본 연구의 목적은 양돈 농장 관련 차량 이동 데이터를 활용해 농장과 도축장 간 네트워크 분석을 수행하는 데 있다. 구제역과 같은 확산 속도가 빠른 질병에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해서는 초동대응 및 선제적 차단방역이 중요하다. 이러한 방안을 마련하기 위해서는 질병 전파의 주요 매개체인 차량 이동 분석 및 질병이 확산되는 장소인 도축장과 양돈농장의 연계 관계에 대한 분석이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 KAHIS(국가가축방역통합시스템, Korea Animal Health Integrated System)가 관리하는 차량 이동 데이 터를 기반으로 농장과 도축장 간 바이너리 매트릭스를 생성해 농장과 도축장 간 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. Rasch model 및 Latent Class Analysis(LCA) 방법을 활용해 농장과 도축장의 위험도를 산출하고, 농장을 군집화하였다. Rasch model 분석 결과, 전라북도와 경기도 농장이 높은 위험도를 보였으며, 이는 질병 전파의 위험도가 높은 것으로도 해석 가능하다. LCA를 활용한 군집 분석 결과, 총 7개의 군집으로 분류되었다. 특히, Rasch model에서 추정된 위험도의 고려했을 때, 4번 군집이 중점적으로 관리되어야 할 대상인 것으로 나타났다. 그 다음으로는 위험도가 0.02수준인 1, 3, 5, 6번 군집이 주의해야 할 대상으로 나타났다. 위험도가 상대적으로 낮은 2, 7번 군집의 경우, 도축장을 통한 질병 전파 위험도는 낮은 수준인 것으로 해석 가능하므로 군집 단위의 관리보다는 개별 농장 단위의 모니터링 관리를 고려해볼 수 있다. 본 연구 결과에서의 양돈 농장과 도축장 간 군집 분석 결과를 고려한다면 김제, 고창과 인접한 정읍, 부안, 익산을 이어서 논산과 공주까지의 전북, 충남의 일부 지역에 대해서만 이동제한을 연장하는 세밀한 방역조치를 생각해볼 수 있었을 것이다.

본 연구에서는 가축전염병의 전국적 확산에 직접적으로 관련이 있는 축산차량 이동 상황을 파악하고자 국가동물방역통합시스템(KAHIS)에서 보유하고 있는 축산차량 이동 데이터를 이용하여 현재 운영 중인 도축장의 서비스 범위를 분석하였다. 축산차량 이동 데이터는 2014년 기준으로 1년에 3,200만 건 이상 생성되는 빅데이터(big data)이다. 분석결과 개별 도축장의 서비스 범위는 각 도축장의 거래처와 주변 소비시장의 입지 등에 따라 전국적인 범위로 형성되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 가축 질병이 발생하는 순간 이미 질병의 전파 범위가 전국단위가 될 수 있음을 의미한다. 본 연구 결과는 전염성이 높은 가축질병이 발생할 경우 차단방역의 범위를 설정하는 정보로 활용될 수 있으며, 가축 질병 가상방역훈련(CPX)을 위한 기초자료로도 활용될 수 있다. 분석 도구로는 데이터분석으로 특화된 R과 공간분석 도구인 GIS를 활용하였다.

Efficient oocyte activation is a key step for the success of nuclear transfer in cloning. Ionomycin sequentially combined with 6-DMAP is now widely used to activate normal oocytes for analytical studies of oocyte activation and to activate reconstructed oocytes after nuclear transfer. The present study investigated sources of oocytes, duration of ionomycin and 6-DMAP, laser and electric stimulation in goat oocyte activation in order to optimize the protocols. Goat ovaries were collected in individual abattoirs during the breeding season and were delivered to the laboratory within 6 h in saline with 100 IU/ml streptomycin and 0.05 mg/ml penicillin. The oocytes were denuded from the cumulus cell by pipetting with 0.2% hyaluronidase in PBS at 20~22 hr post maturation. Oocytes with the polar body were selected and assigned to four groups for parthenogenetic activation. To examine the effect of duration of ionomycin treatment, oocytes after 20~22 hr of maturation were treated with 2.5 uM ionomycin for 1 or 5 min times and then cultured in 2 mM 6-DMAP for 2 or 4 hr. The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF at in 5%, 5% and 90% multi incubator. Cleavage and blastocyst development was observed at 48 hr and day 8 of culture , respectively. Activation rates of oocytes exposed to ionomycin for 1 min(86.4%) were significantly higher than those treated for 5 min(74.3%) duration. This indicated that 1 min ionomycin treatment was most suitable for activation of goat oocytes. The duration of 6-DMAP treat duration was in 2 mM 6-DMAP for 2 hr after 1 min exposure to 2.5 uM ionomycin. The activation rate of oocytes incubated in 6-DMAP for 2 hour(82.5%) was significantly higher than those in oocytes treated with 4 hr(75.5%).

Salmonellosis constitutes an important public health problem in both developing and developed countries, including Korea. The aims of present study were to investigate the serovar and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from food animals and animal products in slaughterhouses and farms. A total of 323 Salmonella were isolated from food animals (n=277) and meats (n=46) during 2010. Of the isolates, 21 different serovars were identified. The predominant serovars were S. Rissen (35%) and S. Montevideo (24.3) in healthy pigs, while S. Enteritidis (25.5%) in healthy chicken. S. Typhimurium (88.8%) was predominant in disease pigs, while S. Gallinarum (29.2%) and S. Montevideo (26.9%) were in diseased chickens. Among meat samples, S. Typhimurium (57.1%) was the most common serovar in pork but S. Enteritidis (38.7%) and S. Montevideo(32.3%) were in chikcen meats. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance patterns revealed that 20.7% of the isolates were sensitive to all the 15 drugs tested. The isolates were frequently resistant to nalidixic acid (47.7%), tetracycline (38.4%), streptomycin (33.7%), and ampicillin (32.8%). The resistance to quinolone and 3rd generation cephalosporins was higher in chicken and chicken meat isolates. Of the 323 isolates, 174 (53.9%) were resistant to one or more CLSI subclass, and 117 (36.2%) showed multiple-resistance. Our findings showed that multiple resistant Salmonella organism are widespread in animals and animal products in Korea. To prevent the transmission or exposure for consumers of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella, policies and guidelines aiming at prudential use of critical antimicrobials for humans are needed.

Campylobacterosis is the most common food borne bacterial disease in many countries. Food animals and animal products are considered to be the reservoir of the Campylobacter species. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. from food animals and raw meats in slaughterhouses. A total of 90 Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and 127 Campylobacter coli (C. coli) were isolated, for which antimicrobial susceptibility was examined using broth dilution method. Resistance to macrolide antimicrobials was higher among C. coli isolates than among C. jejuni. Among both C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, the most frequently observed resistance was to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. No erythromycin resistance was observed among C. jejuni isolates from cattle, pig and beef. However, 28.3% (n=13) and 25% (n=3) of C. coli isolates from pigs and pork showed resistance to erythromycin, respectively. The predominant profile of multiple resistance among C. jejuni and C. coli isolates was ciprofloxacin/tetracycline/nalidixic acid resistance (46.7%) and ciprofloxacin/nalidixic acid resistance (31.5%), respectively. This finding has important implication for food safety and public health.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important food-borne pathogen, which is present on the skin and mucosa of animals. Some of the S. aureus strains are causative agent of food poisoning syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolates from raw meats in slaughterhouses during 2010. From 17,874 raw meat samples tested, a total of 190 S. aureus were isolated, for which antimicrobial susceptibility to 17 agents was examined using broth dilution method. Among isolates from beef, chicken and pork, 20 (51.3%), 20 (24.7%) and 9 (12.9%) were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested, respectively. Isolates from pork and chicken meats showed much higher resistance, compared to isolates from beef. Penicillin resistance was the most frequent among isolates from beef (35.3%) and pork (75.7%), while tetracycline resistance was among those from chicken meats (48.1%). A total of 3 methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were detected from beef (5.1%, 2/39) and pork (1.4%, 1/70). Although the prevalence of MRSA was low, the presence of antimicrobial resistant S. aureus such as MRSA suggests that further investigation and strict surveillance on MRSA and antimicrobial resistance are needed.

For the screening of Brucella antibodies in pig, 2,140 pig serum samples were collected from six slaughter house in Korea between 2006 and 2007. The Rose Bengal test (RBT) and serum agglutination test (SAT) were used for initial screening for specific antibodies to Brucella, and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) was used for confirmation of presence of serum antibody for Brucella. Overall, 575 (26.9%) samples resulted in seropositive in RBT. In SAT, 50 (2.3%) and 10 (0.5%) samples showed suspicious positive and positive reaction, respectively, however, all sera tested in this study showed a negative reaction in C-ELISA. SAT and C-ELISA might be applicable as a tool for screening of swine brucellosis.

위해요소중점관리제도(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point: HACCP)는 세계적으로 식품의 안전성을 보증하는 가장 과학적이고 체계적인 위생관리기법으로 널리 인정되고 있고, 우리나라도 법적으로 도축장에 연차적으로 의무적으로 적용토록 하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 HACCP를 국내 도축장에 시행하는데 있어 기본토대를 파악함으로서 향후 효과적이고 체계적인 HACCP이 시행되는데 기여할 수 있도록 하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 HACCP 시행주체인 영업자(124명), 종업원(363명) 및 HACCP 담당공무원(170명)의 HACCP 시행능력 및 인식실태를 설문조사를 통하여 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, HACCP의 이해정도는 도축장 영업자가 34.7%, 종업원 21.1%, 관계공무원이 57.1%으로 공무원이 비교적 HACCP에 대한 이해정도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, HACCP 수행의지는 영업자 93.5%, 영업자 88.9%, 공무원 93.6%으로 모두 시행의지가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 설문조사에서 나타난 도축장에서의 HACCP수행의 가장 큰 잇점은 도축장 위생수준의 향상(54.1%), 식육판매증가(17.6%), 위생 식육수출증가(7.5%) 등으로 나타났으며, 시행시 가장 큰 장애요인으로는 도축장 경영난(33.2%), 도축장의 낮은 시설수준(27.3%), 종업원의 낮은 위생의식(19.4%), 및 HACCP의 이해부족(12.3%)으로 나타났다. 현 시점에서 도축장에서 효과적인 HACCP를 시행하기 위한 가장 시급한 조치로는 도축장의 시설수준향상(36.6%), 교육과 훈련을 통한 HACCP기반 확대(19%), HACCP시행 도축장을 위한 특혜부여(11.8%), 그리고 정부와 산업체간의 긴밀한 협조체제(10.3%)으로 나타났다. 이번 연구결과는 HACCP를 시행하기 위한 효과적인 방법을 제시하며, 도축장 영업자에게는 그들 자신만의 효율적인 HACCP계획을 수립할 수 있도록 도와줄 뿐만 아니라, 국내 도축장의 HACCP 시행여건을 체계적으로 분석.제공함으로서 정부등 관련업계에서 HACCP 시행 정책 등을 수립하는데 있어 기초자료로 활용 될 수 있다. 결론적으로 본 연구결과 HACCP는 도축단계에서 식육안정성을 보증할 수 있는 매우 효과적인 위생관리기법으로 인정되고 있으며, 이의 시행필요성이 매우 높은 것으로 HACCP시행주체들은 인식하고 있으며, 도축장에서 HACCP체계를 성공적으로 구축하기 위해서는 HACCP 시행에 대한 식육업계의 강력한 의지가 가장 중요함을 보여주고 있다.

The present study was carried out for the comparative study on the collection of bovine follicular oocytes by ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up(OPU) and slaughterhouse-derived (SHD) ovary aspiration and in vitro production of bovine embryos with the follicular oncytes in Korean native cows. Bovine follicular nocytes were observed with a 6.5 MHz convex-array ultrasound transducer designed for intravaginal use and the oocytes were collected with the aspiration equipment attached to the ultrasonograph. Bovine ovaries were collected and transported in phosphate buffered saline from the local slaughterhouse, the follicular oocytes were collected by the aspiration method. The collected follicular oocytes in good quality were matured, fertilized and cultured in the media. The total number of the visible follicles and the recovery rate of follicular oocytes were increased in ultrasonography following follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) treatment in Korean native cows. The mean recovery rate of oocytes was 66.2, 52.8 and 41.7% in the FSH-OPU, non-treatment-OPU and SHD ovaries, respectively. The mean number of recorved oocytes per cow were not significantly(P<0.05) different between the FSH-OPU(14.011.54) and SHD(17.1i6.21) groups, but the numbers in both groups were significantly(P<0.05) higher than the number in the non-treatment-OPU(3.71.57) group. The mean number of usable nocytes in Grade T /11 per ovary was 6.3, 4.8 and 1.3 in the cows of the SHD, FSH-OPU and non-treatment-OPU groups, respectively. The in vitro developmental rate to the blastocyst was not significantly different between the oocytes obtained via OPU(37.1%) and SHD(29.3%). Therefore, the ultrasound-guided OPU technique can be applied to the production of excellent embryos from the high-quality cows, and for the large scale production of in vitro bovine oocytes and embryos, the SHD ovary aspiration method is valuable.

Continuous outbreaks of Shigella spp. have raised concerns about the lack of rapid and on-site applicable biosensor method for Shigella detection. Since a bacteriophage has recently been employed as an emerging bio-recognition element in biosensor method, Shigella sonnei-specific bacteriophage was isolated and purified from a slaughterhouse with the final concentration of 2.0×1012 PFU/mL in this study. Analysis of purified S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage using transmission electron microscopy indicated that it possessed an icosahedral head with a relatively long non-contractile tail. It was therefore classified as a member of the Siphoviridae family. Head width, head length, and tail length were 69.9±11.2 nm, 77.5±8.8 nm, and 264.4±33.9 nm, respectively. The genomic DNA size of the S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage was determined to be approximately 25 kb by using 0.4% agarose gel electrophoresis. In specificity test with 43 food-associated microorganisms, the S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage exhibited a clear plaque against S. sonnei only. In addition, the S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage was stable within a wide range of pH values (pH 3-11) and temperatures (4-37 ). Thus, the present study demonstrated the excellent specificity and stability of the S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage as a novel bio-recognition element for S. sonnei detection in foods.