This study was conducted to determine effects of applying cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes such as hairy vetch or forage pea on productivity, feed values and organic stock carrying capacity of whole crop barley and rye as winter forage crops, and to obtain organic forages together with higher soil fertility. Experimental plots consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (containing phosphate and potassium: P+K), chemical fertilizer (containing nitrogen, phosphate and potassium: N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry application (mixture with hairy vetch), and cattle slurry application (mixture with forage pea) plots. Each treatment was triplicates, and seven treatments were allocated in a completely randomized block design. For whole crop barley or its mixture crops, annual dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of N+P+K plots were significantly (P＜0.05) higher than other plots except for cattle slurry plots. The CP content of barley or its mixture crops was significantly higher for N+P+K plot (9.8%) and mixture plots with legumes (8.6~9.7%) than those of other treatments. As 450 ㎏ Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley or 70% mixture crops with legumes, mixture plots are capable of raising average 1.7 to 1.8 heads/ha a year. For rye or its mixture crops, annual DM, CP, and TDN yields represented 6.9∼7.1, 0.5~0.6 and 4.3~4.4 ton/ha, respectively. The N+P+K plot contained 10.8% CP, which was higher (P＜0.05) than all other treatments. In case of 450 ㎏ Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% rye or 70% mixture crops with legumes, mixture plots can rear average 1.9 heads/ha a year. When it was considered based on crop yields and organic stock carrying capacity, applying cattle slurry to whole crop barley or rye had the comparable yields and feed values to chemical fertilizer application. Moreover, whole crop barley and rye within cattle slurry plots had a greater combination with hairy vetch and forage pea, respectively, and their mixture crops with legumes had higher crude protein and TDN yields within cattle slurry plots. In conclusion, it would be expected that mixed sowing with legumes in the application of cattle slurry to grass crops could be substituted for imported organic grains as dietary protein sources in feeding organic livestock.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrated pig slurry and byproduct liquid fertilizer on the growth and yield of chinese cabbage. The experiment was conducted in a rain-shelter house which was installed in the agriculture farm. Plants were fertilized with concentrated slurry (CS), byproduct fertilizer (BF), mixture of concentrated slurry and byproduct liquid fertilizer (CS+BF), combined organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+BF) and chemical fertilizer (CF) as control. 1. The pH level of byproduct liquid was decreased from the 3rd to the 7th day and increased 9 day to 14th day, but pH of concentrated slurry (CS) was not greatly varied. EC of concentrated slurry (CS) and byproduct liquid was increased gradually during the fermentation. 2. The concentrated slurry (CS) was low in phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, rich in potassium and unbalanced as a low nitrogen and high potassium. But byproduct liquid fertilizer was balanced in nitrogen and potassium ratio. 3. The leaf number, head height, head width of chinese cabbage in treatment with organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) showed significant difference compared with control. The plant and head weight of chinese cabbage in treatment of concentrated slurry was severely decreased, but that in treatment organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) were increased 8, 10% compared with control chemical fertilizer (CF), respectively. 4. The content of K₂O in plant tissue and in soil was increased after using concentrated slurry. On the other hand, mineral content of except K₂O did not differ significantly between any of the treatments. In conclusion, organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) could improve growth and head weight of chinese cabbage.

최근 볏짚 사료화에 따른 토양황폐화가 우려되는 시점에서 화학비료 가격은 상승하여 돈분뇨 퇴․액비를 활용 하는 농가가 급증함에도 이에 대한 활용방법이 밝혀지지 않은 실정에 있다. 따라서 볏짚을 매년 수거한 논에 서 돈분뇨 퇴․액비를 이용, 미사질양토에서 벼 품종으로 동진1호를 사용하여 2007～2009년간 수행하였다. 돈 분퇴비는 전량기비로, 기비 또는 추비는 SCB액비를 사용하여 화학비료 질소(관행) 9kg/10a에 해당하는 퇴비 70-액비30%, 퇴비30-액비70%, (퇴비30+액비40)-액비30% 등 6처리를 두고 토양양분 변화, 양분흡수량 및 쌀 수량 등을 조사하였다. 3년간 퇴비30～70%, 액비70～30% 시용논의 유기물함량은 시험전인 21.3g/kg과 유사 한 값을 보였으나, 화학비료만 시용논에서 14.6%가 감소하였으며, 인산함량은 퇴․액비 시용에서 11～13%가 증가하였으나 관행은 시험전과 유사하였다. 용적밀도는 퇴․액비처리에서 감소하여 공극률이 약간 높아지는 경향을 보였으나 관행은 이와는 반대 경향이었다. 벼 출수기 양분 흡수량은 화학비료 관행구와 기비로서 퇴비30%+액비 40%와 추비 액비 30%처리구에서 높게 나타났다. 벼 유수형성기 생육은 관행구와 액비추비 시용량이 많을수록 양호하였다. 쌀 수량은 기비용 퇴비시용보다 액비 추비시용량이 많을수록 높은 경향이며, 특히 기비(퇴비30%+액비 40%)-추비 액비 30%처리에서 화학비료 관행과 유사하였고 쌀 품질도 유사한 경향으 로 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로 보아 볏짚수거 논에서 기비로 퇴비30%와 액비40%를 시용한 후 수비로써 화학비료 대신 SCB 액비를 관개수와 함께 시용하면 화학비료를 완전 대체할 수 있고, 토양비옥도 유지와 안정적인 쌀 수량생산이 가능하리라고 판단된다.

This study was conducted to assess effects of supplying different types of nitrogen sources as fertilizers on productivity and feed values of barley and rye as winter forage crops, and ultimately done to get good quality of organic forages with higher fertilization of soil. For barley, N+P+K plots were significantly (P＜0.05) higher in annual dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields than other plots. However, cattle manure plots had significantly (P＜0.05) higher annual DM and TDN than P+K and non-fertilizer plots. Plots of 50%-cattle manure and mixed sowing with hairy vetch or forage pea were higher than only 50%-cattle manure plot, particularly, these were significantly higher than non-fertilizer, and their crude protein (CP) yields were much higher than other plots. Crude protein contents were significantly higher in N+P+K and 50%-cattle manure slurry plots than non-fertilizer and P+K plots, and plots of mixed sowing with hairy vetch or forage pea in application of 50%-cattle manure had higher CP content than other plots. ADF content was lowest in 50%-cattle manure+forage pea plots, but highest in 100%-cattle manure plots. NDF content was lowest in legumes-mixed sowing, but highest in 100%-cattle manure plots. TDN content was the highest in forage pea plots, and plots of 50%-cattle manure and legumes-mixed sowing had high RFV, but cattle manure plots rich in ADF and NDF content had the lowest TDN and RFV. For rye, plots of 50%-cattle manure+hairy vetch mixed sowing, and N+P+K application had significantly higher annual DM, CP and TDN than other plots except for cattle manure. DM productive efficiency to nitrogen fertilization was markedly higher for cattle manure plots than for chemical fertilizer. This tendency was more conspicuous in plots of 50% cattle manure+legumes-mixed sowing. CP content was higher for N+P+K plot than for all plots, and plots of 50%-cattle manure + legumes-mixed sowing were significantly higher than other plots. On the contrary, forage pea-mixed sowing plot had the lowest ADF and NDF, but TDN and RFV were significantly (P＜0.05) higher than other plots. Grass crop cultivation together with legumes by applying livestock manure to soil may lead to higher palatability of livestock, and better quality of forage. Furthermore, cattle manure application increased production yield per ha and CP contents. Thus, when applying forage crops produced by cattle manure application and mixed sowing to organic livestock production, it was conceived that forages produced might become a substitute for foreign organic grain as protein sources.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) in hanwoo slurry. The treatments in this study were ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride, and applied at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/25 g of hanwoo slurry. All of the chemical treatments significantly lowered TP (11 to 53% of the untreated control), SRP (41 to 99.9% of the untreated control), and total VFAs (22 to 48.5% of the untreated control) by reducing hanwoo slurry pH (3.42 to 6.86). Among these chemical amendments, addition of 0.5 g ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride to hanwoo slurry were the best results evaluated on farms with respect to reducing negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the use of chemical amendments should be considered in the development of best management practices (BMPs) for the hanwoo industries.

To determine changes in nitrogen contents and optimal rates as N fertilizer, we investigated nitrogen characteristics in the slurry in the respond to the application of 0, 0.5, and 1 g of ferrous sulfate or alum /25g of dairy slurry. Additions of ferrous sulfate or alum increase total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, available nitrogen, and predicted available nitrogen contents in dairy slurry, resulting in reduction in pH. The best results were found in the treatment with 0.5 g of ferrous sulfate or alum /25 g of dairy slurry. In conclusion, the use of ferrous sulfate or alum as on-farm amendment to dairy slurry should be represented an alternative to improve N in dairy slurry.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of application seasons and rates with animal liquid slurry on the rice yield and quality. The treatments were application seasons (autumn, spring) and application rates of animal liquid slurry 80, 100, 120, 140% N levels of based on 11㎏ N/10a, chemical fertilizer as control plot. Field experiment was conducted at Cheorwon, Gangwon-Do in 2007. The results was as follows; The plant height and tiller’s number at the application of spring season were higher than that at the autumn application. In the plot of 140% level at the spring application, the plant height and tillers were higher, and the color of leaf was darker than that of the chemical fertilizer. The plot of 140% level in spring application was increased the lodging damage of rice. Rice yield was reduced at 7%, 13% in the plot of 120%, 140 N/10a slurry level in the spring application compared to the chemical fertilizer, respectively. But rice yield at the autumn application was not significantly difference between chemical fertilizer and plots of liquid manure. The rice quality of the 120 and 140% slurry in spring application was significantly lower than that of chemical fertilizer. Total nitrogen contents and nitrogen uptake in rice plant were higher at the plot of 120, 140%N in the spring than that of chemical fertilizer. To reduce the lodging damage and increase the yield and quality of rice was needed suitable application of liquid manure in spring season.

This study was carried out to estimate the selection of appropriate forage crops proper application levels of livestock manure, and carrying capacity per unit area for organic livestock, as influenced by livestock manure application levels compared with chemical fertilizer to corn and sorghum × sorghum hybrid, in order to produce organic forages by utilizing livestock manure. For both corns and sorghum × sorghum hybrids, no fertilizer plots had significantly (p

논에서 녹비식물인 자운영과 헤어리베치의 Biomassm증대를 위한 돈분뇨 액비의 적정시기를 구명하여 친환경 벼 재배에 기여하고자 보통논과 미숙논에 돈분뇨를 무시용을 대조로 각각 화학비료 질소 수준 3, 5kg/10a을 가을, 봄 전량과, 가을+봄에 각각 1/2량씩 시용하고 Biomass를 조사한 후 이를 논토양에 환원하여 벼 재배를 한 결과 다음과 같다. 보통논에서 자운영에 대한 액비 시용시 Biomass는 건물량으로 392~401kg/10a로 가을+봄시용에서 약간 높았을 뿐 무처리에 비하여 큰 차이가 없었다. 또한 헤어리벳치는 516~636kg/10a으로 자운영과 같은 양상이었다.그러나 미숙논에서 자운영과 헤어리벳치에 대한 액비 시용시Biomass는 봄시용이 가을시용보다 증대되었고 가을+봄시용과는 큰 차이가 없었으며, 헤어리벳치도 같은 양상을 나타냈다. 즉, 액비시용에 의한 미숙논에 대한 보통논의 증대는 자운영이 평균 1.2배이고 헤어리벳치가 1.3배이나 액비무처리에서는 자운영 2.4배, 헤어리벳치가 1.5배를 나타냈다. 이는 토양중 근류균의 밀도와 관계가 있어 보통논에서 자운영과 헤어리벳치의 근류균 밀도는 각각 106, 105 cells 이상이었으나 미숙논에서는 각각 101, 102 cells 이하로 근류균의 밀도가 낮았다. 따라서 근류균의 밀도가 낮은 곳에서는 가축분뇨 액비 시용이 요망된다. 가축분뇨 시용에 의하여 생산된 자운영과 헤어리벳치를 환원한 후 묘를 이앙 재배하여 얻어진 벼 유수형성기 생육은 초장, 엽색 및 건물생산량 등이 자운영과 헤어리벳치 생산량에서 얻어진 바와 같이, 자운영구보다는 헤어리벳치구에서, 미숙논보다는 보통논에서, 가을 액비 시용구보다는 봄액비 시용구에서 높은 양상을 보였다.

This trial was conducted to assess effects of cattle slurry application on productivity and feed values of barley and hairy vetch when they were influenced by single or mixed-sowed cultivation in paddy fields, and to obtain good quality of organic forage resources. The results summarized are as follows. For barley and hairy vetch, single-sowed cultivation was lower in annual dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields than mixed-sowed (P

This study was conducted to determine adequate forage crop choice and optimal level of livestock manure, when different types and levels of the livestock manure were applied in corns or sorghum×sorghum hybrids for the production of organic roughages by utilizing livestock manure. For the corn, yields of annual dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were highest in N+P+K-applied treatments, showing 17.3 and 11.7 ton/ha, respectively. Treatments applied 100% composted cattle manure (8.9 and 6.1 ton/ha) and 100% cattle slurry (9.4 and 7.5 ton/ha) in contrast with chemical fertilizer-N had higher yields of DM and TDN than no fertilizer (4.8 and 2.7 ton/ha) and P+K-applied treatments (8.8 and 6.0 ton/ha). Particularly, treatments applied 150% composted cattle manure and 150% cattle slurry were markedly higher, which represented 11.4 and 7.6 ton/ha and 10.3 and 7.3 ton/ha, respectively. Crude protein (CP) contents for corns applied livestock manure ranged from 5.6 to 6.6%, which were significantly (p＜0.05) higher than those of no fertilizer (3.9%) and P+K-applied treatments (5.5%). ADF (42.4%) and NDF (58.3%) contents for no fertilizer treatment were significantly (p＜0.05) higher than those of other treatments. However, TDN contents were higher for livestock manure treatments than for no and/or chemical fertilizer treatments. In particular, TDN contents of treatments applied 150% composted cattle manure and 150% cattle slurry showed 72.3 and 70.8%, respectively and both treatments were significantly (p＜0.05) higher than all of the other treatments. For the sorghum×sorghum hybrid, yields of annual DM and TDN for 100% (12.4 and 7.4 ton/ha) and 150% (13.1 and 7.6 ton/ha) cattle slurry-applied treatments, and N+P+K-applied treatments (12.6 and 7.7 ton/ha) were significantly (p＜0.05) higher than those of the others. In the others, 150% composted cattle manure (9.3 and 5.2 ton/ha) had higher annual DM and TDN yields than P+K-applied (8.4 and 4.8 ton/ha) and 100% composted cattle manure treatments (7.4 and 4.2 ton/ha), with no significant difference. Crude protein contents for sorghum×sorghum hybrid applied P+K and cattle slurry were 8.8 and 8.6%, respectively. CP contents for both treatments were significantly higher than those of composted manure (7.5~8.3%) and no fertilizer (4.0%) treatments, but 100% livestock manure treatments had higher CP contents than 150%-applied treatments. ADF and NDF contents for N+P+K and cattle slurry-applied treatments were significantly (p＜0.05) lower than the others. However, TDN contents were highest in N+P+K and cattle slurry-applied treatments, showing 61.2 and 58.3 to 59.4%, respectively. These results indicated that application of livestock manure instead of chemical fertilizer to the soil of forage crops might not only improve yields of DM and TDN, but also reduce environmental pollution by producing organic roughages through recycling of livestock manure.

The objectives of this thesis were to search for effective methods of the livestock manure management through analysis of the livestock manure management cost and prepare for cuts in greenhouse gases emission by applying CDM in the fields of livestock in 2013. In the situation where most farmhouses are disposing the pig manure by ocean disposal, it is urgent to make an alternative plan since ocean disposal will be prohibited from 2012. Biogasplant is being highlighted from the point that can produce heat and electricity by using methane generated when the manure is disposed, and that can produce barnyard manure and liquid manure. As biogasplant generates energy using methane, it will contribute to decreasing global warming with the effect of greenhouse gases reduction, and trading emission reductions through CDM will result in creating revenue.