본 연구는 급변하는 경영환경 속에서 임파워링 리더십이 구성원의 정서적 조직몰입에 미치는 영향과 그 과정에서 직무스트레스와 적응적 인지적 정서조절전략이 수행하는 역할을 직무요구-자원이론(Job Demands-Resources Theory)에 기반하여 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국내 민간기업에 재직 중인 종 사자 320명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 이 가운데 응답의 신뢰성이 확보된 270부를 최 종 분석에 사용하였다. 임파워링 리더십, 직무스트레스, 적응적 인지적 정서조절전략, 정서적 조직몰입을 측정하고 위계적 회귀분석과 조절된 매개분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 임파워링 리더십은 직무스 트레스를 유의미하게 감소시키고 정서적 조직몰입을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 직무스트레스는 임파워링 리더십과 정서적 조직몰입 간 관계를 부분 매개하여, 임파워링 리더십이 구성원의 스트레스를 완화함으로써 정서적 조직몰입을 높이는 경로가 존재함을 확인하였다. 셋째, 적응적 인지적 정서조절전략 은 직무스트레스와 정서적 조직몰입 간 관계를 조절하여, 적응적 인지적 정서조절전략 수준이 높은 구성 원일수록 동일한 스트레스 상황에서도 정서적 조직몰입의 감소폭이 완화되는 조절된 매개효과가 검증되 었다. 이러한 결과는 JD-R 모형에서 상대적으로 간과되어 온 개인자원으로서 적응적 인지적 정서조절전 략의 역할을 부각시키며, 조직민첩성과 정서적 조직몰입을 제고하기 위해 리더 개발뿐 아니라 구성원의 정서조절 역량을 강화하는 HRD 전략과 조직개발 개입이 필요함을 시사한다.

This study analyze whether the fare-free bus policy (“Support Program for Promoting Public Transportation Use Among the Elderly and Others”) implemented in Chungnam in July 2019 increases the bus-usage probability among policy beneficiaries (elderly individuals aged 75 and older) in Chungnam. A difference-in-differences approach was utilized to empirically analyze the change in the bus-usage probability among residents aged 75 years and older in Chungnam following the implementation of free bus fares. Specifically, the difference in bususage probability before and after the policy was implemented was examined between the treatment group (elderly aged 75 years and older in Chungnam) and control group (elderly aged 75 years and older in other regions or those aged < 75 years in Chungnam). The effectiveness of the policy was evaluated by comparing the changes. For an empirical analysis, data from the “Elderly Status Survey” conducted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs in 2017 and 2023—targeting elderly individuals aged 65 years and older nationwide—were utilized. The results show that the fare-free bus policy implemented in Chungnam in July 2019 for residents aged 75 years and older significantly increased the bus-usage probability among the elderly population in the region as compared with the case for their counterparts in neighboring Chungbuk and Jeonbuk. However, in an analysis limited to Chungnam as the region of study, no statistically significant effect of the policy was observed when the control group was defined as elderly individuals under 75 years of age. Considering the relatively low levels of retirement preparedness of Korea’s elderly population as compared with those other developed countries and mobility limitations that restrict external activities, the fare-free bus policy for residents aged 75 years and older implemented in Chungnam can improve the transportation welfare of vulnerable groups. The empirical results of this study indicate that the effects of such a policy can serve as a basis for the long-term promotion and expansion of related initiatives.

자동정식 과정에서 기계적 취출 시 묘의 손상이 발생할 수 있기 때문에, 본 연구는 기계이식의 가능성을 평가하기 위해 배추묘의 손상 요인(엽손상 및 뿌리·상토손상)이 생육에 미치 는 영향을 분석하였다. 19일, 26일, 33일 동안 육묘된 배추묘 를 정상묘, 엽손상 처리묘(40mm 이하로 절단), 뿌리·상토손 상 처리묘(하단부 10mm 절단)의 세 처리로 구분하였다. 이식 후 3주 및 4주에 생육 특성을 조사하였다. 통계 분석 결과, 정 상묘와 엽손상묘 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 근권손상 묘는 약간 향상된 엽생장을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 자동이식 과정에서 발생하는 경미한 기계적 손상이 배추묘의 활착 및 생육에 큰 영향을 미치지 않음을 시사하며, 제한적인 묘 손상 이 동반되는 기계이식 시스템도 인력 이식을 대체할 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다.

이 연구의 목적은 중국인 유학생의 한국어 학습에 대한 메타인지 능력 을 파악해 봄으로써 한국어 학습을 스스로 해야만 하는 학부생의 자기주 도적 학습 능력을 견인할 메타인지 활성화 방안을 모색해 보는 것이다. 이를 위해 학부의 특정 교과목의 중국인 수강생 102명의 학습 경험, 학 습 전략, 학습 성찰에 관한 서술형 응답을 수집하고, 문헌 검토를 통해 메타인지적 지식과 메타인지적 조절을 대범주로 설정한 후 개방 코딩 절 차를 통해 자료를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 메타인지적 지식 측면에 비해 메타인지적 조절 측면이 상대적으로 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 중 국인 유학생의 한국어 학습에서는 다양한 학습 전략에 대한 지식 제공과 더불어 체계적인 전략 수립과 학습 방법 평가 능력을 함양할 수 있는 메 타인지 훈련이 필요한 것으로 보인다.

Marine medaka (Oryzias dancena)를 이용하여 다양한 수계 염분환경에 따른 주요 수산 병원체들의 감수성과 병원체와 어체 간 생리적 상호작용을 분석하였다. 세균성 병원체인 Edwardsiella piscicida, Vibrio anguillarum 및 V. harveyi의 염분별 생장분석을 분석하였다. 염분별 균주의 생장분석 결과 E. piscicida는 0 psu에서 7±0.2 mm 로 가장 높은 생장을 나타냈으며, V. anguillarum 및 V. harveyi는 30 psu에서 각각 10.8±0.763 및 14±1.732 mm로 활발한 생장을 나타내었다. 3종의 세균성 병원체 중 Marine medaka에 감수성이 가지는 E. piscicida 균주를 사용하여 염분별 액상배지에서 배양한 뒤, 인위감염시켜 염분별 환경에서 누적폐사율을 분석한 결과, high level 1 (3.85×1011 CFU/ml)에서 10 psu 조건에서 60%의 가장 높은 생존율이 나타냈으며, high level 2 (7.7×1010 CFU/ml)에서는 20 psu에서 25%의 가장 낮은 생존율을 보였다. 또한 E. piscicida 균주의 ECP protease 활성 분석 결과, 20 psu에서 가장 높은 효소 활성을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 염분 환경에 따른 병원체의 생리적 특성과 감염력, 및 숙주의 감수성에 중요한 영향을 미치며, 해양 환경 변화에 따른 수산 질병 예측 및 예방 전략 수립에 유용한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

This study empirically analyzes the factors influencing the commuting time of households with multiple commuters in Chungnam Province. In particular, we examined how the commuting time varies between commuters depending on their wage gaps. A regression equation, in which the dependent variable was the difference in commuting time, was used. The key independent variable was the wage gap for households with two commuters. Further estimations were performed on samples restricted to dual-income couples with additional variables such as the wife’s household work burden, number of preschool children, and number of caregivers for children. Based on the results of the empirical analyses using the Chungnam Social Survey, the larger the wage gap between two commuters in a household, the longer the commuting time for high-wage commuters than for low-wage commuters. This contradicts the argument that a higher opportunity cost of commuting for higher wages should reduce the commuting time. In the analysis of dual-income couples, the wife’s commuting time was relatively shorter than that of the husband’s because of the burden of housework; however, the influence of childcare was not observed. As households with multiple commuters or dual-income couples become increasingly common, and the structure of cities changes from monocentric to multicentric, deciding where to live has become more complicated. Long-time and long-distance commuting can lead to wasteful commuting, and this needs to be considered as a social cost owing to the possibility of traffic congestion beyond the loss for the individual concerned. Therefore, the government’s urban policies, including housing and transportation policies, must be improved.

In this study, we target demand-responsive smart mobility, i.e., a bus-type rural transportation model, that has recently been activated to target public transportation-vulnerable areas in urban-rural integrated cities, and empirically analyze the effects of travel time and service factors on user satisfaction with the transportation mode. An ordered logit model was used for the empirical analysis of a field survey of 449 passengers regarding their usage status and satisfaction with demand-responsive smart mobility in rural areas across the country. As access and travel times increased, bus user satisfaction decreased. Particularly, access time was approximately 1.6 times more important than travel time. Meanwhile, satisfaction with demand-responsive smart mobility was found to increase as drivers were kind and drove safely, vehicles were convenient and ran on time, lines and stops were appropriate, fares were satisfactory, and information on schedules and how to use them was available. Among these service elements, the kindness of the driver was analyzed as the most important variable. This suggests that to activate the use of demand-responsive smart mobility, considering the selection of pick-up and drop-off locations to reduce access time and to make efforts to increase the kindness of drivers is important. The essential flexible schedule of demand-responsive smart mobility, i.e., the use of demand-responsive smart mobility, can be activated only when an operating environment is created that reduces access time and in-vehicle travel time. In other words, it is difficult to revitalize the use of demand-responsive smart mobility if it operates on a fixed route and schedules similar to those of existing buses.

This review examines the importance of measuring practical enteric methane emissions from ruminants, considering their significant impact on global warming. Global warming is significantly driven by an increase in greenhouse gases, with rising methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants accelerating global warming recently. To successfully mitigate CH4 emissions and establish effective strategies, it is essential to apply reliable measurement techniques. This will allow for an accurate assessment of on-farm CH4 emissions. The priority should be to gather CH4 emission data that reflects the actual state of CH4 emissions from ruminants. The review provides an overview of the methods used to measure CH4 emissions from ruminants by compiling existing researches. It introduces the concepts, principles, and limitations of these methods to facilitate comparisons between existing approaches. This review discusses methods for measuring enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants at the farm level, including the tracer technique, laser methane detector, GreenFeed, and sniffer system. These methods are highlighted as potential tools to accumulate substantial data on on-farm CH4 emission from domestic animals with provides examples of international cases. Among these, this review introduces the Sniffer method, a CH4 emission measurement techniques that are suitable for on-farm use under domestic conditions, and emphasizes the necessity of its application. In addition, by presenting international cases where predictive models were developed based on on-farm CH4 measurement techniques, it is projected that if predictive models for CH4 emissions are developed by accumulating data at the farm level, it can contribute to sustainable livestock industry in various promising ways.

PURPOSES : In this study, the speed limit violation behavior of drivers after experiencing traffic law punishment was analyzed. Simultaneously, the tendency of such drivers to violate other traffic laws besides the speed limit was empirically analyzed. METHODS : Over a two-month period (May–June, 2024), 1,235 responses were collected through a mobile on-line survey targeting drivers living in the urban areas of Chungnam Province, South Korea. After building a binary logit regression model on drivers’ speed limit violations with their personal attributes (e.g., gender, age, education, job, marital status, driving frequency, and driving experience) and the number of past traffic law violations as explanatory variables, the speed limit violation determinants were derived. Additionally, the relationship between the different types of traffic violations were investigated. RESULTS : As the driver age increased, the rate of speed limit violations decreased. Drivers working in relatively high-paying jobs are more likely to incur in speed limit violations. The greater the driving experience, the lower the possibility of a speed limit violation. The greater the number of fines imposed in the previous 12 months, the more likely it is to violate the speed limit. Additionally, drivers who had violated the speed limit were found to be more likely to violate laws by failing to follow stop lines at crosswalks, not activating turn signal lamps, entering intersections under a red light, and not wearing seatbelts on public roads. CONCLUSIONS : Fines work as a means of sanctioning to ensure their effectiveness in suppressing repeated law violations. Particularly, there is a limit to the fact that compulsory collection cannot be implemented when the arrears are not large, and institutional improvements are required to improve awareness of the fact that when a violator is imposed with a fine, it is not considered seriously. Meanwhile, there is a need to develop educational programs so that drivers can follow traffic laws under any circumstance, expand crackdowns on traffic violations, and strengthen preventive campaigns and promotions for traffic safety. Additionally, continuous efforts are needed to help drivers who repeatedly violate traffic laws develop negative attitudes toward violating these laws.

PURPOSES : In this study, the factors affecting commuting time according to city, county, and ward were empirically analyzed. METHODS : We estimated the average commuting time according to city, county, and ward by controlling for the characteristics of individual commuters, using a 2% sample of the Population and Housing Census of the National Statistical Office, and performed a twostage regression analysis using the average commuting time as the dependent variable. RESULTS : Among the regional attributes in the second stage, the share of commuters with different work and living areas was analyzed as a representative factor causing longer commuting times. The proportion of each mode of transportation in the total regional traffic volume and the population and household characteristics were also analyzed as affecting the average commuting time in the region. Particularly, when analyzing regions by dividing them into cities and counties within a metropolitan city and cities and counties within a province, or by dividing them into urban and rural areas, it can be observed that the factors affecting the average commuting time in the region are different, indicating that differentiated transportation policies are required according to the characteristics of the region. CONCLUSIONS : Commuting time entails increasing opportunity costs as wages increase. However, the expansion of the inter-regional transportation infrastructure acts as a factor in increasing job-residence separation and causes contradictory results by increasing the commuting time. If the characteristics of each region are different, and a function hierarchy as a city appears, travel between regions will become more common. Today, the widening gap between urban and rural areas in terms of employment and residential conditions can cause social waste due to increased commuting times. Ultimately, the extinction crisis of rural areas can be alleviated through policy by encouraging proximity to direct employment through the balanced development of jobs and settlement conditions between regions.

본 연구는 2017년부터 2021년까지 고속도로에서 발생한 약 9,600건의 사고를 분석하여 자율주행 긴급차량의 신속한 대응 능력을 향 상시키고자 하였다. 조사 결과, 2차 사고가 전체 사망자의 16.8%를 차지하며, 이들 중 약 74%가 선행사고와 관련이 있다는 점이 강조 된다. 이러한 통계는 긴급차량의 신속한 대처 능력이 피해를 최소화하는 데 얼마나 중요한지를 보여준다. 연구에서는 사고의 영향권을 정의하고, 이를 기반으로 긴급차량이 보다 안전하고 효율적으로 사고 현장에 접근할 수 있도록 하는 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 실제 교 통사고 데이터를 활용하여 사고 지속 시간과 다양한 변수를 고려한 기초 분석을 실시하였으며, 도로 특성, 사고 종류, 점유 차로 등 여러 요소를 반영하여 대응 기준을 설정했다. 알고리즘은 자율주행 차량이 실시간으로 주변 정보를 수집하고 신속하게 대응 방안을 마련할 수 있도록 설계되었다. 향후 연구에서는 알고리즘의 실제 도로 환경에서의 적용 가능성을 검토하고, 다양한 변수들을 포함한 추가 연구를 통해 성능을 더욱 개선할 계획이다. 이러한 연구 결과는 교통사고로 인한 피해를 줄이는 데 기여하고, 자율주행 기술을 활용하여 2차 사고의 가능성을 감소시키는 데 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.

PURPOSES : This study empirically examines the determinants of traffic accidents by focusing on the transport culture index. METHODS : Two-stage least-squares estimation using an instrumental variable is used as the identification strategy. As the instrumental variable of the transport culture index, its past values, particularly before the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2018 are used. RESULTS : The empirical results, considering the potential endogeneity of the transport culture index, show that areas with higher values of the index are likely to have fewer traffic accident casualties. Local governments of regions with relatively frequent traffic accidents can run campaigns for residents to fasten their seatbelts, causing reverse causation. Ignoring this type of endogeneity underestimates the importance of the index as a key determinant of traffic accidents. CONCLUSIONS : Several traffic accidents occur in Korea, e.g., 203,130 accidents with 291,608 injuries and 5,392 deaths. As traffic accidents cause social costs, such as delays in traffic flow and damage to traffic facilities, public interventions are required to reduce them. However, the first step in public intervention is to accurately understand the relationship between the degree of damage in traffic accidents and the transport-related attributes of the areas where the accidents occurred. Although the transport culture index appears to be an appropriate indicator for predicting local traffic accidents, its limitations as a comprehensive index need to be addressed in the future.