본 연구는 기술협력의 중요한 동기인 ‘학습’ 관점에서 기업이 다양한 파트너 유형과 협력하는 것이 혁신성과에 도움이 되는지, 그리고 이 관계에서 학습에 영향을 줄 수 있는 흡수역량(absorptive capacity)과 전유성(appropriability)의 조절효과를 분석하였다. 다양한 협력 파트너와 협력하는 것은 다양한 파트너가 가진 지식, 정보를 습득한다는 점에서 혁신성과에 긍정적인 효과를 줄 것이라고 가정하였다. 또한, 학습을 촉진하는 흡수역량은 파트너 다양성과 혁신성과 간의 관계를 긍정적으로 조절하고, 보유한 기술을 보호하려는 수단인 전유성은 파트너로부터의 학습을 저해하는 요인으로 작용할 수 있기 때문에 다양한 파트너와 협력하는 제휴 포트폴리오와 혁신성과 간의 관계에서 흡수역량과 전유성의 조절효과를 분석하였다. 2010년 기술혁신조사 제조업 부문 데이터 중에서 우리나라 주력 산업인 기계⋅자동차 업종을 대상으로 실증 분석을 한 결과, 다양한 유형의 기술협력 파트너와 협력하는 것은 혁신성과에 긍정적인 영향을 주고, 전유성의 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

연구개발의 비용과 속도가 증가하고 있는 현대의 경쟁환경에서 기술혁신을 창 출하기 위해 필요한 모든 자원 및 역량을 갖추는 것은 불가능에 가까우며 이와 같은 환경은 연구개발협력의 필요성을 강조한다. 따라서 본 논문은 지식의 보호수단인 전유성이 연구개 발협력과 그 성과물인 제품혁신성과에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 분석하였다. 동시에 이 관계를 정부 연구개발지원이 어떻게 조절하고 영향을 미치는지 탐색적으로 실증분석 하였다. 연구결과, 전유성이 연구개발협력을 경유하여 제품혁신성과에 미치는 간접효과는 정부의 재무적, 직접적, 간접적 연구개발지원 각각의 유형 모두에서 공통적인 패턴을 보였다. 전유성 이 수직적 연구개발협력을 경유하여 제품혁신성과에 미치는 조건부간접효과는 정부 연구개 발지원의 강도가 일정수준 이상에서 증가하면 할수록 그 효과 역시 증가하였다. 반면, 수평 적 연구개발협력을 경유한 조건부간접효과의 경우 모든 정부 연구개발지원 강도에서 유의하지 않았다. 혁신과 관련된 정부 연구개발지원 정책을 조절변수로 설정하여 조절된 매개분석을 수행한 다면, 정책의 유의한 정책강도 및 그에 따른 성과를 분석할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문의 활용 은 정부 연구개발지원의 평가와 효과적인 정책수립에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

The external R&D, which includes the adoption of the external technology and knowledge in addition to the internal R&D, is one of important factors for the innovation. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the external R&D has been considered as a key factor to carry out the innovation more efficiently due to the limitations of their resources and capacities. However, most of extant studies related to external R&D have focused on analyzing the influence of external R&D on innovation outputs or outcomes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of external R&D on the innovation efficiency. This study therefore investigates whether the external R&D effects the industry’s innovation efficiency and productivity. On this study, we used Korean manufacturing industry data of SMEs from 2012 to 2014 and employed a global Malmquist productivity analysis technique, which is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to assess the innovation efficiency and productivity. Innovation performances of external R&D group and internal R&D group are compared. Then, the sectoral patterns of both innovation efficiency and productivity are analyzed with respect to the technological intensity, which is introduced by OECD. The results show that the gap of innovation efficiency between external and internal R&D groups has gradually decreased because of the continuous improvement of the external R&D group’s performance, while the external R&D group lag behind the internal R&D group. In addition, patterns of the innovation efficiency and productivity change were different depending on the technological intensity, which means that the higher the technological intensity, the greater the effect of external R&D.

The external R&D, which includes the adoption of the external technology and knowledge in addition to the internal R&D, is one of important factors for the innovation. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs), the external R&D has been considered as a key factor to carry out the innovation more efficiently due to the limitations of their resources. However, most studies related to external R&D have focused on innovation outputs or outcomes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of external R&D on the innovation efficiency. This study therefore investigates whether the external R&D effects the industry’s innovation efficiency and productivity. On this study, we used Korean manufacturing industry data of SMEs from 2012 to 2014 and employed a global Malmquist productivity analysis technique, which is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), to assess the innovation efficiency and productivity. Then, the sectoral patterns of both innovation efficiency and productivity are analyzed with respect to the technological intensity, which is introduced by OECD. We show that the gap of innovation efficiency between external and internal R&D groups has gradually decreased because of the continuous improvement of the external R&D group’s performance, while the external R&D group lag behind the internal R&D. In addition, patterns of the innovation efficiency and productivity change were different depending on the technological intensity, which means that the higher the technological intensity, the greater the effect of external R&D.

지난 50년 동안 혁신 분야는 학문의 정착과 진화의 시기를 지나왔다. 시간이 흐름에 따라 연구 주제의 범위가 확장되고 다양해지고 있으며, 양적 측면에서도 증가 추세를보이고 있다. 혁신 분야와 같이 다학제적인 분야에서 새로운 연구 주제를 탐색하고, 기존 연구의 흐름을 파악하는데 있어 연구 현황 및 동향에 대한 포괄적인 이해는 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 텍스트 마이닝 기법을 이용해 2000년부터 2015년까지의 국외 혁신 분야의 연구 현황 및 동향을 거시적인 관점에서 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 혁신 분야에서는 전통적인 주제와최근에 주목받고 있는 주제를 중심으로 연구가 이루어지고 있었으며, 일부 전통적인 주제에서 학문의 분화 현상이 나타났다. 연구 결과는 지난 16년 동안 혁신 분야에서 나타난 연구 주제의 현황 및 동향에 대한 이해를 도모할 것이며, 연구자들에게 새로운 패러다임이 정착하고진화해가는 과정을 학술적 관점에서 통찰할 수 있는 기회를 제공할 것이다.

본 연구는 원자력기술의 혁신특성을 심층조사 함으로써 4세대 원자력에너지기술의 전환 시 발생 가능한 이슈를 이해하고 한국의 정책현황을 분석하여 4세대 원자력에너지기술의 성공적 안착을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 이는 현재 세계 5강의 원자력에너지기술강국인 한국에서 4세대 원자력에너지기술의 도래에도 지속가능한 경쟁력을 유지하기 위한중요한 정책적인 시사점으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 정성적 문헌연구방법을 통해 원자력기술혁신에 관한 문헌들을 조사한 결과, 4세대 원자력에너지기술의 전환에 영향을 미치는 요인은 크게 4가지로 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 장기간의안정적인 자원 할당, 혁신을 위한 이해당사자 간의 지속적인 상호작용, 완전한 시스템을 위한 기술과 노하우의 축적, 적용 및 실증을 위한 정책적인 시장이었다. 이를 한국의 4세대 원자력에너지기술과 연관한 정책을 대상으로 적용하여 사례분석을 한 결과, 현재 4세대 기술이기술개발의 초기단계에서 실증단계로 넘어가는 시점임을 감안하더라도 연관한 정책은 실증과 운영을 위한 전문인력의 체계적인 양성 방안, 사회적 수용성과 저항에 대한 대응, 실증에대한 구체적인 계획 수립, 4세대 원자력시스템을 적용하기 위한 정책적인 시장을 제안하는장기적인 노력, 이해당사자들 간의 구체적이고 지속적인 상호작용을 적극 장려하는 것이 체계적으로 필요함을 제시하였다.

본 연구는 의료분야 사용자 혁신을 아이디어 도출-연구개발-상용화 및 창업의세 단계로 분류하고, 각 단계별로 혁신의 성공에 미치는 핵심요인의 조합을 30개 국내 사례에 대한 퍼지집합 질적 비교분석을 통해 파악했다. 아이디어 단계에서는 사용자 인적 네트워크상에서 그 가치를 평가하고, 연구개발 단계로의 이행을 위한 자원을 제공해 주는 것이 중요했다. 연구개발 단계에서는 급진적 혁신은 기술역량, 자원 접근성, 정부지원이 모두 갖추어져 있거나 우수한 혁신 네트워크에 아이디어가 도입된 경우 발생했다. 상용화/창업의 경우급진적 혁신은 연구개발과 같이 세 조건이 모두 갖춰진 경우 발생했으며, 점진적 혁신은 기술역량이 탁월한 개인이 소규모 정부지원 또는 주변 자원을 활용해 이루어졌다. 민간기업의사용자 혁신 전략과, 정부 지원 정책의 효과, 효율성을 모두 제고할 수 있는 사용자 혁신의틀을 제공했다는 점에 현실적 의미가 있다. 학술적으로는 사용자 혁신 단계별 핵심요인 조합을 규명하고, 퍼지집합 질적 비교분석방법을 적용한 첫 연구라는 의의가 있다.

생명과학산업으로서의 식품산업은 품질혁신 및 효율성 향상을 위해 제약산업과 마찬가지로 중요 공정변수(process parameter)나 품질에 영향을 미치는 특성(quality attribute)을 실시간으로 또는 신속하게 효율적으로 분석하거나 측정하 는 도구 및 수단이 매우 중요하다. 실시간 또는 연속적으로 신속하게 분석하는 방법으로는 그동안 FT-IR, Raman, NIR microspectroscopy 법이 널리 사 용되어왔다. 이는 분광광도법과 현미경관찰을 조합하여 분자정보를 미세구조수준에서 큰 공간해상도로 얻는 분석기 이며, 정성 및 정량 둘다 가능하다. 대부분 주위 온도 및 압력에서 시료처리 없이 습 혹은 건 상태 그대로 이용하므로 식품에서도 오래전부터 시료의 in situ 성분 동정 등에 이용되어 왔다. In situ는 "on site" 혹은 "in position" 및 "in place"로 번역되는 라틴어원의 문구로, 물리, 화학 및 생물학 분야에서는 ‘어떤 현상이 다른 계로의 이동없이 또는 시험 원래조건의 변화없이 동일장소에서 측정하는 방법’을 의미한다. 화학에 서는 전형적으로 "in the reaction mixture"의 의미로, 많은 공정들이 중간체들을 혼합물상태에서 in situ 합성하며, 생의 약공학에서도 많은 단백질 나노겔들을 in situ 중합법으로 제조한다. 화학공학에서는 주로 공장의 현장에서 수행되는 조작 혹은 절차를 의미한다. 또, 최근 제약산업의 새로운 패러다임으로 알려진 설계기반 품질고도화(QbD)의 공정분석 기술(PAT)에서 사용하는 분석기도 이러한 in situ 분석도구라 할 수 있다. 이들 in situ 분석법은 새로운 분석도구들의 개발로 최근들어 여러 분야에서 더욱 다양하게 이용되고 있으며, 시료의 파괴없이 분자정보를 얻어 기능 및 성분 탐 색과 동정이 가능할 뿐 아니라 공정 중의 신속한 분석도 가능하여 품질 및 공정을 혁신하는 데 큰 역할을 할 수 있다. 본 특강에서는 각종 in situ 분석과 정량, 공정이용 등의 연구사례를 개괄적으로 살펴보고, 실제로 그동안 본인이 직 접 기술개발혁신이나 산학공동연구 등에서 이용하였고, 또 성과로서 경험한 이들 개념의 분석법 적용 및 신규 방법의 개발사례를 소개하였다.

The regional innovation center (RIC) has been closely linked with college or university of the region in the capacity of research collaboration and business activities. In this relationship, the role of college or university becomes utmost important especially in developing countries. This study intends to redirect the role of regional university in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. The tasks for reformulating the agricultural university are associated with the curriculum, the capacity building of faculty, and the operation system of RIC. Finally, this paper suggests that the divided departments of the university should be merged to improve the quality of education and research. Also the university need to focus on extension for agri-business and strengthening lecturer’s competency for development of professional human capitals.

프라이버시 콘텐츠를 활용한 서비스가 일상이 되어버렸고, 기술은 더 더욱 진화되며 부지불식간에 개인의 사생활을 엿보고 있다. 하지만 이러 한 기술이나 서비스를 법이나 제도로 막는다는 것 자체가 어불성설(語不 成說)이다. 그렇다고 우리가 역사적으로 많은 투쟁과 희생을 통해 얻은 프라이버시권을 포기할 수 없으며 절대로 포기되어져서도 안 된다. 이러 한 문제의식을 바탕으로 본 고에서는 사인이 가지는 프라이버시권와 공 권력의 정당화요소로서 공익, 그리고 영업의 자유와의 갈등·충돌관계를 분석하고 그 조화방안을 모색해 보고자 하였다. 그간 이러한 갈등과 충 돌을 해결하고자 하는 공권력의 설계가 헌법상의 기본 원칙하에 이루어 지기 보다는 단편적·선제적 방식이 잦았다. 따라서 여러 차례 공권력 발동의 근거가 되는 규제실패를 격어야 했으며 그러한 결과는 의도하지 못한 부작용만 초래하면서 관련 산업에 타격을 주고, 공권력에 대한 국 민적 공감대를 상실시켰다. 뿐만 아니라 이러한 공권력 행사는 국내사업 자에 한정되는 반쪽짜리 공권력으로 전락하여 결국 불평등 집행으로 인 해 자국민의 사기저하를 불러일으키며 국가에 대한 신뢰도를 약화시키는 결과만 초래하였다. 공권력은 공익이라는 가치를 법치주의에 의해 구현 함으로서 정당화된다. 뿐만 아니라 그러한 공익가치의 실현을 위한 공권 력 행사의 내용은 반드시 비례원칙을 준수하여야 한다. 따라서 이러한 충돌을 해결하는 기본원리로서 본 논문을 다음을 제안하였다. 공익과 사 익간의 갈등에 대하여는 비례원칙이 적용되어야 하며, 사익간의 갈등에 대하여는 사적자치의 원칙을 존중하되, 사인간의 기본권 충돌의 조정은 이익형량의 원칙과 규범조화적 해결원칙에 따라야 한다. 본 연구는 이러 한 원칙 하에서 카카오톡 감청사례 , 잊힐 권리 , 무인항공기 를 둘러싼 프라이버시와, 공익 그리고 영업의 자유의 충돌에 있어서 조화방안을 모 색해 보았다.

본 논문은 2016년 하계 학술대회 발표 자료로서, 중견 기업에서의 ERP 시스템 구축 시 사전 설계 활동으로서의 PI컨설팅을 포함한 ERP 구축과 PI 활동 없이 ERP가 구축된 ERP 서비스에 대하여 두 집단간의 서비스 품질을 분석하고 비교하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 일반적인 오프라인에서의 서비스 품질 평가 모형인 SERVQUAL 모형과 IT 환경에서 서비스 품질을 분석하는 E-S-QUAL 모형 등의 다양한 연구모형을 참조하여 서비스 품질 모형(Service Quality Model)을 제시하여 두 집단에 적용하여 분석한다. 연구모형의 분석을 통해 PI 수행 여부에 따라 두 집단에 구축된 ERP 서비스 품질척도에 영향을 미치는 품질 결정 요인들을 식별하여 주요한 품질 결정 요인의 개선을 통한 ERP 서비스의 품질을 개선하고자 한다. 이러한 연구 과정을 통해 각 연구 모형과 요인들 간에 미치는 영향에 대한 결과를 분석하며, 분석 결과를 통하여 서비스 품질의 개선을 위한 경영적 시사점을 도출하고자 하는 목적으로 작성되었다.

With the fast pace of technological change, the role of innovation on a firm’s survival has received increased scholarly attention. This study investigates the relationship between a firm’s strategic orientations, exploration and exploitation, on innovation activity. Also, the synergy effects of four types of innovation: product, process, marketing, and organizational innovation are examined with the consideration of the level of innovativeness and the firm’s industrial category. The OECD Oslo Manual (2005) and the standard of OECD (2011) classification are used as a main source to define four different types of innovation and the industry category into high-tech and low-tech. This study uses data from 856 firms taken from the Korea Innovation Survey (KIS) 2014 which is the Korean version of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). Since most of the measures are composed of multiple items, their reliability and the underlying dimensions of each measure are tested by principal component analysis (PCA). Structural equation modeling (SEM) is then used to carry out a simultaneous test the relationships among the constructs. The moderating effects of marketing and organizational innovation are examined through multi group analysis. Results indicate that exploration and exploitation have positive impacts on the product innovation and process innovation respectively. Also, a new process encourages firms to develop radical product innovation. In case of the moderating effect of marketing and organizatioanl innovation, there are some differences between high-tech and low-tech industry. For high-tech firms, the positive relationship between a new product and firm performance is increased with the introduction of marketing innovation. In case of low-tech firms, process innovation has direct and positive impacts on a firm’s performance with organizational innovation. The findings show that the synergy effect of innovation exists and its significance could be changed depending on an industrial category.

Supply and demand patterns have dynamically changed in recent years due to the increased global competition. Firms have selected quality and price as competition components and have accomplished corporate innovation in order to achieve competitive advantage. Innovation has been recognized as the way to enhance corporate competitiveness and to continuously grow in churning global competition (Homburg, Schwemmle, & Kuehnl, 2015; Moon, Miller, & Kim, 2013). Although innovation becomes a common means to improve a firm’s performance, it has the limitation of achieving a firm’s strategic goal as a long-term strategy. Thus, firms need to have more fine-grained strategies to survive in dynamically changing business environment, such as design innovation (Moon et al., 2015). For example, Apple has produced its products (e.g., iPhone, iPod and iPad) focusing on innovative product design to influence consumer purchase intention. Design can lead to a distinct competitive advantage (Bolch, 1995). Furthermore, product design can be used by firms to create amd enhance brand recognition, as well as to increase firms’ value (Mozota, 2002). Brand experience positively influences customer satisfaction and brand loyalty (Brakus, Schmitt, & Zarantonello, 2009). Thus, we assume that design experience and product innovation have a positive effect on consumers’ purchase behavior and customer value. However, while the importance of design innovation is recognized, it is not easy to apply the design innovation to marketing due to the lack of relevant research in the field. In fact, relevant research on the influence of innovative new product design and design experience on customer value is scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate how brand experiences and innovative product design affect customer value. Successful innovation is accomplished by identifying customer needs first and developing innovative products to satisfy their needs (Hauser et al., 2006). Design is seen as the core of innovation and the moment when a new object is conceived of, devised, and shaped in a prototype form (Landwehr, Wentzel, & Herrmann, 2013). Verganti (2008) studies the concept of "user-centered design," which describes how companies can use design to improve their relationships with users and develop a better understanding of user needs. In this research, design innovation has three dimensions: aesthetic attributes, feature attributes, and emotional attributes. First, aesthetic attributes focus on the product design itself. The aesthetic appearance of a product has a large bearing on its potential market share (Liu, 2003). Second, feature attributes focus on the product features and functional aspects that are required to satisfy customer needs. Feature attributes enable performance that can give results in the operating process (Crawford & Di Benedetto, 2007). Third, emotional attributes focus on consumers’ feeling when they purchase a new product to satisfy their needs. Emotional attributes are generated by consumers’ experience when they purchase a new product in the store. The more the product design satisfies customer's emotional needs, the more customers’ attention is attracted to the purchase of a product (Mokarian, 2007). A product satisfying the aesthetic, feature, and emotional attributes through design innovation provides a new experience to customers (Desmet & Hekkert, 2007). A consumer’s purchase decision making is affected by both direct and indirect experience of using the product and the function of product (Brakus, Schmitt, & Zarantonello, 2009). Therefore, a designer comes to design the product, taking an interest in the experience that the product gives besides its shape and function. Product experiences occur when a customer interacts with the product ̶ for example, when customers search for, examine, and evaluate products (Hoch, 2002). The product experience can be direct, i.e. when there is physical contact with the product (Hoch & Ha 1986) or indirect, i.e. when a product is presented virtually or in an advertisement (Hoch & Ha 1986; Kempf and Smith 1998). Brand experience can be split into four dimensions (sensory, affective, intellectual, and behavioral), which are differentially evoked by various brands (Brakus, Schmitt, & Zarantonello, 2009). According to previous studies, these four experience dimensions (sensory, affective, intellectual, and behavioral experience dimensions) have an effect on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Customer value can be defined as the trade-off between the benefits and sacrifices as a customer purchases a product or service from a supplier (Ulaga & Chacour, 2001). Ulaga and Chacour presented three dimensions of customer value: product-related components, service-related components, and promotion-related components. The researchers argued that customer value could be an important strategic marketing tool to clarify a firm's proposition to customers. Product-related components are intrinsic product characteristics. Product quality is a key factor of relationship value (Ulaga, 2003). Customer value consists of product value and service value. Customer value can be enhanced by quality, diversity, payment, and service quality and decreased by price, convenience, and risk (Jarvenpaa & Todd, 2003). Service-related components include all aspects of service associated with the product. Various service components play an important role in differentiating a supplier's offering (Narus & Anderson, 1996). Promotion-related components include all items used to promote the product to the customer. For all purchasing processes, it is necessary to assess the perceived customer value, such as service quality and promotional quality (Qualls & Rosa, 1995). In the present study, we conducted a research survey with 300 subjects and analyzed the data. In order to test the reliability of questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used. In order to test the validity, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Measurement was made for 3 variables, i.e. design innovation, design experience, and customer value. Three variables (aesthetical attributes, feature attributes, and emotional attributes) were used for design innovation. Three types of attributes were introduced for a mobile phone design innovation. Four dimensions (sensory, affective, intellectual, behavioral) were measured using a technical design experience and a humanistic design experience. Three variables (product-related customer value, service-related customer value, and promotion-related customer value) were employed for customer value. The results of the analyses demonstrate that design innovation has a positive effect on design experience, while design experience has a positive effect on customer value. Aesthetic attributes of design innovation have a positive effect on technical design experience and humanistic design experience. Feature attributes have a positive effect on the technical design experience and the humanistic design experience. Emotional attributes have an effect on the technical design experience and the humanistic design experience. The technical design experience has a positive effect on product-related customer value, service-related customer value, and promotion-related customer value. The humanistic design experience has a positive effect on product-related customer value, service-related customer value and promotion-related customer value. This study will make it possible to empirically examine how customer's experience in design innovation affects customer value. Our results will provide a theoretical foundation for examining a relationship between variables regarding how design innovation influences customer value through design experience. It is intended to give a direction as to the design innovation of firms by clarifying and presenting antecedent factors having an effect that design innovation produces on customer value. The results of the present study will inspire designers to design in consideration of design experience. Finally, our study will provide marketers with guidelines as to how design experience can influence customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Design innovation is acquiring greater importance as consumers’ emotional needs grow ever greater and the cycle of technological innovation grows ever faster. Apple in particular led and strengthened this trend, achieving incomparable business success in the technology-driven electronics industry. However, although the importance of design innovation has increased, very little research has been done to explain the influence of design innovation on business success. This study aims to investigate the influence of design innovation attributes on perceptions, attitudes, and purchase intentions among designers and consumers. 408 designers and 464 consumers participated in an online survey that presented as stimuli four different smart watches. Design innovation attributes were evaluated based on the criteria of features, aesthetics, and ergonomics; consumer-perceived values were categorized as emotional, social, and functional. Regarding consumers attitudes, attitude toward product and attitude toward brand were measured separately. Overall results indicate that purchase intention among designers and consumers alike is influenced by their attitude toward product as well as brand. However, in the case of designers, these attitudes are most influenced by emotional value, while consumers are influenced by emotional as well as social values. Moreover, all three innovation attributes - namely, features, aesthetics, and ergonomics - affect designers’ perception of emotional value, but only aesthetics and ergonomics affect consumers’ emotional and social value. The study demonstrates three significant differences in the responses of designers and consumers. First, there is correlation of aesthetics and ergonomics to functional (price) value among designers, but not consumers. Second, there is correlation of functional (quality) value to attitudes toward product and brand for consumers, but much less or none at all for designers. Third, the influence of features on perception of emotional value is more pronounced among designers as compared to consumers. In conclusion, aesthetics and ergonomics are important design innovation attributes for consumers as well as designers, but the latter also attach significance to features. While perception of emotional as well as social value is important to consumers, designers consider only emotional value. It is anticipated that the relative importance of design innovation attributes will vary according to product categories and price ranges; therefore, further comparative studies will be meaningful in investigation of design innovation.

Despite the importance of innovation and customer participation for both practitioners and academics, the effects of the integration between innovation and customer participation has rarely been addressed in consumers’ perspectives. Accordingly, the authors first examine separately the impact of the two breakthrough innovation types (technology-based innovation vs. market-based innovation) and two forms of customer participation (as information providers vs. as co-developers) on brand attitude. Following this, the interaction effect between the two variables is also tested. We used a 2x2x2 mixed subjects design. We employed a 2 (breakthrough innovations: T-INNO, M-INNO) x 2 (customer participation: CPI, CPC) between-subjects design for independent variables and the dependent variable had a 2 (brand attitude: pre-brand attitude, post-brand attitude) within-subject design. The hypotheses were tested for a cell phone product category by pretest. Participants were 148 university students from Seoul, Korea. The results show that both breakthrough innovation and customer participation positively influence the brand attitudes held by customers, though neither the two forms of breakthrough innovation nor the two forms of customer participation differ from each other in terms of the strength of this relationship. However, when technology-based innovation is combined with customer participation in the form of co-development, a stronger positive impact on brand attitude is observed than when customers are treated as information providers. Conversely, when market-based innovation is combined with customer participation in the form of information provision, a stronger positive impact on brand attitude is observed than when the customers act as co-developers. These results have a number of theoretical contributions. First, prior innovation research has mostly focused on the impact on firm performance. Even though a few researchers have conducted several studies about the impact of innovation in terms of consumers’ perspectives, they did not consider the specific type of innovation. The present study focuses on comparing the impact of two types of breakthrough innovation based on customers’ perspectives. Second, prior customer participation or co-creation research has mostly looked at the positive impact on performance from both the firm’s and consumer’s perspective. However, they did not consider the specific type of customer participation which can affect differently performance. In this study, the differential impact of each type of customer participation was explored. Third, previous studies have not focused on the interaction effect between two types of innovation and customer participation. We found that the interaction effect can be significant when they are combined together. This study has also managerial implications. First, when firm managers utilize both breakthrough innovation and customer participation strategies, they need to consider the most effective combination of the forms of innovation and participation available. Second, this interaction effect should be considered not only in the innovative product development process but also in the communication activities in their customers. Finally, the limitations and further research directions of this results are discussed.

The present paper discusses the interrelationship among knowledge creation, heterogeneity, and open service innovation – an important theme of marketing research. Drawing on the literature of knowledge based innovation, we argue that both researchers and practitioners should extend the functionality of created knowledge into open and service-oriented innovation context. Our conceptual framework represent the following major points. First, the four classic knowledge creation mode each has different influences on open service innovation, given employee and customer knowledge is a cornerstone of service innovation. Specifically, socialization positively, externalization positively, combination positively, and internalization negatively predicts open service innovation. Second, knowledge heterogeneity moderates in the above mentioned relationships. Implication are discussed

With the rapid development of science and technology, big data has been applied in many fields and has brought commercial revolution[1]. The scientific community generally regards big data as "massive data + complex types of data". Commercial applications are more concerned about big data as an analytical (prediction) method and focus on the potential commercialization of analysis results. All walks of life will produce large amounts of data every day. The transition of data-scale brings huge commercial value, which will certainly bring the innovation of business model[2]. Particularly in the internet and other emerging industries, because they get data more convenient and fast. Like Amason, Facebook, Google etc, they use analysis of big data to innovate their business model for maximizing their profits[3], actually business model refers to "an enterprise’s profitable operation mode plus ways to make money"[4]. So the effectiveness of business model innovation of big data on emerging industries has been remarkable. But the impact of big data on traditional industries is still in the exploratory stage. Traditional industry mainly refers to the labor intensive, manufacturing oriented industries, including the traditional commerce and service industry[5]. Learning from the experience of big data on business model innovation of emerging industries, traditional industries can use big data to subvert the business model and accelerate the transformation and upgrading.

The benefits of being customer-oriented for building firm innovativeness remain ambiguous among academics, with some scholars claiming a customer-orientation fosters organizational innovation competencies, whereas some others argue that it merely inhibits innovation processes. A review of research on the effect of customer orientation on innovation activities are inconclusive, with some studies supporting a positive relationship, while others reporting mixed results. With many firms investing in activities to get to know their customers and in innovation activities, managers need an understanding of the role of customer-oriented behaviors on firm innovation practices.