Exostosis is a phenomenon of exophytic growth of compact bone, and the oral exostosis, so called a torus is usually found in the lingual or labial areas of mandible and maxilla, and the hard palatal area. It is not a pathological nor tumoral formation but a localized bony protuberance relevant to developmental and environmental origins. However, the pathogenesis of exostosis has not been clearly elucidated so far. In the present study total 51 cases of oral exostosis were examined by radiological, histological, and immunohistochemical methods to observe the osteogenetic potential existed in the sclerosed bony tissue of exostosis. Particularly, the unilateral mandibular exostoses occurred in the vicinity of mandibular primary growth centers which were more prominent than the contralateral ones in the radiological observation. Histologically the peripheral area of exostosis was composed of lamellated bone and covered with periosteal tissue which showed sparse osteoblastic activity, while the central area of exostosis was composed of thickened and anastomosed trabecular bones with small amount of marrow connective tissue. The latter stained blue in Masson trichrome method, while the former stained red. The immunohistochemical reactions of BMP-2, bFGF, CMG2, and TGF-β1 were clearly positive in the central trabecular bones, while almost negative in the peripheral cortical bones of exostosis. These findings may indicate that the central area of exostosis is less mineralized than the peripheral area of exostosis, and the former expresses different osteogenetic proteins to produce bony tissue contrary to the latter. Therefore, it is suggested that the strong osteogenetic potential in the central area of exostosis be relevant to the growth potential of mandibular and maxillary primary growth centers and play an important role for the latent expansile growth of exostosis in adult life.

This paper is concerned with the development of the silk trade and in particular with silk-ikat production. Early origins are explained and issues relating to the development of long-distance trade are discussed. The principal trading participants are identified and the focus is turned to silk-ikat production in Central Asia. It is recognised that the vast bulk of trade, along what became known as the 'Silk Route' (or 'Silk Road'), did not involve straight-forward or direct exchange between powers to the far east of the route and powers to the far west, but rather was done in stages between adjacent or not too distant locations. Diffusion of ideas was not therefore immediate and operational at one eastern or western extreme of a trading network but, rather, was a gradual process influencing adjacent participants, at stages between the geographic extremes over a long period of time.

한국정부는 ‘해양생태계보전 및 관리에 관한 법률’, ‘습지보전법’ 등을 바탕으로 해양보호구역을 지정 및 관리하고 있으며 해양수산부, 환경부, 문화재청 등이 관련 보호구역들의 지정 및 관리를 담당하고 있다. 보다 체계적인 해양보호구역 관리기반을 구축하기 위하여 정부는 2010년 해양환경관리공단 내 ‘MPA 센터’를 설립하였다. 센터는 보호구역 지정 및 관리, 모니터링 활동, 대중인식 증진 및 교육, 데이터 공유 등을 수행하고 있으며..

In some cicada species, male calling songs are so loud that they become a nuisance to city dwellers in Korea. To understand the abundance of cicada species in central Korea, we conducted complete enumeration surveys of exuviae in Hyalessa fuscata, Cryptotympana atrata, Meimuna spp, and Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata. Exuviae collection was conducted in three representative habitats in central Korea: metropolitan, suburban, and country. We collected the exuviae twice with a 10-day interval between samplings in August 2010. Resource-weighted density of each species was calculated based on the area and the number of trees. H. fuscata was the dominant species in all three regions. Resource-weighted densities in metropolitan and suburban regions were much higher than those in the country region, due to H. fuscata and C. atrata. The results of the multivariate general linear models showed that region, date, and the interaction between these two variables were all significant for population densities of cicada species. Unlike the resource-weighted densities, the organism-weighted densities that indicated the intensity that an individual had to share its host with others were much larger than tree-weighted densities for cicada exuviae. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in organism-weighted densities among habitats. The difference between resource-weighted and organism-weighted densities implied that larger proportions of trees were not used by cicada juveniles in the country. Thus, the distributions and abundance of tree host species could be an important factor for cicada density in Korea.

The paper is devoted to the field work carried out by outstanding psychologist Alexander R. Luria and his team in isolated villages in Uzbekistan and mountain Kyrgyzstan (1931- 1932) and its place in cross-cultural studies. Many people of these places never went out of own villages. That time, in the Western social science racist theories that interpreted the differences in ways of thought in terms of biology were popular. These theories were based on application of "standard intellectual tests" to illiterate peoples in Asia, Africa and Latin America. A. Luria has criticized these "standard intellectual tests", and results of his survey gave strong proof of ties between level of social conditions and peculiarities of mental processes but not between race and mind. Long before the famous Western works on comparative psychology and cultural anthropology (J. S. Bruner, M. Cole, P.M. Greenfield, J. Gay, C. Levi-Strauss, etc.) published in 1950-1970-s, the A. Luria' research expedition has anticipated the main directions and results of future crosscultural studies.

One of the central problems for today's philosophy is elucidation roles of individuals and communities in history. For modern researchers it is stress-free to keep a clear divided line between them, as well as between religious and secular, communalist and nationalist and etc. Such approach becoming a recognized problem and I want to suggest that one way of shedding light on the issue may lie in widening sphere of philosophical discourse on mind, without making simplistic distinctions between rational and irrational in history. At this context would be right to recognize that culture creates the human mind. Once this done, it becomes less complicated to evaluate not just the pass history but also the current socio-political trends of modern development, including Central-Asian. At this context I propose to stress role of communitarian mind and it's oppositions\links with today's nationalism in the region. Community-based social structures managed to survive for a long Central-Asian history. Islam as a dominant religion managed to accept communal diversity as a natural law here. Such frame is particularly observable since Central-Asian Muslims succeeded to develop and keep unique TurkishPersian (settled-nomad) cultural synthesis. However today we have heating up problems among all five modern Central Asian states (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Turkmenistan) and most experts could not able to have clear explanations on today's brinkmanship (borders, water, migrants and etc.). But on the roots of conflict is ignoring communitarian mind and accepting nationalism.

본 연구에서는 고층 전단벽-골조 구조시스템의 효율적인 해석모델을 제안하였다. 전단벽-골조구조시스템은 휨거동하는 전단벽과 전단거동하는 골조로 구성된다. 그리고 전단벽-골조구조시스템의 변형형상은 골조와 전단벽의 상호작용으로 결정된다. 효율적인 해석모델에서는 이러한 거동특성을 반영되어야 하므로 골조와 전단벽을 분리하여 동적인 거동특성을 반영할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 벽체부와 골조부를 분리하기 위하여 T형 강체를 전단벽의 위치에 대체하는 방법을 사용하였다. 분리한 벽체부와 골조부 각각의 등가모델을 구성한 후 결합시키는 방법으로 고층 전단벽-골조구조시스템의 등가모델을 완성하였다. 제안한 등가모델의 정확성과 효율성을 검증하기 위하여 고층의 전단벽-골조 구조물의 시간이력해석을 수행하였고, 그 결과 제안한 등가모델이 해석시간과 컴퓨터 메모리를 현저하게 줄이면서도 정확한 결과를 도출하였다.

본 연구는 Amaryllidoideae속 수선과에 속하는 수선 품종 중 우리나라에서 중부지역의 화단용으로 지속적인 이용이 가능한 품종을 선발하기 위해서 실험을 실시하 였다. 피복의 유무에 따라 생육상태나 자구의 형성이 받 는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 수원소재 국립원예특작과학 원 노지 포장에 2010년 10월과 2011년 11월, 짚피복처 리구에는 생짚을 20cm 두께로 덮어주어 피복을 해주었 고, 무피복처리구에는 피복을 하지 않아 차이를 두었다. Tender III에 속하는 ‘tazetta. Shiro Busa’ 품종은 무피 복처리포장에서 모두 고사하였고 Hardy I에 속하는 ‘Cum Laude’, ‘Texas’ 품종과 Hardy II에 속하는 ‘Apotheas’ 등 14품종은 90-100%의 생존율을 나타내는 등 품종간 생존율에 차이를 보였다. 생존율에서는 차이를 보였지만, 생육상에 차이는 미비하였으며 화색과 부관의 색, 향기의 차이는 없었다. 그러나, Hardy I에 속하는 ‘Cum Laude’ 품종과 Hardy II에 속하는 ‘Apothease’, ‘Ice Follies’, ‘Orange Ice Follies’, ‘Replete’, ‘White Lion’는 초장, 부관의 폭, 화폭 등에서 평균간 유의성을 나타냈다. 자구의 수는 품종간 차이를 보이며, 연간 0-2 개 증가하였음을 확인하였다. 도입 수선품종에는 일반적 으로 사용되던 황색 수선 이외에도 백색, 오렌지색 의 화색을 지니고, 향기가 풍부한 수선도 있었다. 연구 의 결과, 도입수선 26품종 중 수원을 중심으로 한 중부 지방의 무피복상태에서도 화단용으로 지속적인 이용이 가능한 수선 품종은 RHS 분류체계 Hardy I에 속하는 ‘Cum Laude’ 및 ‘Texas’ 와 Hardy II에 속하는 ‘Apothease’, ‘Barrett Browning’, ‘Changing Colors’, ‘Dutch Master’, ‘Eastern Dawn’, ‘Garden Giant’, ‘Ice Follies’, ‘Obdam’, ‘Standard Value’으로 총 11품종이었다.

This paper explores central Asia's area studies and mission strategy focused on culture and islam's identity. This articles attempts significance of the area studies in taking pursuit of mission strategy in Central Asia. By researching Central Asia's historical surroundings, cultural identity, islam’s ideas after break up Soviet Union, it enables us to take out the essence of the mission’s methods in this areas. This article explores examining particularly Central Asia's historical meaning of the Mongolian tradition and the origin of the Central Asia's peoples, study the ideas of the religious essence, above all Islam's fundamentalism and the religiopolitical strategies as a politics of discourse focused on the concept in Central Asia. The history of Central Asia has been about empires and tribes. The concept of nation to denote a triangular relationship among territory, ethnocultural identity, and political authority is very recent in this region. The causeandeffect links between geopolitics and national identification in Central Asia were revealed by religion and national identity. By this conception, we must design mission strategy. The process of religious identity and national identity and Central Asia’s geopolitics have been connected each other, and I emphasized strong significance on the connection of domestic political surroundings and mission strategy. The leap from culture to politics is made by portraying the nation at one moment as a cultural community, and at another, as a political community. Nationalists can build up the nation from different political events and economic surroundings to be fot their country have special culture identity. Chapter II examines cultural mapping as the essence in Central Asia's study. Chapter III reviews islam's identity in Central Asia. Chapter IV analyzes politics factor focused on international relations between the west, USA and the Russia government. The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the mission strategy in examining culture and the ideological concept of the newly governments in Central Asia dealing with the process of the Nation building and State building in this areas.

본 연구는 도시공원의 토지피복 및 식재구조에 따른 온도 영향요인을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 성남시 분당구 중앙공원을 대상으로 전 지역에 대한 토지피복 및 식재현황을 파악하였으며 30개의 조사구를 설정하여 정밀 토지피복 및 식재구조를 파악하고 온도는 10회 반복 측정하였다. 온도 영향요인은 토지피복유형, 식재유형, 층위구조, 녹지량(녹피율, 녹지용적계수)을 선정하여 실측 온도와의 통계분석을 실시하였다. 토지피복유형, 식재유형, 층위구조와 실측 온도와의 분산분석 결과, 토지피복유형에서 목본 식재지는 저온역으로 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 식재유형은 침엽수 및 활엽수 식재지는 저온역으로, 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 층위구조는 교목층과 교목층+하부식재 유형은 저온역으로, 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 녹지량과 실측 온도와의 상관관계 분석 결과 녹피율과 녹지용적계수는 모두 실측 온도값과 고도의 음(-)의 상관관계가 인정되었다. 녹지량과 실측 온도와의 회귀모형에 의하면 녹피율은 1% 증가할 때마다 -0.002℃, 녹지용적계수는 1m3/m2 증가할 때마다 -0.122℃의 온도저감 효과가 있을 것으로 예측되었다.

이 논문은 중부지역 돌대문토기의 속성과 시간적 범위를 통한 편년연구이다. 중부지역 돌대문토기의 제작방법과 형태, 그리고 공반양상에 대한 검토결과 1ㆍ2ㆍ3단계의 단계별 변화가 있음이 확인되었다. 다만, 1단계의 경우 돌대의 부착위치에 따른 시간성과 유물들의 공반양상에 있어서 약하게 시간적인 흐름이 나타나고 있을 뿐 아직까지는 해당시기의 유적이 확인되지 않고 있으며, 오히려 다수의 유적들이 2단계의동일한 시간적 범위안에 밀집되고 있는 양상으로 나타나고 있다. 따라서 미사리유적을 논외로 하더라도 중부지역의 대부분 돌대문토기는 2단계에 위치하며, 공반관계상 청동기시대조기의 후반에 해당한다. 3단계에서는 주변의 다양한 토기문화유형과의 接變現像이 관찰되는데 구순외연각목토기ㆍ외반구연 공렬토기의 증가, 토기문양의 혼합(공렬, 구순각목 공반), 가락동계 이중구연토기의 점유율 증가와 같은 양상이 나타나고 있어 돌대문토기가 청동기시대 전기의 전반까지 유지되고 있음을 확인하였다.결국, 중부지역에서 확인되는 돌대문토기의 시기를 설정함에 있어 전ㆍ후반을 구분할 만큼 뚜렷한근거는 확인되지 않고 있으며, 이는 토기뿐만 아니라 석기 및 주거지에 관한 연구에 있어서도 명확한시기구분이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서, 시간성이 확인되는 토기의 속성과 공반유물의 양상을 근거로 현재까지 확인된 중부지역 돌대문토기는 조기 후반의 양상으로 파악되고 있으며, 전기 중반을넘지 않는 시기에는 이미 전국적으로 확산되어진 다양한 토기문화 속에 쇠락한 것으로 판단된다.

With AKARI, we carried out near-infrared spectroscopy of the nearby barred spiral galaxy, NGC 1097, categorized as Seyfert 1 with a circumnuclear starburst ring. Our observations mapped the galactic center region. As a result, we obtain the spatial distributions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 3.3μm and the aliphatic hydrocarbon 3.4−3.6 μm emission. The former is detected from all the observed regions and the latter is enhanced near the bar connecting the ring with the nucleus. In addition, we detect absorption features due to H2O ice and CO/SiO at the ring and the galactic center, while we detect the hydrogen recombination line Brα only from the ring. Hence the observed spectra change dramatically within the central 1 kpc region.

The ossifying fibroma (OF), with the microscopic features of trabuclae or spherules of bone or cementum-like material in a cellular fibrous connective tissue stroma, is one of the most common benign fibro-osseous lesions in the jaw bones. The OF often occurs in patients from 20 to 40 years of age, which is a definite female predilection. The mandibles are involved far more often than the maxillas, especially the pre-molar and molar regions. It is slow-growing, bone producing, asymptomatic and well-demarcated. The OF is a disorder of odontogenesis or osteogenesis ascribed to bone marrow stroma cells (BMSCs) abnormality. However, the detailed mechanisms of OF’s oncogenesis, cytodifferentiation, and tumor progression remain unknown. In this article, we reported a huge central OF on the anterior mandible. The lesion was enucleated and peripheral ostectomy was done via intraoral approach and reconstructed with vascularized iliac block bone graft. After 25 months of follow up, the tumor had not recurred. This case shows that OF may be successfully treated by conservative surgical enucleation and peripheral ostectomy.

For one hundred years, the Chinese character is good or poor? Is it easy or Complexity? Should continue to go its own way, or take the 'world of common phoneticdirection'? Repeatedly set off a heated debate until the new century, the problems have not been fundamentally resolved. The authors think that these arguments completely resolved, depends on the proper distinction, aware of two eras: the era of type and the computer age. In other words: the correct understanding of the new features of today's computer age is the key to Chinese characters all kinds of disputes resolved. Summary explanation: a century of Chinese characters should distinguish between two eras: type times and computer age; computer era of Chinese character information processing efficiency has alreadyovertaken English;electronics and software technology has beensuccessfully cracked a large amount of Chinese characters, the complex structure of the various problems; simplified and traditional Chinese characters compared in two age has a radically different landscape; implified and traditional Chinese characters compatible coexistence of conversion, wonderful, bright and harmonious development prospects.

동아시아에서 대기 에어로졸의 광역적 분포를 분석하기 위해 MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) 센서에서 산출된 AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth)와 AE (Angstroom Exponent)를 이용하였다. 2009년 동아시아 지역에서 AOD는 3월(0.44±0.25)에 높았고, 9월(0.24±0.21)에 낮았다. 봄에는 중국 북부와 몽골의 사막, 건조지역에서 발생한 모래폭풍이 광역적으로 이동하여 동아시아의 AOD에 기여하고 있다. 그러나 동아시아의 풍하측에 위치한 한반도 중부의 안면도, 청원, 울릉도에서 PM10 (d≤10μm) 질량 농도는 2월에 최고를 보인 반면, AOD는 5월에 가장 높았다. 장마 전 상대습도의 증가에 따른 흡습성 에어로졸의 성장이 5월의 높은 AOD에 기여하고 있다. 여름(8월)에는 북태평양으로부터 해양성 기류와 잦은 강수에 의한 습윤 침전으로 AOD는 낮지만 중국 동부의 산업지역에서 광역적으로 발생한 미세 에어로졸로 인해 AE (1.30±0.37)가 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 안면도, 청원, 울릉도에서 MODIS AOD와 지상 PM10 질량 농도의 상관계수는 0.4-0.6이었다. 2009년 한반도 중부에서 관측한 황사 사례는 4회(6일)였고, 인위적 대기오염 이동 사례는 6회(12일)였다. 황사 사례와 인위적 대기오염의 이동 사례에서 안면도와 청원의 PM10 농도가 모두 증가하였다. 황사와 인위적 대기오염 이동으로 PM10이 증가하는 영역에서 AOD가 높게 나타나고 있다.

Cicadas that produce loud calling songs for mate attraction can be a nuisance to city dwellers in Korea. The exuviae of final instars can be used for estimation of population density. To provide a key for species identification, we investigated morphological characteristics of final instar exuviae for four cicada species that are abundant in urban areas of central Korea: Cryptotympana atrata, Meimuna opalifera, Oncotympana fuscata, and Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata. Eight morphological characters were used for statistical analyses. The results of a general linear model showed that species and sex were significant for morphological characters and that mean values of most of the morphological characters measured were significantly different among four cicada species. C. atrata and M. opalifera were separated from the other species in most characters measured. Although O. fuscata and G. nigrofuscata were not distinguishable based on size-related characters, these two species differed in femoral tooth angle. Therefore, the exuviae of all four cicada species can be easily distinguished based on the morphological characters used in this study.

호형토기는 청동기시대 전기 유적에서 출토되는 대표적인 토기로 그 생김새와 체적이 다른 토기에 비해 특징적이어서 저장의 용도로 사용되었다고 추정된다. 호형토기는 출토량이 많지 않고 완형으로 확인되는 경우가 드물어 그동안 연구의 주체가 되기보다는 보조 자료로써 활용되어 왔다. 본고에서는 청동기시대 전기 유적의 주거지에서 출토되는 호형토기를 주체로 하여 속성을 분석하고 형식을 분류하였다. 그리고 각 형식과 공반유물을 통하여 단계를 설정하였으며, 단계에 따른 변화상을 용량의 변화상과 함께 살펴봄으로써 호형토기의 변화가 가지고 있는 사회·경제적 의미를 알아보았다. 호형토기를 각 크기에 따라 변화양상이 다르다고 판단하여 대·소로 구분하여 연구를 진행하였다. 각 크기에 따라 속성을 분석하고 형식을 분류하였다. 그 결과, 대형에서는 동체형태에 따른 변화상을 확인하였고, 소형에서는 구연형태에서의 변화상이 시간적 흐름에 더 민감하다고 보았다. 이러한 결과를 용량분석과 종합하여 보았을 때, 소형토기는 단기저장용기로, 대형토기는 장기저장용기로서의 기능을 지녔다고 상정된다. 청동기시대에서 시간의 흐름에 따라 사회가 분화되고 핵가족화 되는 과정에서 장기저장용기는 동체형태의 변화를 통해 용량의 변화를 보이며, 단기저장용기는 구연형태의 변화를 통해 기능적 변화의 모습을 보인다. 즉, 호형토기 형태의 변화는 용량의 변화로 연결되며, 이러한 용량의 변화는 곧 사회·경제적 변화를 보여준다.

The osteoblastic activity of carcinoma is restricted in osteoblastic metastasis, common in the patients with prostate cancer, whereas its mechanism and the factors involved are unknown. Here, we present a case of central adenocarcinoma showing the osteoblastic activity in the mandible of the 80-year-old Korean male who had suffered from the paresthesia of lower lip during four mouths. Clinically the overlying oral epithelium was intact, but the radiologic images revealed the ill-defined radiolucent intraosseous lesions in left ascending ramus. Microscopically, the mandibular lesion was composed with carcinoma of ductal or glandular differentiation but lack typical features of any epithelial salivary gland malignancies. Intriguingly abundant new bone formation was found in the stroma, but the tumor cells expressed no reactivity for prostate-specific antigen(PSA). The patient had low ionized calcium level, normal serum alkaline phosphatase and PSA level. Positron emission tomography-computed tomopraphy scan revealed the benign prostatic hyperplasia, but failed to trace the primary site of tumor other than mandible. Therefore, pathologically diagnosis for the lesion was informed as adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified(NOS). Because occult primary tumor associated with osteoblastic metastasis cannot be completely ruled out, periodic and careful check-ups for the patient should be performed.