, 2500 to 5000 individual m-2 of rearing density, and feeding supplement of 5×104 cell mL-1 of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture under semi running water system.

Among the Fire Protection in the interior representative case are spray coat, board, Paint. Intumescent paint has been developed that price competitiveness manufactures and Fire-resistances certificate was verified by experiment. Recent three-hour fire resistance performance developed Intumescent paint is applied as a high-rise, and major structures designed according to the refractory needs to be more efficient. However, domestic and outside the thermal properties of Intumescent paint materials are not proposed. Meanwhile, Intumescent paint in fire is built char layer since the 500∼60 0℃ and middle layer is formed by the decuple intumescent char more then cover thickness at room temperature. It is cut temperature flow off to the steel surface. Nonetheless, Bond Strength of steel and paint deprive as the intumescent char increases. and then steel surface are exposed to flame instantaneously. In this study, intumescent char estimate according to structural parameter(Fire resistance, cover thickness, shape ratio).

This present study deals with the effect of micro-alloying elements and transformation temperature on the correlation of microstructure and tensile properties of low-carbon steels with ferrite-pearlite microstructure. Six kinds of lowcarbon steel specimens were fabricated by adding micro-alloying elements of Nb, Ti and V, and by varying isothermal transformation temperature. Ferrite grain size of the specimens containing mirco-alloying elements was smaller than that of the Base specimens because of pinning effect by the precipitates of carbonitrides at austenite grain boundaries. The pearlite interlamellar spacing and cementite thickness decreased with decreasing transformation temperature, while the pearlite volume fraction was hardly affected by micro-alloying elements and transformation temperature. The room-temperature tensile test results showed that the yield strength increased mostly with decreasing ferrite grain size and elongation was slightly improved as the ferrite grain size and pearlite interlamellar spacing decreased. All the specimens exhibited a discontinuous yielding behavior and the yield point elongation of the Nb4 and TiNbV specimens containing micro-alloying elements was larger than that of the Base specimens, presumably due to repetitive pinning and release of dislocation by the fine precipitates of carbonitrides.

Among the Fire Protection in the interior representative case are spray coat, board, Paint. Intumescent paint has been developed that price competitiveness manufactures and Fire-resistances certificate was verified by experiment. Recent three-hour fire resistance performance developed Intumescent paint is applied as a high-rise, and major structures designed according to the refractory needs to be more efficient. However, domestic and outside the thermal properties of Intumescent paint materials are not proposed. Meanwhile, Intumescent paint in fire is built char layer since the 500∼60 0℃ and middle layer is formed by the decuple intumescent char more then cover thickness at room temperature. It is cut temperature flow off to the steel surface. Nonetheless, Bond Strength of steel and paint deprive as the intumescent char increases. and then steel surface are exposed to flame instantaneously. In this study, intumescent char estimate according to structural parameter(Fire resistance, cover thickness, shape ratio).

To assess the temperature change effects on Collembola communities, we selected 9 Korean mountains in different latitudes. Top soil was collected and Collembola extracted from 3 sites in different elevation in each mountain. Extracted Collembola were sorted to genera and this data were summarized as total abundance, family richness and diversity. Additionally, soil temperature in each plot, physical and chemical properties of the soil was investigated and that correlated with Collembola community data. Average soil temperature and soil properties affected patterns in Collembola abundance and family richness. The results indicate that temperature change and soil properties strongly affected Collembola communities. Therefore, Climate change has high potential to affect Collembola communities.

Asitic apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura, is an important pest in apple orchard, however its reproductive characteristics and seasonal adaption is poorly understood. The longevity and fecundity of P. ringoniella were investigated at seven constant temperatures (13.7, 15.6, 20.5, 23.7, 26.1, 30.2, and 32.3℃), 60-80% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Female adult longevity increased as the temperature decreased. The highest fecundity was obtained at 15.6℃ (65.2 eggs/female), and the fecundity decreased as temperature increased. The oviposition model were comprised by four components: adult aging rate model, total fecundity model, age-specific oviposition rate model, and age-specific survival rate model. Female adult aging rates were well described by an inverse second-order polynomial function and the total fecundity model was well described by an extreme value function. Age-specific cumulative oviposition rate was well fitted to a three-parameter Weibull function and age-specific survival rate to a sigmoid function, respectively. The model would be useful in developing population model for P. ringoniella and establishing management strategy against P. ringoniella in apple orchards.

This study is aimed to find out whether there is difference in the physiological change of a human body according to the illumination and color of interior space or not and to specify the effect of the condition of illumination and color, respectively on the attention. In order to do so, White and Green were selected for colors and 4,000k, 5,000k, and 6000k were done for color temperature, and then attention was identified. Examining the results, the more color temperature increased, the more attention improved (P < 0.05), and in the case of EEG, α wave decreased while performing the task of attention (P < 0.01), and β wave decreased more in Green than White in color condition, and it increased more in 4,000k than 5,000k and 6,000k (p < 0.05) in color temperature condition. To sum up, color condition didn't contribute to the attention much, in the case of color temperature, when it is 6,000k, it is judged that it helped to improve attention. It is considered that relaxation contributed to improving attention, as β wave and sympathetic nerve decreased in 6,000k (p < 0.05). It is judged that the relaxation of tensions which happened due to a beta wave and the reduction of sympathetic nervous system activity in 6,000k, a condition of high color temperature, contributed to the improvement of concentration. In further researches, it is intended that a test will be conducted for the subjects of different ages, and the correlation between color temperature and color stimulation and the influence of them on human body would be observed in subdivided, various test conditions through various color temperature and color stimulation.

A native species to the European ocean, the tunicate Ciona intestinalis now appears worldwide, from sub-Arctic to tropical regions. C. intestinalis generally occurs as an opportunistic fouling organism on artificial substrates in harbors or aquaculture. This study focused on estimating the early growth pattern of C. intestinalis under various temperature conditions. Adults were collected from the Guryungpo harbour in November 2017, and their artificially inseminated eggs were used for the study. The growth of the C. intestinalis was investigated at 8 constant temperatures, ranging from 12°C to 26°C, at 30 psu. Results indicate that the growth of C. intestinalis increased with increasing temperature. The growth was sluggish at 12°C, and decreased at 26°C. The optimal temperature for growth of C. intestinalis was therefore estimated to be between 20°C and 24°C.

Isotropic pitch-based fibers produced from coal tar pitch with the melt-blowing method were carbonized at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1600oC to investigate their crystalline structure and physical properties as a function of the carbonization temperature. The in-plane crystallite size (La) of the carbonized pitch fiber from X-ray diffraction increased monotonously by increasing the carbonization temperature resulting in a gradual increase in the electrical conductivity from 169 to 3800 S/cm. However, the variation in the d002 spacing and stacking height of the crystallite (Lc) showed that the structural order perpendicular to the graphene planes got worse in carbonization temperatures from 800 to 1200oC probably due to randomization through the process of gas evolution; however, structural ordering eventually occurred at around 1400oC. For the carbonized pitch powder without stabilization, structural ordering perpendicular to the graphene planes occurred at around 800–900oC indicating that oxygen was inserted during the stabilization process. Additionally, the shear stress that occurred during the melt-blowing process might interfere with the crystallization of the CPF.

The effects of the heat treatment temperature and of the atmosphere on the dehydrogenation and hydrogen reduction of ball-milled TiH2-WO3 powder mixtures are investigated for the synthesis of Ti-W powders with controlled microstructure. Homogeneously mixed powders with refined TiH2 particles are successfully prepared by ball milling for 24 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that the powder mixture heat-treated in Ar atmosphere is composed of Ti, Ti2O, and W phases, regardless of the heat treatment temperature. However, XRD results for the powder mixture, heat-treated at 600oC in a hydrogen atmosphere, show TiH2 and TiH peaks as well as reaction phase peaks of Ti oxides and W, while the powder mixture heat-treated at 900oC exhibits only XRD peaks attributed to Ti oxides and W. The formation behavior of the reaction phases that are dependent on the heat treatment temperature and on the atmosphere is explained by thermodynamic considerations for the dehydrogenation reaction of TiH2, the hydrogen reduction of WO3 and the partial oxidation of dehydrogenated Ti.

Effect of salt concentration (10, 20 and 30%, respectively) and fermentation temperature (10 and 20oC, respectively) on changes in quality index (VBN, Histamine, Amino nitrogen, Total viable cell counts, Coliform bacteria and E. coli counts) of culinary salted and fermented anchovy during fermentation were investigated to suggestion of fundamental documents for industrial objectives. Our results show that the effect of salt concentration on changes in quality index was not high compared with fermentation temperature in salted and fermented anchovy with below 20% of salt concentration however effect of salt concentration and fermentation temperature on quality index was not significant with 30% salt concentration. And all most whole changes of quality index were rapidly increased or decreased for 30 days of fermentation.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of transfer temperature of epididymis on survival rate of semen and development ability of B6D2F1 mice embryos. No significant differences were noted in the survival rate of semen (59.0% ± 0.1 vs. 47.6% ± 0.1), in vitro fertilization rate (90.7% ± 0.1 vs. 90.7% ± 0.1), developmental rate (90.0% ± 0.1 vs. 90.0% ± 0.1), and blastocysts formation rate (53.1% ± 0.2 vs. 52.3% ± 0.2) between groups. (NS; P>0.05). However, the zona hatched rate was significantly higher in the 4°C group compared to those of the 37°C group (47.8% ± 0.1 vs. 25.6% ± 0.2; p<0.05). When it comes to cell numbers of blastocysts, the % ICM (/total cells) was significantly higher in the group of 4°C compared to the 37°C (27.0% ± 0.1 vs. 18.3% ± 0.1; p<0.05). However there were no differences in total cell numbers (72.7 ± 31.6 vs. 62.0 ± 36.6), ICM cell numbers (17.0 ± 7.8 vs. 14.6 ± 8.6), TE cell numbers (55.8 ± 29.8 vs. 64.0 ± 24.4), the ratio of ICM:TE (1:4.2 ± 4.1 vs. 1:6.4 ± 7.2) between two groups (NS; P>0.05).Taken altogether, it is expected to achieve the best developmental ability of B6D2F1 mice embryos in the transfer temperature of epididymis. Also these results can provide fundamental data to maximize culture condition for in vitro fertilization on B6D2F1 mice. In future, therefore, it is expected that results herein might be applied for in vitro culture of human embryos.

본 연구는 ‘상주둥시’ 감을 3개월동안 -1, 0.5, 3oC에 저장하면서 감 과실의 과실품질 변화와 저장장해 증상에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 저장온도에 따른 감 과실의 에틸렌 발생량은 저장온도가 낮을수록 그 발생량이 낮았으나 호흡율은 영향을 받지 않았다. 과실의 경도는 모든 처리구들에서 저장기간이 길어지면서 감소하였고 저장온도가 높을수록 과실 경도의 저하는 더 빠르게 진행되었다. 또한 저장기간이 길어지고 저장온도가 높을 수록 과실의 연화가 급속히 진행되었다. 과실의 감모율도 저장온도가 높을수록 증가하였고, 가용성 고형물 함량도 저장온도가 낮을수록 더 높게 유지되었다. 감 과실의 과정부와 과실측면의 과피색 L*, a*, b* 값의 변화는 저장온도 -1oC와 0.5oC에서는 저장기간에 따른 차이를 거의 보이지 않았으나, 3oC처리구에서는 과피색의 변화가 현저히 적었다. 저장중 발생하는 생리장해증상인 과피흑변, 과실연화 및 부패정도는 온도가 높을수록 그 증상이 심하게 발생하여 과실품질이 현저히 감소하였다.

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxton, Cotoneaster dammeri, Ardisia pusilla ‘Variegata’, and Ilex aquifolium 'Silver Queen' when sphagnum moss was used for media, and the pottery plants were submitted to different temperatures and shade levels. After transplantation to pottery pots with Sphagnum Moss, the growth of I. aquifolium 'Silver Queen' at 25℃ of soil was the highest with 16.8 cm in plant height, 75.0 in leaf number, 256.5 cm2 in leaf area, 18.9 g in fresh weight. I. cornuta Lindl. & Paxton and A. pusilla ‘Variegata’ were in the same range but soil temperatures of 15℃, 20℃, or 30℃ had no effect and the survival rate remained 100%. On the other hand, when I. aquifolium ‘Silver Queen’ was submitted to night temperatures of 4℃, 8℃, 12℃, or 15℃, the following results were obtained: 14.1 cm in plant height, 70.0 in number of leaf, 221.1 cm2 in leaf area, and 18.9 g in fresh weight at 15℃; C. dammeri showed similar results. The survival rate at night temperature 4℃ or 8℃ was 100%, but the plant growth was sluggish. In shading 30% or 60%, the fresh weight of I. aquifolium ‘Silver Queen’, I. cornuta Lindl. & Paxton, and A. pusilla ‘Variegata’ was increased at shading 60% as the plants became taller. Non shading increased the leaf number and leaf area of plants compared with shading. In conclusion, the quality of small woody plants in pottery can be improved when the plant is grown before shipping at a soil temperature of 25°C and a greenhouse night temperature of 15°C, at 30% shading after acclimation

We determined the effects of different water temperatures (15, 20, and 25℃) and photoperiod cycles (24L:0D, 12L:12D, and 0L:24D) on the oxygen consumption of the offspring of a cultured Japanese strain (JJ), a selected Korean strain (KK), and intraspecific hybrid strains (JK and KJ) of red seabream, Pagrus major, under starvation conditions. The different fish strains, water temperatures, and photoperiod cycles had effects on the mean oxygen consumption of fish. Oxygen consumption increased with increasing water temperatures for all photoperiod treatments (p <0.001). Fish held in continuous darkness (0L:24D) used consistently less oxygen than fish exposed to continuous light (p <0.05). The oxygen consumption of fish exposed to the light phase in a 12L:12D photoperiod was higher than that of fish in the dark phase of the 12L:12D cycle, and differences were significant in three of the strains: JJ (15℃), KK (15 and 20℃), and KJ (25℃). The oxygen consumption of the inbred (JJ and KK) and intraspecific hybrid (JK and KJ) strains varied with differing water temperatures and photoperiod cycles. The JK strain displayed significantly higher oxygen consumption than the other strains under all experimental conditions except 15℃ with a 0L:24D photoperiod. The JK and KJ strains usually showed the highest and lowest oxygen consumption values, respectively, whereas the inbred strains exhibited intermediate values. Oxygen consumption in the JJ and JK strains was usually higher than that of the KK and KJ strains. We propose that differences in the thermal sensitivity and photosensitization properties of the strains contribute to differences in their ability to adapt to changes in water temperature and photoperiod, thus resulting in differences in the amplitude of their metabolic rates.

플랜트의 유황 저장 탱크는 강재로 구성되며, 탱크 저면은 앵커볼트에 의해 Ring Wall 형상의 콘크리트 기초와 연결된다. 탱크 내 유황이 내부 열원에 의해 고온상태를 유지하기 때문에, 유황 저장 탱크는 상온의 유체를 저장하는 다른 탱크에 비해 큰 체적팽창을 겪게 된다. 일반적으로 탱크 기초의 구조설계는 기초의 내외부의 온도차를 하중으로 적용한 구조해석이 수행 되는데, 이 방법은 탱크의 열팽창 특성이 앵커볼트에 의해 집중하중 형태로 콘크리트 기초에 전달되는 현상을 고려할 수 없 다. 이는 온도하중의 영향을 과소평가하게 되며, 앵커볼트에 인접한 콘크리트의 균열을 야기한다. 본 연구는 앵커볼트에 의 한 온도 하중전달 메커니즘을 고려한 하중 평가식을 제안함으로써, 콘크리트 기초에 작용하는 하중을 보다 합리적으로 결정 하고자 한다. 이를 위해 탱크 바닥판과 앵커볼트가 포함된 유한요소모델을 이용해 앵커볼트 개수 증감에 따른 온도하중의 변화를 분석하였으며, 분석결과를 이론해와 결합해 앵커볼트에 의해 전달되는 하중을 평가할 수 있는 명시적인 형태로 해를 제시하였다. 제안된 식의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 실제 플랜트 현장의 유황 저장 탱크 설계에 적용하였으며, 실무적으로 사 용 가능함을 보였다.

This study investigates the thermal shock property of a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) produced by a high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) sintering process. Three kinds of PDCs are manufactured by the HPHT sintering process using different particle sizes of the initial diamond powders: 8-16 μm (D50 = 4.3 μm), 10-20 μm (D50 = 6.92 μm), and 12-22 μm (D50 = 8.94 μm). The microstructure observation results for the manufactured PDCs reveal that elemental Co and W are present along the interface of the diamond particles. The fractions of Co and WC in the PDC increase as the initial particle size decreases. The manufactured PDCs are subjected to thermal shock tests at two temperatures of 780oC and 830oC. The results reveal that the PDC with a smaller particle size of diamond easily produces microscale thermal cracks. This is mainly because of the abundant presence of Co and WC phases along the diamond interface and the easy formation of Co-based (CoO, Co3O4) and W-based (WO2) oxides in the PDC using smaller diamond particles. The microstructural factors for controlling the thermal shock property of PDC material are also discussed.