본 연구는 TNT 오염토양을 콤포스팅과 슬러리생물상으로 처리 후 형광미생물을 이용하여 독성을 평가하고자 실시되었으며, 운전기간은 각각 45일과 200일이었다. 콤포스팅 처리 후 C/N비 조절용으로 아세톤을 첨가한 경우의 GL값은 40으로 글루코오스를 첨가한 경우(GL 80)보다 낮아 독성이 더 많이 제거되었다. 혐기성, 혐기성/호기성, 그리고 호기성 조건의 슬러리생물상으로 처리 후 GL값은 각각 6, 8, 4로 나타나 독성이 거의 없는 수준까지 크게 감소하였다. GL값과 S. typhimurium 수의 상관도는 1차식으로 표현이 가능하였으며, 생물학적 처리에 따른 미생물독성과 돌연변이성 변화는 비교적 높은 상관도 (r > 0.8890)를 나타내었다.

Fumigant and contact toxicities of 11 Myrtaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against adult male and female Blattella germanica were evaluated. Of 11 Myrtaceae plant essential oils, Eucalyptus polybractea, E. smithii, E. radiata, E. dives, E. globulus, and Melaleuca uncinata, showed 100% fumigant toxicity against adult male German cockroaches at a concentration of 7.5 mg/liter air concentration. In contact toxicity tests, E. polybractea, E. smithii, E. radiata, E. dives, E. globulus, M. dissitiflora, and M. uncinata produced strong insecticidal activity against adult male and female German cockroaches. Of the essential oil constituents, terpinolene, α-terpinene, and terpinen-4-ol demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against adult male and female B. germanica. Eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, and terpinen-4-ol showed strong contact toxicity against adult male B. germanica. The toxicity of the constituent blends identified from M. dissitiflora essential oils indicated that terpinen-4-ol were major contributor to the fumigant activity or contact toxicity of the artificial blend. Only isoeugenol exhibited inhibition activity against male acetylcholinesterase. IC50values of isoeugenol were 0.22 mg/mL against male acetylcholinesterase.

Cry3 toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis are used as biopesticides and the transgenic crops to control of leaf-feeding beetles. Cadherin in insect midgut epithelium is identified as receptor for Cry toxins in several insects and some domains of it synergizes Cry toxicity. Cadherin (DvCad1-CR8-10) fragment of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera enhanced Cry3Bb toxicity to Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Single cadherin repeat (CR) fragment of DvCad1-CR8-10, have a strong binding affinity to the active Cry3Bb toxin. The dissociation constant Kd value of CR8, CR9, and CR10 were 4.9 nM, 28.2 nM, and 4.6 nM, respectively. Interestingly, CR8 and CR10 enhanced Cry3Bb toxicity against CPB and Lesser mealworm (LMW), Alphitobius diaperinus, neonates in up to 2-folds. The DvCad1-CR10 peptide is further analyzed by in-frame deletion to determine the active site for Cry3Bb toxin. The active site is narrowed down to a 26 amino acid locating in the N-terminal region of DvCad1-CR10 that either synergized Cry3Bb toxicity on the CPB and LMW neonates in 3-folds or bound to the toxin with high affinity. The extent of Cry3Bb toxin enhancement by the activie site in DvCad1-CR10 may have practical application for control of CPB and LMW.

We evaluated the larvicidal activity of 20 plant essential oils and components from ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) and Peru balsam (Myroxylon pereira) oils against Aedes aegypti. Of the 20 plant essential oils, ajowan and Peru balsam oils at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited 100% and 97.5% larval mortality, respectively. At this same concentration, the individual constituents, (+)-camphene, benzoic acid, thymol, carvacrol, benzyl benzonate and benzyl trans-cinnamate caused 100% mortality. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 2 active oils indicated that thymol and benzyl benzoate were major contributors to the larvicidal activity of the artificial blend. We also tested the acute toxicity of these 2 active oils and their major constituents against the water flea, Daphnia magna. Peru balsam oil and benzyl trans-cinnamate were the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after the treatment, residues of ajowan and Peru balsalm oils in water were 36.2% and 85.1%, respectively. Less than 50% of benzyl trans-cinnamate and thymol were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. Our results show that the essential oils of ajowan and Peru balsam and some of their constituents have potential as botanical insecticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of hiba, Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai, oil and 24 oil constituents and control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (0.5. 1, 2, and 3% sprays) to adult American house dust mite (AHDM), Dermatophagoides farinae, and copra mite (CM), Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Results were compared with those of three conventional acaricides benzyl benzoate, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), and permethrin. Based on 24 h LC50 values, (–)-thujopsene was the most toxic constituent against AHDM (9.82 μg/cm2) and CM (10.92 μg/cm2) and the toxicity of the compound was nearly identical to that of benzyl benzoate (9.33 and 10.14 μg/cm2). High toxicity was also observed with (–)-(E)-pinocarveol, carvacrol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, β-thujaplicin, cedrol, α-terpineol, (+)-ledene, thymol, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol against both mite species (LC50, 11.92–19.19 and 12.49–22.97 μg/cm2). These constituents were more toxic than deet (LC50, 35.53 and 38.42 μg/cm2). Hiba applied as 2 and 3% sprays provided >95% mortality against both mite species, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/L spray treatment resulted in ca 11% mortality. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments justify further studies on hiba oil preparations containing the constituents described as potential contact-action fumigants or lead molecules for the control of mite populations.

본 연구는 쌀을 비롯한 저장곡물을 가해하는 어리쌀바구미(Sitophilus zeamais) 성충에 대해서 8종의 식물정유의 훈증독성과 Y-tube를 이용한 후각반응으로 기피효과를 조사하였다. 10㎕/L air의 농도에서 훈증독성시험 결과 pennyroyal과 tea tree 오일에서 각각 97%, 63%의 높은 살충효과를 보였다. 특히, pennyroyal oil(LT50, hour=3.87)은 tea tree oil((LT50, hour=4.09)보다 높고 빠른 살충력을 보였다. 10㎕/filter paper의 농도에서 후각계를 이용한 기피효과는 Cedarwood(80%), Cinnamon(83.3%), Cypress(81.1%), pennyroyal(97.1%) oil이 높은 기피활성을 보였으며, 이보다 낮은 1㎕/filter paper의 농도에서도 Cinnamon(82.4%), Cypress(80.0%), pennyroyal(86.7%) 오일은 높은 기피활성을 나타냈다.

The aims of the present study were to estimate the possibility for toxicity test and compare acute toxicity of potassium dichromate in the larva stage of Neocaridina denticulata, Daphnia magna and the juvenile stage of Oryzias latipes. N. denticulate, a freshwater shrimp lives in Korea, is an indigenous species and considered to be useful for toxicity test. D. magna and O. latipes were recommended as a test species for the OECD test guideline. The 96 h-LC50 potassium dichromate value was 0.62 mg L-1 for the larva stage of N. denticulata and 168.44 mg L-1 for the juvenile stage of O. latipes. The 48 h-EC50 value was 1.27 mg L-1 for the D. magna. The study was confirmed higher sensitivity of the larva stage of N. denticulata to potassium dichromate compared to the D. magna and the juvenile stage of O. latipes.

국내에 서식하는 개구리의 배아를 이용하여 화학물질의 독성평가에 대한 가능성을 파악하기 위해 FETAX(Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) 기법에 따라 청개구리(Hyla japonica)의 배아를 배양하면서 Cu2+과 Tebuconazole의 효과를 probit 분석법으로 조사하였다. 그 결과, Cu2+과 Tebuconazole의 농도에 의존하여 유생의 체장 길이는 감소하고 치사율과 기형율은 증가하였으며 Cu2+과 Tebuconazole의 teratogenic concentration(EC50)은 각각 0.05, 5.0mg/L을 나타내었고 embryo lethal concentrations(LC50)은 0.16, 39.1mg/L을 나타내었다. Teratogenic index(TI=LC50/EC50)는 Cu2+의 경우 3.0, Tebuconazole의 경우 7.7을 나타내어 청개구리 배아 발달에 최기형성 물질로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과들로 보아 Cu2+과 Tebuconazole 모두 낮은 농도에서 청개구리 배아의 발달에 민감하게 반응하였으며 다량의 배아 확보가 가능하였고 배양이 용이하였으며 치사율, 기형율, 성장률, 기형양상 등이 기존의 연구들과 비교하였을 때 유사한 결과를 나타내어 청개구리 배아를 활용한 시험기법은 화학물질 및 환경오염물질의 독성검정에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Fumigant effects of six plant essential oils (Helichrysum angustifolia, H. gymnocepha, H. splendidum, Arachis Hypogaea (peanut oil), Mentha arvensis (corn mint oil), and Thymus magnus (thyme oil) were tested against the adults of three grain storage insects (Lasioderma serricorne, Sitophilus zeamais, and Tribolium castaneum). Among them, the corn mint oil revealed to have fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne (LD50 = 1.3 ㎕ L-1), S. zeamais (LD50 = 3.6 ㎕ L-1), and T. castaneum (LD50 = 16.2 ㎕ L-1). The chemical constituents of corn mint oil were analyzed using GC-MS as follows: (-)-menthone (15.3%), isomenthone (10.0%), methyl-cetate (5.0%), β-caryophyllene (9.1%), and 1-menthol (48.1%). To enhance the fumigant toxicity, ethyl formate was added. This novel formulations of mixture could find significant differences in terms of their synergistic effects.

국내에 서식하는 개구리의 배아를 이용하여 화학물질의 독성평가에 대한 가능성을 파악하기 위해 FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) 기법에 따라 참개구리(Rana nigromaculata)의 배아를 배양하면서 Ni2+과 Tebuconazole의 효과를 probit 분석법으로 조사하였다. 그 결과, Ni2+과 Tebuconazole의 농도에 의존하여 유생의 체장 길이는 감소하고 치사율과 기형율은 증가하였으며 Ni2+과 Tebuconazole의 half maximal effective concentration (EC50)은 각각 0.07, 12.7 mg L-1을 나타내었고 half maximal lethal concentrations (LC50)은 4.2, 39.1 mg L-1을 나타내었다. Teratogenic index (TI=LC50/EC50)는 Ni2+의 경우 61.4, Tebuconazole의 경우 3.1을 나타내어 참개구리 배아 발달에 최기형성 물질로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과는 참개구리 배아의 발달에 대표적 유해 화학물질인 Ni2+과 Tebuconazole이 민감하게 영향을 미침을 보여준다. 또한 참개구리 배아는 다량의 배아 확보가 가능하며 배양이 용이하고 치사율, 기형율, 성장률, 기형양상 등이 참고문헌들과 비교하였을 때 유사한 결과를 나타내어 참개구리 배아를 활용한 시험기법은 화학물질 및 환경오염물질의 독성검정에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was designed to evaluate to acute oral toxicity and skin irritation of Chrysanthemum dye in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. SD rats were orally treated with Chrysanthemum dye at a dose of 0, 1 and 2 ml/kg body weight. After oral administration, the rats were observed for 14days. In primary skin irritation test, SD rats were dermally treated with Chrysanthemum dye and observed for 3 days. To ensure the safety of Chrysanthemum dye such as the following were observed and tested. We examined the body weight, the feed intake, the clinical signs, the ophthalmological test, the histopathological test, the mortality and skin irritation. As a result, no significant differences were found in body weight, feed intake and histopathological test between control and Chrysanthemum dye treated group. In the result of skin irritation test, Chrysanthemum dye did not induce erythema and edema after topical application. Primary irritation index was “0” in the test. Therefore, it is suggested that Chrysanthemum dye has no effect on acute toxicity and side effect in SD rats and is non-irritant material based on the score “0” of primary irritation index.

넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus) 수정란의 부화율에 대한 중금속(Cd, Cu, Zn)의 급성독성을 조사하였다. Cd, Cu 및 Zn (0, 10, 100, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 ppb)에 수정란을 48h 노출시킨 후, 정상 부화율을 백분율로 나타내었다. Cd, Cu 및 Zn을 포함하지 않는 대조구에서는 정상 부화율이 80% 이상을 나타냈으나, 중금속 농도가 증가할수록 정상 부화율은 급격히 감소하였다. 정상 부화율은 Cd, Cu 및 Zn에 대해 농도 의존적으로 감소하였으며, 각각 1000, 100, 100 ppb 이상의 농도에서 유의적이 차이를 나타내었다. P. olivaceus의 정상 부화율에 대한 Cd, Cu 및 Zn의 반수영향농도(EC50)를 이용한 독성은 Zn¤Cu¤Cd 순으로 강한 것으로 나타났으며, 이들 중금속에 대한 EC50는 각각 584, 1015, 1282 ppb를 나타내었다. Cd에 대한 NOEC는 500 ppb를 나타냈고 LOEC는 500 ppb를 나타내었다. Cu와 Zn의 NOEC와 LOEC 각각 100 ppb와 500 ppb로 유사한 값을 나타내었다. NOEC와 LOEC 결과로부터 자연생태계 내에서 Cu와 Zn 농도는 100 ppb, Cd 농도는 500 ppb를 초과할 경우 P. olivaceus 수정란의 정상 부화율은 감소할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로, P. olivaceus의 정상 부화율을 이용한 생물학적 시험은 중금속과 같은 유해물질에 대한 해양생태계의 영향을 판단하기 위한 시험방법으로 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Accumulating evidence suggests that chemotherapy can cause long‐term detrimental effects and alter the biology of the recipient environment. Therefore, a subsequent report claimed that the transplantation of female germline stem cells (FGSCs) into the ovaries of recipient mice that were pretreated with a high dose of busulfan and cyclophosphamide (B/C) resulted in the successful production of offspring. Therefore, this study was conducted to further clarify the impact of female germ cell transplantation on female ovaries after B/C treatment. RT‐PCR analysis showed that the period of germ cell depletion coincide with decreased Figla, Lhx8, Nobox, Kit, and Sox3 gene expression in the B/Ctreated ovary. However, depletion of female germ cells is mediated by a Fas/FasL‐, Kit/ Kitl‐, TNF‐, p53‐ and autophagy‐ independent pathway. Also, histological analysis is similar to that of Nobox null‐derived ovaries, indicating that follicle death after B/C treatment might be caused by down‐regulating of Nobox pathway. When female mice during 15 weeks after B/C treatment were checked for reproductive activity, B/C treated mice did not produce their pups. In addition, when 3×106 GFP positive primordial follicles were injected into B/C treated female mouse ovaries, donor follicle were not able to colonize into the ovaries of recipients. In conclusion, these data from a preclinical mouse model strongly suggested that female ovary until 15 weeks after B/C treatment could not support environment for maturing of exogenous FGSCs.

The toxicity of red pine needle hydrodistillate (RPN-HD), 19 RPN-HD constituents and 12 structurally related compounds and control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing RPN-HD (0.5. 1, 2 and 3% sprays) to adult Dermatophagoides farinae was evaluated. RPN-HD (24 h LC50,68.33 μg cm–2) was toxic. Menthol was the most toxic compound (12.69 μg cm–2) and the toxicity of this compound and benzyl benzoate did not differ significantly from each other. High toxicity was also produced by α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, thymol, linalyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, citral, linalool and camphor (18.79–36.51 μg cm–2). These compounds were more toxic than either deet or dibutyl phthalate. In vapour-phase mortality tests, these compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. RPN-HD 3% experimental spray provided 95% mortality against adult D. farinae, whereas permethrin (cis:trans,25:75)2.5gL–1 spray treatment resulted in 0% mortality. In the light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments, RPN-HD and the compounds described merit further study as potential biocides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants with contact action.

The toxicity of 102 plant essential oils against third instars of cecidomyiid gall midge, Camptomyia corticalis, was examined using a vapor-phase mortality bioassay. Results were compared with that of a conventional insecticide dichlorvos. Based on 24 h LC50 values, all essential oils were less toxic than dichlorvos (LC50, 0.027 mg/cm3). The LC50 of caraway seed, armoise, sage (Clary), oreganum, lemongrass, niaouli, spearmint, cassia special, sage (Dalmatian), thyme red, bay, garlic, and pennyroyal essential oil is between 0.55–0.60 mg/cm3. The LC50 of cassia pure, thyme white, cassia redistilled, star anise, peppermint, wintergreen, cinnamon bark, majoram, chamomile romon, eucalyptus, rosemary, cedar wood, pimento berry, savory (summer), lavender, and coriander oil is between 0.61–0.99 mg/cm3. All other essential oils tested exhibited low toxicity to the cecidomyiid larvae (LC50,>0.99 mg/cm3). The active principles of active essential oils were identified by GC-MS analysis. The major active principles are such as pulegone, thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, thymol, menthol. At a rate of 5 mg/cm3, pulegone, and thujone, exhibited 100% morality whereas camphor, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, thymol and menthol showed 90% mortality at 15 mg/cm3. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on the essential oils and their constituents described as potential insecticides for the control of the mushroom fly as fumigants with contact action.

A project has been launched and aims to introduce Amblyseius swirskii for the control of Tetranychuns urticae in rose cultivating greenhouse. This study was intended to use selective acaricide, sensibly, to reduce risk for the natural enemy agent of A. swirskii in controlling T. urticae. T. urticae was susceptible strain UD from Entomology laboratory of SNU and A. swirskii was purchased from commercially available source. When LC50s were compared with A. swirskii and T. urticae of abamectin 1.8EC and 7 other acaricides, chlorfenapyr+cyenopyrafen (4+20)SC, abamectin 1.8EC, and chlorfenapyr 10SC for A. swirskii showed 148, 74, and 14 times, respectively, higher dose than T. urticae, as selective acaricides. However, fenpropathrin 5EC and fenpyroximate 5SC for T. urticae showed 22, and 25 times, respectively, higher dose than A. swirskii. For T. urticae bifenazate 23.5SC and cyflumetofen 20SC showed more than 97% mortality at less than the recommended dose, but the acricides did not kill A. swirskii 16 and 4 times as much dose as the recommended dose. The results suggested that several acaricides have inherent lower toxicity to A. swirskii. For practical application, it might be recommended to use acaricides in a way to strengthen inherent selectivity.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of 12 insecticides, three essential oils and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) alone or in combination with the oil major constituents, (E)-anethole (AN), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and eugenol (EU), to third instars from bamboo forest collected Aedes albopictus and rice paddy field collected Anopheles sinensis resistant to various groups of insecticides. The toxicity of the test insecticides, essential oils and binary mixtures of Bti and the oil constituents (1:1 ratio) was evaluated using a direct-contact mortality bioassay. Binary mixtures of B.t.i. and CA, AN or EU were significantly more toxic against Ae. albopictus larvae (LC50, 0.0084, 0.0134 and 0.0237 mg/l) and An. sinensis larvae (0.0159, 0.0388 and 0.0541 mg/l) than either B.t.i. (1.7884 and 2.1681 mg/l) or CA (11.46 and 19.43 mg/l), AN (16.66 and 25.11 mg/l) or EU (24.60 and 32.14 mg/l) alone. Based on the co-toxicity coefficient (CC) and synergistic factor (SF), the three binary mixtures operated in a synergy pattern (CC, 140.7–368.3 and SF, 76–213 for Ae. albopictus CC, 75.1–245.3 and SF, 40–136 for An. sinensis).The binary mixtures of Bti and essential oil constituents described, particularly (E)-cinnamaldehyde, merit further study as potential mosquito larvicides for the control of malaria vector mosquito populations in light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the aquatic environment.

This study was designed to evaluate a repeated oral dose toxicity and immunomodulating activity of Pulsatilla koreana and Artemisiae annuae in Sprague-Dawley rats. The female rats were treated with Pulsatilla koreana and Artemisiae annuae of control group, low group (0.5 ml/kg), medium group (1 ml/kg), high group (2 ml/ kg) for distilled water, intragastrically for 4 weeks, respectively. To ensure the safety of Pulsatilla koreana and Artemisiae annuae such as the following were observed and tested. We examined the body weight, the feed intake, the clinical signs, the ophthalmological test, the hematological and the serum biochemical analysis. We also observed the histopathological changes of liver and kidney in rats. Hematological results were the increase of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in the high dose group of Pulsatilla koreana. The increase immune cells in the high dose group of Pulsatilla koreana might immunomodulating activity. No significant differences in body weight, feed intake, serum biochemical analysis and histopathological between control and fed group were found. In conclusion, Pulsatilla koreana and Artemisiae annuae is physiologically safe and improve immunomodulating activity.

This study was carried out to investigate the toxicity of food Red No.2 in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rat for 4 weeks. SD rats were orally administered for 28 days, with dosage of 500, 1,000, 2,000 mg/kg/day. Animals treated with food Red No.2 did not cause any death and show any clinical signs. They did not show any significant changes of body weight, feed uptake and water consumption. There were not significantly different from the control group in urinalysis, hematological, serum biochemical value and histopathological examination. In conclusion, 4 weeks of the repetitive oral medication of food Red No.2 has resulted no alteration of toxicity according to the test materials in the group of female rats with injection of 2,000 mg/kg. Therefore, food Red No.2 was not indicated to have any toxic effect in the SD rats, when it was orally administered below the dosage 2,000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks.