본 연구는 문헌연구와 현장연구 그리고 정원주와의 인터뷰를 통해 임실 삼계면에 소재한 노동환(盧東煥) 가옥과 정원 특성을 살핀 것이다. 가옥의 조영역사, 정원배치와 상징미학성 그리고 사랑채에 부속된 화석원(花石園)의 의미 발굴을 통한, 전통정원의 조명을 목적으로 시도된 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 노동환가옥은 소유주의 8대조 오류처사(五柳處士) 노엽(盧燁)이 1760년에 집터를 골라, 1775년에 건립한 것으로 도연명의 귀거래 정신과 백세청풍의 마음을 담아 오류정사라 당호(堂號)하였음을 알 수 있다. 사랑채에 게판된 ‘정양사(靜養舍)’ 편액을 볼 때, ‘오류정사’ 또는 ‘북계정사(北溪精舍)’로 명명되어 강학과 성정 도야의 공간인 사랑채는 후대로 오면서 ‘치유의 집’이라는 현실 개념이 보다 강화되었다. 한편 ‘연소형(燕巢形)’과 ‘사두형(巳頭形)’이라는 형국의 긴장감 속에 대립적이며 상호보완적인 가옥과 주변의 풍수지리적 관계는 노동환가옥과 정원에 비보(裨補)와 염승(厭勝)이 담긴 핵심적 상징미학성이 되고 있다. 사랑채 전면에는 3단의 화계 위에 화석원을 조성하였다. 사랑채를 중심으로 한 수양 및 풍류의 공간인 이곳에는 사랑채 마루 정면으로 ‘화석(花石)’이란 암각(巖刻)을 중심으로 괴석을 놓았다. 현존하는 화석원의 형태와 사랑채에 게판된 「북계정사기(北溪精舍記)」로 유추해 볼 때 화석원은 중국 당나라 이덕유(李德裕)의 평천장(平泉莊)을 본뜬 치석형(置石型) 석가산으로 판단된다. 또한 ‘화석’은 ‘한 송이 꽃과 돌’을 총칭하는 상징어이자 초건자의 유지를 받들어 가옥과 정원이 자손 대대로 유지되기를 당부하라는 유지를 담은 정원시설물로 풀이된다.

This study aims to analyze the effects of 4 directions of wind, wind speed, year of construction of slate roofs, installation area and other factors on the concentration and size distribution of airborne fiber particles in farmhouses with a slate roof containing asbestos. Airborne fiber particle samples were collected from the air in six houses with a slate roof containing asbestos using a high flow rate pump (10 L/min) for 2 hours, three times a day with a different condition, 72 times in total. The airborne fiber particle concentrations were measured using a phase contrast microscope, and the size of fiber particles of 72 samples in total was estimated using the mean value of those in each sample measured at 100 with a field of view. The total average concentration of fiber particles collected from in the air in four directions of the targeted farmhouses was 2.83 fiber/L, and its maximum concentration was 5.75 fiber/L, which means that among all samples there was no place that exceeded 10 fiber/L, a recommended indoor air quality standard. The average size of the fiber particles was 11.55 μm, and the maximum size was 40 μm. A multiple regression analysis of factors affecting the concentration and size of fiber particles in the air collected from the farmhouses with a slate roof containing asbestos found that the closer to the main wind direction (p<0.001) and the faster the average wind speed (p<0.05), the fiber particles concentration became significantly higher. In this case, the coefficient of determination was 52.8%. It was also found that the wider the total area of the slate roof (p<0.001) and the slower the average wind speed (p<0.05), the longer the fiber particles; the coefficient of determination for this finding was 19.6%. The concentration of fiber particles in the air of farmhouses with a slate roof appeared to be the highest under the main wind direction, and became significantly higher as the wind speed became faster. This proved that fiber particles were leaked from the slate roof. The size of the fiber particles became significantly longer as the area of the slate roof became wider and the wind speed became slower.

In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the concentration of airborne asbestos fiber in the indoor and outdoor environment of a slate roofing house, and performed a health risk assessment of residents living in houses with slate roofs. Sampling was conducted at ten houses with slate roofs on 3 different days under different weather conditions. A high flow rate pump was used for sampling. The specimen was assessed using a phase-contrast microscope. The degree of risk of exposure to asbestos was assessed using EPA’s carcinogen risk assessment method. Asbestos fiber concentrations for slate roofing houses were 2.43 fiber/L inside and 2.46 fiber/L outside, respectively. The correlation between the indoor and outdoor asbestos fiber concentration was 0.486. But on both sides, the asbestos fiber concentrations did not exceed the standard (10 fiber/L) for ambient air in Korea. The factors affecting the concentration of asbestos fiber were year of construction (p<0.05), total roof area (p<0.05) and average wind velocity (p<0.01). According to EPA’s ELCR (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk) on air pollution substances, a level of 1.0E-04~1.0E-06 should be maintained. However, the ELCR level of 6 out of 10 houses was over 1.0E-04. Therefore, a risk management plan for residents of slate roofing houses must be prepared immediately.

가회동 백인제 가옥은 일제강점기 최고위 친일실업가 한상룡이 지은 근대기 사업가의 저택이다. 한옥을 근간으로 하면서도, 가옥의 중심건물인 사랑채 영역을 사업을 위한 일본식 접객공간으로 꾸며 수많은 연회를 치러내는 등, 근 대기의 주거변화양상이 반영된 한옥이다. 이 가옥은 다음 주인인 최선익에 의해서 오늘날과 같은 배치와 구성으로 축소되었고, 보존에 힘쓴 백인제 가족을 지나 서울시의 소유가 된 후 첫 개보수공사에서 급격한 변화가 생겼다. 이에 새로 운영주체가 된 서울역사박물관은 가옥의 용도를 역사가옥박물관으로 활용하기로 하고, 우선 근대한옥으로서의 특징을 유지할 최소한의 범위부터 원형을 회복하기로 하였다. 큰 폭의 기존 공사 범위에 대한 기록은 물론, 이 부분 원형회복 연구과정에서 새롭게 세부적인 사항과 추가 사실이 확인되면서, 기존연구로 밝혀진 사항에 대해 수정 및 보완이 필요하게 되었다. 특히 사랑채의 일본식 상량문과, 건립당시 일본에서 근대화된 주택양식인 화양절충식 주택 의 특징을 수용했던 흔적의 발견은 본 가옥의 특성을 재정립하게 한 주요요인이었다. 따라서 사랑채영역은 처음부터 일본식 접객공간으로 계획된 것이었고, 배치 및 평면 구성에서는 일본식 요소를 적용한 것을 넘어 근대화된 일본식 화양절충식 주택평면의 구성방식을 수용했던 근대한옥으로 그 특성이 수정되었다. 그리고 일부 변위가 생긴 부분에 대해 구조안전에 대한 계측을 제안하였다.

It is identified that an initial person who built of ‘Seoul Gyedong Modernized Hanok(former Min Hyeong-gi house)’ used as ‘Bukchon Culture Center’ in present, was not Min Hyeong-gi, but his wife, Yu Jin-gyeong, and she built it when 8 years went on after his death(1879~1973), and the construction year was at the gate of Chuseok in 1921. Yu Jin-gyeong was Head Family’s Eldest Daughter-in-law in family of Yeo Heung-min who was an influential person at the late Joseon Dynasty and was widow who had only son for 3 generations. And she built this house and moved to gain daughter and live futher grandchilds together in law in new nest. It is arranged that an annex surrounds with main building as the central figure. And this house emulates Yeonkeong-dang in backyard of the Changdeok Palace for 'preservation of main building' and Chim-bang-ga-toe applied on a bedroom in a palace is applied around nobleman family's the main room. It is rare case and expresses that a palace factor is borrowed. Yu Jin-gyeong's house is that a tradition Hanok is adjusted closely in city and central and basing mode as 'protective bedding' and building concept as 'a noble and protective architecture' is realized. So it has a character that development of Hangrang architecture is appeared and Head Family’s Eldest Daughter-in-law widow of modern upper class had a special benefit. As well as, a meaning that it is experimental house based on tradition and is build of Hanok with housekeeping as the central figure for appear a form which has minimal Hangrang for housekeeping in yangban family of modern city, can be found.

The founder of the ‘Paik In - Je House in Ga Hui Dong’ in the Bukchon Hanok Village was found as Han Sang- Ryong (1880.11.14. ~ 1947.?) and the time when it was built was by the late June in 1913. Han Sang Ryong was the director of the HanSung Bank during the Japanese colonial period and he was the industrialist in the management committee and the economy coordinator in the economic area. The way how he could accumulate the huge amount of money was because his Uncle Lee Yoon Yong and Lee Wan Yong brothers were participating in various concessions under the protection of the colony government such as Chosun colonial government. Through seven years of preparation for building the mansion, the social function he presented to his house was ‘the house built for the banquet hall’. He invited many celebrities of politics and economy to this house and built his fundaments for his social activity through interactions. To solve the construction concept, he used the way of ‘duplicity and juxtaposition’, and his mansion was reborn as a modernized urban Hanok through the reinterpretation by his program out of the old Confucian rules. Han Sang Ryong’s mansion is significant and valuable in the period since it was a pioneer in challenging the creative housing in the developing stage of Hanok in early modern era, and the highest social level people were trying to show off through the Hanok as a product.

Seoul has been watched at its symbolic image which is the capital of one nation. since then Joseon was established. So, most of study about Seoul placed too much emphasis on like next; urban organization, palace, government office and public establishment. On the other hand, it is lacking in study of the individual building, the residential district, the change of building-lot. This study is to make up a deficiency from study of Gaokdohyung(家屋圖形site and floor plan). Gaokdohyung(家屋圖形) is drawings of building lots & houses existed in Hanseongbu漢城府(modem Seoul). It is possessed in Jangseogak and all 24 sheets. It is merely 24sheets but has many urban information in that. Housing of number 116 expressed in Gaokdohyung are consist on the house of Sadaebu士天王(noble class) Joongin中人(middle class) Sangmin常民(commoner), Villa(Byeolseo別墅) and connecting stores etc. Houses in Gaokdohyung has characteristic that most building lot is very specious and owners are variety of social position. The study of Gaokdohyung will progress through analyzing diachronic change of individual building lot & house. In the event, results of this study will help to find out change of urban tissue & architecture. So, i intend to seek for entity of urban tissue and urban house in Joseon Period differ from now, and to study out those have been changed continuously forward now.

지진규모, 진앙거리, 지반조건 및 가옥의 노후도를 고려하여 역사지진의 규모를 추정하였다. 진진규모 6-8, 진앙거리 5 km-350km, 단단한 지반 및 연약 지반 특성을 갖는 18개의 인공지진파를 작성하여 우리 나라 전통 초가삼간에 대한 비선형 동적해석을 수행하였다. 가옥의 경년에 따른 노후도는 목조 프레임의 수평내력에 관한 이력특성이 선형적으로 감소하는 것으로가정하였다. 초가삼간을 1질점계의 1자유도 모델로 모델링하였으며, 비선형 이력특성은 개량형 Double-Targe모델을 이용하였다. 해석결과 원거리 지진에 대해서는 지진규모, 지반조건 및 노후도에 상관없이 매우 적은 피해를 보였다. 중거리 지진의 경우 연약지반에서 규모 6.5 이상의 지진시 반파 이상의 피해가 발생하였다. 근거리 지진의 경우 지반조건 및 노후도에 상관없이 규모 6.5 이상에서 반파 이상의 피해를 나타내었다. 우리 나라 역사지진의 규모는 약 6.2로 추정된다. 우리 나라에 적합한 지반가속도-진도의 경험식을 제안하였다.

우리나라 전통 초가삼간의 1/4 축소모델을 제작하여 연약지반 조건에 대한 내진 성능실험을 수행하였다. Imperial Valley 지진파를 사용하여 모델의 파괴 시까지 거동을 분석하였다. 탄성한계 내에서 초가삼간의 고유진동수는 장방향 및 단방향 각각 1.66Hz 및 1.76Hz로 측정되었다. 탄성한게 내에서의 감쇠비는 약 7%이다. 수평방향의 최대 가속도응답은 입력에 비해 감소하며 이는 목조 프레임의 비선형, 비탄상 특성 때문이다. 수평방향의 변위응답은 입력이 증가함에 따라 급격히 증가하여 최대 지반가속도 0.25g에서 모델이 붕괴되었다. 비선형 지진해석 결과와 실험결과를 비교하였다.