본고는 고대 자전류를 중심으로 두의에 관련된 어휘를 정리하여 고대 중국의 두의 가 어떤 형태였고, 이것이 한국의 고대 두의와 어떤 차이를 가지는지 살펴보고자 하 였다. 복식문화는 그 사회의 문화 지표이자 시대적 역사성과 공동체의 의식을 계승 한 현실과 가장 근접한 문화적 상징이라고 할 수 있다. 문화는 결코 한 방향으로만 흐르지 않는다. 우리나라의 의복이 중국의 영향을 받지 않을 수 없었겠지만, 일방적 인 중국 복식문화의 수입에만 의존하였다고 생각할 수도 없다. 중국의 두의는 冠‧冕 과 巾에서 발전한 幘이 있고, 冠과 幘이 합쳐진 형태의 巾幘이 있다. 고대 유가 의례 에 관한 문헌에 자주 보이는 弁은 자형의 혼용, 弁 형태에 대한 설명의 상충 등 모 순점을 가지고 있다. 본고는 이를 자형과 고문헌 자료의 편찬 시기 등의 자료를 바 탕으로 한국의 고깔형 弁과의 융합 가능성을 제기하고자 한다.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of acid leaching on the properties of Cr powder synthesized using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Cr powder was synthesized from a mixture of Cr2O3 and magnesium (Mg) powders using the SHS Process, and the byproducts after the reaction were removed using acid leaching. The properties of the recovered Cr powder were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), particle size analysis (PSA), and oxygen content analysis. The results show that perfect selective leaching of Cr is challenging because of various factors such as incomplete reaction, reaction kinetics, the presence of impurities, and incompatibility between the acid and metal mixture. Therefore, this study provides essential information on the properties under acidic conditions during the production of high-quality Cr powder using a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method.

The (Hanilseonman) New Dictionary is a multilingual dictionary of Chinese characters marked in multiple characters. It records the pronunciation and interpretation of Korean, Japanese, Northern Mandarin and Manchurian language corresponding to Chinese characters. There are few Chinese-Korean bilingual dictionaries in modern Korea, and the (Hanilseonman) New Dictionary, which records many Chinese words, is evaluated as the prototype of Chinese-Korean dictionaries. In this study, we examine the Chinese and Korean meanings of the ‘火部’ Chinese monosyllabic cooking verbs in the (Hanilseonman) New Dictionary. We then analyze their meanings, summarize their meaning-positions and classify the semantic fields. Furthermore, the accuracy of their Chinese and Korean interpretations in the (Hanilseonman) New Dictionary is examined, and the prominent interpretation methods and characteristics of the (Hanilseonman) New Dictionary are investigated. This study examines the influence of Modern Times food culture and language, and also points out the problems of Modern Times Chinese-Korean bilingual dictionaries and the direction of future dictionary compilation. This paper discussed the applicability of modern and contemporary Chinese-Korean dictionary definitions, examine the interpretation strategies of modern and contemporary Chinese-Korean dictionaries, summarize their similarities and differences. This paper also discusses the applicability of modern and contemporary Chinese-Korean dictionaries from the perspective of language learners. This study has significance for researchers on the historical development of Chinese-Korean dictionary compilation.

Tungsten carbide is widely used in carbide tools. However, its production process generates a significant number of end-of-life products and by-products. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient recycling methods and investigate the remanufacturing of tungsten carbide using recycled materials. Herein, we have recovered 99.9% of the tungsten in cemented carbide hard scrap as tungsten oxide via an alkali leaching process. Subsequently, using the recovered tungsten oxide as a starting material, tungsten carbide has been produced by employing a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method. SHS is advantageous as it reduces the reaction time and is energy-efficient. Tungsten carbide with a carbon content of 6.18 wt % and a particle size of 116 nm has been successfully synthesized by optimizing the SHS process parameters, pulverization, and mixing. In this study, a series of processes for the highefficiency recycling and quality improvement of tungsten-based materials have been developed.

Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country with many cultures, languages, and forms of texts that coexist independently and interactively. Among the Vietnamese ethnic minorities is the Tay, the most primarily populated one. Before the use of the Latinized script, the Tay people used to use Nom which is made up of the graphic, phonetic and semantic elements of Han characters. Currently, the cultural source of the Tay is one of the most precious cultural heritages of Vietnam. If we want to decode, research, explore and promote the values of this heritage, it is impossible not to have a good set of reference books, which are Nom-Tay (word-based and character-based) dictionaries. It is undeniable that the compilation of Tay-language dictionaries and texts has attracted interest, and been in implementation for about half a century, thanks especially to the government, research institutions, and generations of Vietnamese scholars. However, the achievements have not met the needs and utilization potential of the explored materials. With the extremely abundant resources of ancient Nom-Tay texts, with the proper attention and investment of the state and investment funds, and with researchers’ enthusiasm, the compilation of the Nom-Tay (word-based and character-based) dictionaries will, to be sure, attain remarkable achievements.

이 글의 취지는 잘 알려지지 않은 17세기 영국 여성의 자전적 신앙 산문을 소개하고 연구 대상으로 조명하는 데 있다. 『아그네스 보몬트의 박해 서사』로 알려진 이 자전적 신앙 산문은 22세 중하층 여성의 1인칭 저술이고 현재 필사본으로 남아있다. 아그네스 보몬트의 생애, 『박해』의 필사본 특성, 전개 양상, 집필 동기에 대해 고찰하면서 이 산문이 갖는 컨텍스트와 텍스트적 특이점들을 살펴본다. 이 글은 두 가지의 목표를 가지고 있다. 하나는 자세한 비평적 소개를 통해 『박해』를 학술적 연구 범주로 끌어오고 앞으로 다양한 논의의 장을 만드는 것이다. 또 하나의 목표는 아그네스 보몬트의 서술 전략을 조망하면서 『박해』를 종교와 문학이 매개되는 방식을 탐색하는 것이다.

As a result of the National Social Science Foundation Project hosted by Professor Zhao Hong for several decades, the Dictionary of the Non-Classical Word in Turpan Manuscripts was published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in December 2019 after long expectations. As for the form of a dictionary, it draws out the non-classical word in Turpan Manuscripts, and collects extensive materials. Furthermore, the practice of writing is fine and appropriate, and the collected glyphs are also full and rich. So, it shows us the whole appearance of using the non-classical word among the people in Turpan. It is a classic of this international study——Turpan Studies. This paper briefly introduces the dictionary’s practice, features, value and some shortcomings so that scholars can understand the dictionary better.

This article conducts a textual research on the character of ‘畑’ in Grand Chinese Dictionary. Through reviewing Buddhist scriptures and secular literature, the article points out that ‘畑’ is a Japanese character signifying the ‘upland field’. The word of ‘田畑’ found in the scriptures is a Japanese one with two meanings: one, the ‘paddy field and upland field’, and the other, the ‘field’. In Japanese, the former is expressed by ‘田’ and ‘畑’, yet, in Chinese, by adding modifiers before ‘田’. Therefore, when entering into Chinese, ‘畑’ comes to have the same meaning and usage as ‘田’. For this reason, the article considers it possible for ‘畑’ to be a variant of ‘田’ in the Chinese literature. Moreover, ‘畑’ can be thought of not only as a formal variant of the folk character of ‘烟’ but also as a mistaken character of ‘油’ in the scriptures.

대기 대순환을 결정하는 주요 인자로는 남북방향 온도 경도와, 지구 자전으로 인한 코리올리 힘이 있다. 남북방향 온도 경도에 따른 경압성 차이로 인한 대기 대순환의 변화는 지금까지 많이 연구되어 왔으나, 자전속도에 따른 대기 대순환의 반응은 크게 연구되어 오지 않았다. 때문에 본 연구에서는 현 지구보다 느리거나 빠른 자전속도 범위를 모두 포괄하여 이에 따른 해들리 순환과 제트의 변화를 확인하였다. 이 연구에서 우리는 지구의 자전속도가 빨라질수록 해들리 순환 경계와 제트의 위치가 적도에 가까워지고, 제트와 해들리 순환의 세기가 약해진다는 것을 발견하였다. 해들리 순환 경계와 제트의 위치는 자전속도가 매우 빠르거나 느린 경우를 제외하면 준선형적인 관계를 가졌다. 특히, 해들리 순환 경계는 자전속도가 현재보다 1/8에서 8배의 자전속도 범위에서 자전속도보다 그 제곱근에 더 잘 반비례하는 경향성을 보였다. 단, 이러한 자전속도에 따른 변화는 해들리 순환 세기와 제트의 세기에 대해서는 뚜렷하지 않았다. 이는 대기 대순 환의 위치 구조 변화는 지구 자전속도와 관련이 큰 반면, 세기의 변화는 자전속도로 설명되지 않음을 의미한다.

일제 강점기의 국어는 근대후기 국어와 현대국어를 잇는 과도기로서, 두 시기의 표기상의 특징이 혼재하고 있다. 이 시기에 출판된 근대적 성격을 띤 한자 자전의 한글 뜻풀이 표기 방식은 현대국어 표기법이 점진적으로 형성되는 과정을 보여주고 있다. 본고는 일제강점기 자전의 한글 뜻풀이를 국어의 음운 현상과 연계시켜 그 표기 양상과 특징을 살펴봄으로써 당시의 한자 자전이 지닌 자료적 가치와 시대적 위상을 재조명하고자 한다.

The word “dictionary” originated in China. China used to call the dictionary a “word book” which was used as a general term for the interpretation of Chinese characters, sounds, and meanings. At the beginning of the 20th century, in the era of modern China's alternating old and new cultures and Chinese and Western cultures, the social language has undergone tremendous changes, which has caused obstacles to the reading of the people and has also seriously affected academic research. In almost the same period, the Korean peninsula, which borders China, has also abolished the status of Chinese characters as an orthodox script under the influence of Japanese colonial rule. In the context of a similar era in which the culture of the country is influenced by foreign cultures, the “New Dictionary” and the “New Dictionary” of the Republic of Korea should be born on time. Both are compiled on the basis of the “Kangxi Dictionary” to comply with the new situation and new Form, hence the name of the "new dictionary." The characters in the two “The New Dictionary” are mostly the same, but there are also some characters in them, which are different because of factors such as referral and transmission. This article starts with the differences between the Chinese characters in the Chinese and Korean New Dictionaries and uses the Chinese character configuration theory to classify the differences in the shape of the characters and to trace the origin of the characters, combining ancient Chinese characters such as Oracle, Bronze, and Warring States. Further analysis of the reasons for the differences in the type of characters to analyze the characteristics of Chinese and Korean dictionary compilation.

In this paper, the author studied dictionaries that was named as Yupian in the Joseon Dynasty and modern times. and also studied the versions and characteristics of these dictionaries. The results show that the Chinese dictionaries in Korean development process from early to mature stage.

This article studies on a medical dictionary from Hong’s Diagnose and Secret Prescriptions with a Medical Dictionary (《洪家定診秘傳附醫書字 典》, <with A Medical Dictionary> for short, published in 1955). And a tentative research is made on these aspects, such as, the social history background of the book, the construction of the dictionary, the features of the dictionary, the selection of the Chinese characters and the explaination features the of characters, the meaning and value of the dictionary. This dictionary is high medical professional. And the characters has more paraphrases and the paraphrases have more correlationship with the medical. Thus, he dictionary has a big progress in the history of Korea Traditionary medical dictionary.

The New Dictionary (《新字典》) was compiled in the later period of Korean Age in South Korea.it is the epitome of dictionary in Korean history. During the Japanese colonial rule in South Korea, patriots compiled the dictionary for the sake of protecting national traditional culture, which made it indispensible and play an important role in the history of Korean language philology. However, there are some errorsin the dictionary, especially quotations, causing misunderstanding for the people who are using it. Thus, this paper aims to collate quotations of names, placenames, implement names for a better understanding.

The German-Chinese pocket dictionary (《德華字典》) is a collection of daily-life words and expressions based on the local dialect of Qingdao and nearby towns at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The editor named Albrecht Welzel (1867-1932) was a government official of Kiautschou-Bay, German colonial concession, from 1898 until 1914. He edited this dictionary, when he held his post as police chief from 1901. According to him, the main reader should be German who lived in Shandong. The notable features of this pocket dictionary are being entirely arranged by German in the alphabetical order, and using the spell system which was created by German linguists and diplomats, Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1847-1901). It consists of three parts: a preface, main text and an appendix. In the preface the editor explains briefly Chinese pronunciation rules, including consonant, vowel, diphthong, tones and intonation. It covers many words and sentences from social, political, economic, cultural, educational, religious fields. It not only reflects the social life at German colonial concession in the province of Shandong at that time and presents their contact with Chinese folk, but also shows the intellectual/spiritual world of the German government officials circles through the collected words and expressions. As an important historical and linguistic material, this dictionary has not yet been studied in detail. The aim of this study is to show how German words were adopted into Chinese, and to determine the features of an era of this dictionary.

식기와 같은 세간은 그다지 화려하지 않지만 우리 생활에 없어서는 안 될 소중한 도구들 이다. 세간은 원래 아녀자들이 자주 쓰는 물건이다. 그러기에 대부분 한글 고유어가 많다. 동 그란 모양의 대바구니를 동고리, 귀가 달린 병을 귀때병, 밥을 푸는 쥬게 등. 그러면 이런 단 어들을 한자로는 어떻게 표현했을까? 그리고 그 한자들을 사용한 이유는 무엇일까? 우리는 오랜 세월 그 한자를 가지고 이 한국의 세간들을 표현해 왔는데 중국 역시 여전히 그 한자를 가지고 그 세간을 표현하고 있는가? 한국과 중국의 식문화가 다르고 부엌의 모양과 형태가 달랐는데 그 차이들을 어떻게 표현하였을까? 본고는 이러한 물음에 대하여 『자전석요』(1909, 지석영)에 나타난 한자에서 식기를 나타내는 한자 표제어를 대상으로 그 모양과 용도, 사용 하는 한자와 현대적 의미, 그리고 중국어와 한국어를 비교해서 우리말이 어떻게 이루어졌는 지를 살펴보았다. 우리나라는 한글이 창제되기 전까지는 관련 용어들을 한자로 기록해야 했 고, 그러면서 한자와 우리말이 서로 영향을 주고받았으리라 생각된다. 이런 과정에서 우리말 과 한자에서 유래된 말, 그리고 다른 어원을 가진 어휘들을 구분하는 것은 비교언어학적 측 면에서도 매우 중요한 연구이다

Chinese Character studies have mainly been focused on four areas: orthography, phonology, meaning, and character frequency. To add a new dimension to the existing approaches, this paper will provide and examine a quantitative data about the range of the vocabulary in Chinese character dictionaries. As a promising new method, the new approach, both diachronic and dynamic, will be very useful in exploring changing aspects of Chinese Characters usage, compared with the existing synchronic and static approaches. This paper aims to provide analysis of all Chinese Characters included in Chŏnun-okp'yŏn, the most authoritative dictionary of Joseon dynasty published in 1805 meaning ‘Chinese Rhyme Dictionary’, and in Sinjajeon, meaning ‘New Dictionary of Chinese Characters’ published in 1915, to explain their changing aspects in the entries of two dictionaries, and then to show how social change affected the use of Chinese Characters in early twentieth-century Korea. To that end, I construct the database of the two dictionaries on the basis of a detailed analysis of all the characters with respect to the radicals, strokes, components, and structures of these characters, which shows that Chŏnun-okp'yŏn includes 10,997 Chinese characters and Sinjajeon contains 13,348 characters with 13,084 in the body text and 264 in three appendices. 2,114 characters were newly inserted and 7 characters were removed in the body text of Sinjaeon. In particular, the number of the radical headings containing more than 20 newly inserted characters are 35, with 1,624 new characters in total, accounting for 77.1% of the total. The total number of radical headings including more than 30% newly inserted characters are 26. In addition, the number of radical headings containing more than 10 newly inserted characters with a growth rate of more than 20% is 903, accounting for 43% of the total number of characters. Based on these data, modern Koreans appears to have a wider vocabulary consisted of Chinese characters. The number of characters under the radicals meaning animal and plant ( 犬 (dog), 牛 (cow), 肉 (meat), 木 (tree), 米 (rice), 禾 (pine), 田 (farmland), 虫 (insect) etc.), those meaning mineral (石 (stone), 玉 (jade), etc), those meaning industrial products (皮 (leather), 巾 (towel) ect.), those meaning pathology (疒 (illness), 歹 (broken bones), etc.), increased quite a bit, the words reflecting newly emerged phenomena of industrialization or modernization in the early 20th century. In addition, it can be pointed out that the words used for spoken Chinese newly appears in Sinjaeon.

The New Dictionary of Korea, which is a modern dictionary, was influenced by The Kangxi Dictionary. In this paper, we chose 42 Chinese characters from The New Dictionary which includes “wrong folk characters” and “non-folk characters” in their paraphrase. Based on the statistical analysis, in The Kangxi Dictionary, there are 21 characters which include “wrong folk characters” and “non-folk characters” in their paraphrase and 19 characters which are not marked in interpretation. And there are 3 characters did not appear in The Kangxi Dictionary. By arranging the “wrong folk characters” and “non-folk characters” in the New Dictionary, we explore the origin and analysis of its causes. It is beneficial for learning compiling modes of Korean Chinese dictionaries and the inheritance and variation of modern Chinese characters during the propagation process in other countries.

The variants of references in dictionary reflect many characteristics of particular regions and era. These variants are also the key points to the research of characters’ dissemination and application. This paper based on the Access of xinzidian, reorganized all the references to Liji, and then made a comparison between the references and Liji. As a result, we found 100 variants, and summarized them as five types.　Then on this basis, we attempt to discuss the features and laws of Korea’s characters.

Chinese characters belong to not only Chinese, but also many scholars around the world interested in Chinese culture. Therefore it is imperative to study on systematicnessof Chinese characters forms and regulations. Ministry of Education, R.O.C since the 1970 safter many efforts of national research scholar, finished Dictionary of Chinese Variants Characters (《異體字字典》) in 1995, which can be a basis of different graphemes phenomena. Dictionary of Chinese Variants Characters (《異體字字典》) has a lot of benefits for us to configuration reasoningand applicationof Chinese characters. With time passing by Dictionary of Chinese Variants Characters (《異體字字典》) must be revised. With the 2013 Mainland announcing the “Common Standard Chinese Characters Table (《通用規範漢字表》)”, as well as increasingly frequent cross-strait transportation, “It cannot be ignored that Dictionary of Chinese Variants Characters (《異體字字典》) Should have a comprehensive collection of Chinese mainland Simplified, in order to facilitate business travel. This paper discussesorigin and codification spirit of the Dictionary of Chinese Variants Characters (《異體字字典》), China mainland Simplified Character evolution and development and Simplified Character included in Dictionary of Chinese Variants Characters (《異體字字典》), etc. We should have a comprehensive review of the China mainland Simplified Character. And those with constitutive principlecan be as a conclusion the standard orthographic variant. This kind of improvement can expand the practical efficiency and enhance the impact of the Dictionary of Chinese Variants Characters (《異體字字典》).