Due to a mistranslation of Sanskrit to Chinese, East Asian Buddhist community misunderstands the original meaning of the fundamental word, ‘sachal(寺刹)’. Sanskrit chattra, a parasol on top of a venerated Indian stupa buried with Buddha’s sarira, became the symbol of majesty. The Indian stupa was transformed into a pagoda in China, and the highlighted parasol on the summit was transliterated into chaldara(刹多羅), an abbreviation for chal (刹), and finally designated the whole pagoda(塔). Sachal consists with lying low monastery and high-rise pagoda. Tapsa(塔寺), an archaic word of temple, is exactly the same as sachal, because chal means tap, pagoda. However, during the 7th century a Buddhist monk erroneously double-transliterated the Sanskrit ‘kshetra,’ meaning of land, into the same word as chal, even despite phonetic disaccord. Thereafter, sutra translators followed and copied the error for long centuries. It was the Japanese pioneer scholars that worsen the situation 100 years ago, to publish Sanskrit dictionaries with the errors insisting on phonetic transliteration, though pronunciation of ‘kshe-’ which is quite different from ‘cha-.’ Thereafter, upcoming scholars followed their fallacy without any verification. Fallacy of chal, meaning of land, dominates Buddhist community broadly, falling into conviction of collective fixed dogma in East Asia up to now. In the Buddhist community, it is the most important matter to recognize that the same language has become to refer completely different objects due to translation errors. As a research method, searching for corresponding Sanskrit words in translated sutras and dictionaries of Buddhism is predominant. Then, after analyzing the authenticity, the fallacy toward the truth will be corrected.

본고에서는 한국어 교육에서의 어원 유형 분류와 활용 방안을 제안하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 한국어 어휘 교육에서의 어원의 개념과 어원을 활용한 교육의 의의를 정리하고 어원을 유형별, 주제별로 제시하여 한국어 교육에서의 활용 방안과 그 가능성을 모색해 보았다. 어원을 활용한 한국어 교육은 한국의 언어 문화와 한국인의 사고를 이해할 수 있고 학습자들의 흥미와 관심을 유도할 수 있으며 한국어 어휘 능력을 향상시킬 수 있다는 것에 의의가 있다. 이에 어원을 한국어 교육에 활용할 수 있도록 일반적인 어원의 활용, 지명의 어원 활용, 공통 주제별 어원의 활용, 동일한 구조의 의미 관계를 가진 어원의 활용, 사전에 등재된 신조어 어원의 활용 등의 5가지 유형으로 분류하였고 그 의미와 활용 방안도 제시하였다.

The history of modern Korean ‘kimchi’ can be traced through the history of the wordforms ‘dihi’ (디히), ‘dimchΛi’ (딤 ), and ‘thimchΛi’ (팀 ) in ancient Korean texts. As native Korean words, the ‘dihi’ word line (‘dihi’, ‘dii’, ‘jihi’, and ‘ji’) constitutes an old substratum. This word line coexisted with the ‘dimchΛi’ word line (dimchΛi, jimchΛi, and kim∫chi) from the Hanja ‘沈菜’. ‘Ji’, which is the last word variation of ‘dihi’, and is still used today as the unique form in several Korean dialects. In standard Korean, however, it only serves as a suffix to form the derivative names of various kimchi types. ‘DimchΛi’ is believed to have appeared around the 6th-7th centuries, when Silla began to master Chinese characters. Hence,‘dimchΛi’ reflects either the Archaic Chinese (上古音) or the Old Chinese (中古音) pronunciation of the Hanja, ‘沈 菜’. With the palatalization of the plosive alveolar [t], ‘dimchΛi’ changed to ‘jimchΛi’. The Yangban intellectuals’ rejection of the palatalization of the plosive velar [k] led to the hypercorrection of ‘jimchΛi’ into ‘kimchΛi’. It is precisely the hypercorrect ‘kimchΛe’ that gave the wordform ‘kim∫chi’, which has eventually become the standard and predominant form in today’s Korean language. Regarding ‘thimchΛe’, it reflects the Middle Chinese (Yuan Dynasty) pronunciation of the Hanja ‘沈菜’ and was used mainly in writing by Yangban intellectuals.

文言 ‘ 麧 𥝖 籺 ’는 ‘겨’라는 義를 공유하고, 독음은 上古音 혹은 中古音에서, 韻頭는 ‘ㅎ’ 혹은 ‘ㄱ,’ 韻尾는 ‘ㅌ(ㄷ ㄹ)’으로, 대략 ‘곁 걑’ 등으로 읽었던 音近義通의 同源詞이다. ‘겨’는 곡물의 속껍질을 나타내는데, 文言 ‘ 麧 𥝖 籺 ’의 독음이 그대로 우리말로 정착된 것이 아닌가 생각된다. 특히 이들 가운데 우리에게 거의 알려져 있지 않은 ‘’의 독음이 우리말 ‘겨’로 정착되는데 다른 어떤 글자들보다 큰 영향을 준 것으로 보인다. ‘麧 𥝖 籺 ’의 聲符 气는 氣가 아닌 乞의 變體이다. 이들의 독음은 중고음 이후에나 운미 ‘ㅌ(ㄹ)’이 탈락되었지만, ‘’는 上古音에서 이미 初聲이 ‘ㄱ’으로 분화되었고, 아울러 韻尾도 中古音에서 이미 ‘ㅌ’이 탈락되어 우리말 ‘겨’에 가깝게 읽었기 때문이다. ‘ 麧 𥝖 籺 ’를 우리말 ‘겨’의 語源으로 보는 이유는 이들의 음운변화와 우리말 ‘겉, 표면’을 나타내는 同源語들의 음운변화가 유사하기 때문이다. 上古音에서 ‘겉, 걑’ 정도로 읽던 ‘ 麧 𥝖 籺 ’는 中古音 혹은 近代音에서 韻尾 ‘ㅌ’이 탈락되어 ‘괴, 기, 괘’로 읽었다. 이들과 우리말에서 사물의 표면, 껍질을 나타내는 ‘겉’ ‘곁’의 ‘ㅌ’이 탈락되어 거푸집의 ‘거,’ 거죽의 ‘거,’ 거품의 ‘거,’ 꺼풀의 ‘꺼,’ 겨드랑이의 ‘겨,’ 알곡의 속껍질을 ‘겨’로 읽는 음운 변화가 同軌이고, ‘겨’란 단어는 농경문화의 산물이기 때문이다. 인류 문명 초기는 열매나 알곡을 그대로 따 먹었을 것이다. 문화가 발전되면서 도정을 하였을 것이고, 나아가 소화나 밥맛을 고려하여 현미 상태를 백미상태로 가공하면서 ‘겨’란 부산물이 생산되었을 것이다. 따라서 ‘겨’는 유목민 중심의 알타이어 보다는 농경정착민인 중국어에서 전래되었을 가능성이 크다. 아울러 이러한 문화적 환경은 위 文言들을 우리말 ‘겨’의 語源으로 추론함에 어느 정도 정당성을 담보할 수 있을 것이다.

In this paper, I have reviewed some of the Korean traditional architectural vocabularies that have to be reconsidered in terms of the problem of decode, the problem of meaning, the meaning of explain meaning, and the problem of form analysis. Especially, correct decode and interpretation of Uigwe’s Korean ancient architecture borrowed character can correct old decode and interpretation. Furthermore, I confirmed that I could correct the Korean ancient architecture vocabulary that was expiscated wrongly. Especially borrowed characters corresponding to 머름[meoreum](paneling) have been known only far away 遠音[meoreum]. In addition, there were also 遠驗[meolheom] ·亇乙軒[meolheon] ·亇乙險[meolheom] · 亇乙音[meoreom], and so on. Furthermore, in the process of decode these notations, it has become possible to assume that the original words of the modern language 머름[meoreum] also came from *멀험[meolheom]. On the other hand, there are many kinds of people like 付叱心[bussim] ·夫叱心[bussim] ·扶叱心[bussim] ·富叱心[bussim] ·富心[bussim]과 北叱心 [bussim] ·北心[bussim]. You can also check the Korean ancient architecture vocabulary. However, corresponding words are difficult to find in modern Korean languages. However, in Jeju dialect, we can confirm the corresponding word. This word was used in the Joseon Dynasty, and confirmed that it is dead language today. As mentioned above, it is confirmed that there are many misconceptions about the decode and meaning of the architectural vocabulary made of borrowed character in existing architectural dictionaries, Korean dictionaries, and Korean ancient architecture related papers. Also, although the form is being confirmed, it has been confirmed that there are many things that need to be clarified, such as what the decode is, what the meaning is, and the origin I have also confirmed a number of things that need to be properly expomed in the original form, the original word. In the future, those who study Korean ancient architecture vocabulary and traditional architectural vocabulary should also be interested in these things and research it properly.

Buddhism that has arisen in India began to build the Stupa to enshrine body and Sari of Buddha as an object of worship. The stupa existed as a tome of holy leaders even before the birth of Buddha, which was called stupa or tupa in the Sanskrit and the Pali, the ancient language of India. The stupa was renamed accordingly in each Buddhism transmitted countries such as Ceylon, Tibet, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and China and also reshaped according to their own formative style. But its original meaning and type are kept unchanged. The stupa was established in the 4 holy places including the birth place of Buddha, the place where Buddha found enlightenment, the place where Buddha preached for the first time, and the place where Buddha died. Thus, a pagoda to commemorate holy ancient places is called Chaitya, which became differentiated from the stupa in which Sari is enshrined. The stupa means Nirvana, the eternal body of Buddha, and also a place filled with teaching and preaching of Buddhism. It signifies the symbol of Buddha who escaped from the death and rebirth, to achieve complete extinction, i.e. parinirvana, and to reach ultimate eternal world, rather than simply means death. During the non-statue of th Buddha period, people built the stupa to embody Nirvana of the Buddha, and worshipped the tomb where body of holy saints was enshrined. On the other hand, they also sanctified memorial things such as tools that holy saints used, the Bo tree under which one achieved Nirvana, Dharma cakra that implied words, footprint that carried out mission work, and a way to reach to heaven.

본 연구의 목적은 잘 알려진 광물과 암석의 한국어, 조선어, 영어, 중국어, 일본어 용어의 유래를 분석하는 것이다. 광물과 암석의 영어와 중국어는 모두 표준화되어 있지만, 일본어, 조선어, 한국어 중 일부분은 표준화되어있지 않다. 한국의 많은 연구자들은 이러한 상황을 인식하고 용어를 표준화하기위해 노력하고 있지만, 대부분의 광물과 암석 용어는 연구되지 않은 채 사용되고 있다. 광물 용어는 28가지 지질학적 성질 중 주로 화학 조성, 색, 모양, 물질을 기초로 명명되었으며, 암석 용어는 30가지 지질학적 성질 중 주로 광물 조성, 성인, 물질, 모양을 기초로 명명되었다. 124종의 영어 용어 중 23종이 사람 이름이나 지역 이름에서 기원한 것이고, 동양에서는 오직 3종만이 지역 이름에서 명명되었다. 동양 용어는 동일 영어 용어에 비해 더 복합적인 지질학적 성질로 구성되는 경향이 있다. 복합적인 지질학적 성질을 가진 광물 용어의 경우, 영어는 2종, 동양 용어는 평균 28종으로 동양 용어가 압도적으로 많으며, 암석 용어의 경우, 영어는 5종, 동양 용어는 평균 9.25종으로 동양 용어가 많은 것으로 분석된다. 일부의 한국어 용어는 일본어나 영어 용어를 어떠한 고려도 하지 않고 그대로 반영되었기 때문에 학생들이 이해하기 매우 어렵다. 그러므로 선행적으로 용어의 의미와 적절성에 대해서 논의되어야 한다.

The two Korean words, Solon-Tang and Su-Ra-Sang, are generally assumed as the names of Mongolian foods which seem to have been used in Korea due to the influence from the enhanced close relationships between Mongolia and Koryo. This indicates that the two words have very important meaning in stdying the relationship between the food culture in the central asia in those days and the terminologies used in the palaces in the eras of Koryo and chosun and so have attracted continuously the related scholars‘ attention. 1. The theory of folk etymology; it is originated from its cooking that first they cut meat into small pieces and put them into a cauldron and boil sulrong sulrong (which means such boiling state in that its water bubbles up) for a along time. 2. Early of the chosun time, the king himself comes to 'Sun-Nong-Dan' where he teaches the people how to farm and hold a large festival and after that they boil the cow meat soup and feed the people around there. At that time, they name and call the kuk-bub (soup with rice) which they eat at the 'Sun-Nong-Dan' 'Sun-Nong-Tang'. 3. The India Sanskrit Sura, a kind of liquid (in which component that have someone who takes it drunken) which gods enjoy themselves over, comes into the palace on the latter half of Koryo time via Mongolia and affects and becomes the Korean words. 4. The Mongol Suru or Sulru which is a cooking in that they boil meat putted in plain water comes into Korea under the special historic relation between Mongolia and becomes Solon-Tang. For the details of the above mentioned theories, we will fully discuss the origin through studying concretely the related books and mutual comparing history, linguistic periods and phonetic changes accordingly and the changes in meaning and vocabulary forms here.