본 연구는 천태지의(天台智顗)의 『천태소지관』을 중심으로 명상의 심 리치유적 의미를 탐구하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 『천태소지관』의 원 문과 번역서, 관련 연구논문들을 바탕으로 천태지의 명상법의 특징과 심 리치유적 의미를 분석하였다. 『천태소지관』은 명상 수행 초보자들을 위한 지관 수행법을 체계적으로 설명하고 있으며, 특히 25방편은 명상 준비 과정으로서 현대인의 심리적 문제 해결에 도움을 줄 수 있다. 『천태소지 관』의 지관 명상은 심리적 왜곡과 장애를 극복하고, 정체성 확립과 긍정 적 성장에 기여할 수 있으며, 현대인의 심리적 안정과 마음치유에 도움이 될 수 있을 것임을 본 연구를 통해 확인하였다. 본 연구는 불교적 명상 이 현대인의 심리적 문제를 해결하고 긍정적 성장과 발달을 도모하는 데 기여할 수 있으며, 『천태소지관』 명상이 그 역할을 할 수 있다는 가능성 을 제시하였다는 데 그 의의가 있다.

This is the study on diffusion of ceramic body oxide compounds to glaze. For ceramic bodies, no ferrous oxides contain white ware, celadon, and 3 wt% iron oxides contained white ware was used in this experiment. These ceramic bodies were glazed by transparency glaze, iron oxides contained glaze, and glaze made by pine tree ash that treated in 1240 degree, under reduction condition for an hour. An electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA) was used to study diffusion of oxides and to calculate distance of ceramics bodies. As a result, only iron oxide and magnesium oxide from the body diffused to glaze, and also made a band which shown very thin layer of iron oxide and magnesium oxide between the body and glaze. The densest band of iron oxide formed 100 to 150μm in the glaze, and the densest band of magnesium oxide was found 50 to 100μm in the glaze. Therefore, it could be concluded that iron oxide in the body is diffused to the glaze and it affects the color of glaze, even though iron oxide exists in the glaze. Furthermore, the thickness of the glaze has an effect on the color of celadon.

First, a purified sludge was calcined at various temperatures viz. 800, 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200˚C per hour. Subsequently 100 wt% of ware from Geryong mountain was mixed with 5~25 wt% of a purified sludge. Then the ware was treated at 1250˚C in an electric kiln to test a bending strength. The physicochemical property of the prepared ware was characterized by XRD, Raman and SEM analysis. Among the different percentage, 25 wt% of a ware in a purified sludge calcined at 1000˚C showed 689 kg/cm2 strength. Also the purified sludge calcined at 1000˚C was adequate physical properties than the other composites. Further to enhance the physical strength, 3 wt% TiO2 (a mineralizer) was added into the ware and the strength was increased up to 731 kg/cm2. The composites exhibit absorption and porosity rates of 0.17% and 0.39% respectively.

Coal briquette ash is an inorganic and non-combustible material. Although coal briquette ash is mainly composed of SiO2, Al2O3, and is an acceptable raw industrial material (containing Fe2O3, K2O, MgO, CaO, TiO2, and Na2O), it is merely considered waste and is exploited as a building material for concrete admixtures and bricks. Because mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2), which coal briquette ash contains, is a stable compound with a crystalline structure, it plays essential roles in its fracture strength and bending strength. This study serves the purpose of developing environmentally friendly, economical clay bodies through the use of coal briquette ash as a substitute for kaolin to provide Al2O3 and SiO2. We also investigated the seed effects during sintering process by feeding mullite directly into clay bodies. The results show that in 1,300°C heat, a mixture of 40% coal briquette ash, 40% feldspar/limestone (8 : 2), and 20% clay indicates a fracture strength value of 525 kgf/cm2, an absorption rate of 0.72%, burning shrinkage of 11.5%, and an average bending strength of 0.6 cm, which is superior to other clay bodies. The addition of coral briquette ash in clay bodies promoted mullite formation and grew as mullite acted as a seed. In addition to the developing clay bodies, it can also make an oatmeal-colored glaze to widen the spectrum of its usability. This study will help resolve waste problems, reduce environmental pollution, and raise economic value by using coal briquette ash as a raw material for ceramics. Clay bodies made with coal briquette ash are expected to continuously contribute to the development of the ceramics industry with upcycling effects.

Inner ware body was manufactured using sanitary ware waste and kairome clay. The prepared body was characterized by XRD, SEM, and XRF. The plasticity of body was decreased due to increase of waste. Thus it is considered that wheel throwing is available up to CS-6 composition. The inner ware body, containing the 60wt% sanitary ware waste, showed the linear firing shrinkage of 12.2%, apparent porosity of 19.6%, 3-point bending strength value of 21.5 N/mm2, after sintering at 1150oC for 1 hr. As the content of waste was increased from 40wt% to 60wt% in the composition, bending strength was increased with increasing the amount of mullite phase. According to the microstructure, glass phase was observed with the body surface, which can explain the increased glass phase of the composition containing high content of waste.

Waterworks sludge is currently disposed after being used in water treatment, spending enormous cost. In order to protect the environment and avoid wasting, this study aims to develop high-temperature clay bodies using waterworks sludge for art tiles. As starting materials, feldspar, clay, and waterworks sludge, in place of silica, were used by triangular coordinates. According to the results indicated, the 40% sludge contained bodies showed good results which have low water absorption and high fracture strength in physical properties and color for art tile. The result of analyses showed mainly mullite and anorthite were developed in the bodies. Addition of Ca volume or firing at the higher temperature promoted the formation of anorthite and improved the strengths of the body. When mullite and anorthite coexisted in the bodies, fracture strength and water absorption showed maximum value, but overuse of Ca caused growth in porosity and absorption. The body color was affected by color development of iron. When mullite was doped by Fe3+ hematite appeared red and then increase of anorthite by addition of Ca, the magnetite was detected in the body and they appeared from dark gray to black shade color. Bodies of art tiles using recycled waste materials and waterworks sludge showed comparative properties such as strength, absorption, and bending strength to those of traditional tiles.

A pink-colored china body has a feeling of warmth was manufactured using basalt sludge and white clay. Mechanicalproperties and microstructure of fired bodies were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV spectroscopic. The china bodycontaining 60wt% of basalt sludge fired at 1050oC for 30 min showed a bulk density of 1.76g/cm3, water absorption of16.25% and bending strength of 5.25N/mm2, and value of CIE L*, a*, b* is 67.64, 7.82, 8.17 respectively. A phase ofPiustite and maghemite included in basalt sludge transferred to phase of Hematite with a pink color under oxydationatmosphere, over 1,000oC. It appeared black when the firing temperature was higher than 1,100oC.

Ceramic welding backing material is a mullite-cordierite composite that is currently being used for welding processes in plant and shipbuilding. It is the optimal material for welding processes thanks to its extremely low thermal expansion coefficient and strong resilience against high temperature. However, due to the pollutants from welding such as iron and carbon, the entire amount of ceramic welding backing material is being land-filled after a single-time use. In this study, ceramic welding backing material was mixed with clay and kaolin to be used as a new ceramic body. A composition with 20 ~ 50% of ceramic welding backing material showed sufficient plasticity, and when fired at 1,250oC, it was deemed available for ceramic block and others with the porosity of 2.27 ~ 5.94%, water absorption ratio of 0.99 ~ 3.96% and bending strength of 720 ~ 810 kgf/cm2. In addition, color ceramic body, which was made from a waste welding backing material, of which iron was partially removed, added with 3wt% of high temperature pigment and fired at 1,250oC, displayed the unique color of the pigment, meaning that waste welding backing material could be used for ceramic bodies of a variety of colors.

대두의 수량검정시험을 할때 어떠한 시험구의 크기와 모양이 시험의 정밀도를 높이는데 가장 이상적인가 하는 문제를 소지성품종으로 대표되는 Clark와 민무형이고 다기성품종인 금강대립을 사용하여 토양균일도시험과 아울러 실시하였다. 1) 시험구크기는 증가에 따르는 변이계수의 감소는 어느 크기까지는 현저한 감소를 보였으나 그 이후에서의 변이계수의 감소는 완만하여져, 시험구크기에 따라서 Plotting한 변이계수곡선은 최대만곡점을 이루는 부위가 생긴다. 2) Camparable variance의 비교에 의해 시험구모양간의 F검정을 한 결과, Clark는 시험구크기가 10~18개기본단위구로 구성된 시험구에서, 금강대립은 7~32개기본단위구의 시험구에서만 모양간의 유의차를 보였다. 유의차가 있는 모양간의 변이계수를 비교하면 규수가 많고 규장이 짧은 모양보다는 규수가 적고 규장이긴 세장한 장방형의 모양이 일반적으로 변이계수가 낮았다. 3) 이와같은 결과에 의해 Clark는 1규 x 1m의 기본단위구의 12배(8.4m2 ) 크기에 모양은 규수 2 규장 6m, 금강대립은 18배(12.6m2 )크기에 모양은 규수 2 규장 9m의 시험구가 최적시험구로 추정되며 이때의 변이계수는 Clark와 금강대립에서 각각 12.5%와 12.1%였다. 4) 토양의 균일도측정으로서 회귀계수 b를 이용하였던바, b치는 시험구크기와는 상관이 없었으나 모양간에 차이를 보였다. Clark와 금강대립의 종실수량에 대한 b치는 각각 평균 -0.71과 -0.75로 계산되였다.