본고는 현대중국어의 의문문에 쓰인 ‘呢’의 의미자질을 아래와 같이 구명(究明)하였다. 현대중국어의 의문문을 선택 의문문(정반 의문문 포함함.), 설명 의문문, 판정 의문문, 진술 의문문으로 네 가지로 나누어 분석하면서 위 표와 같은 결론을 얻었다.

Kim, Hyesook. 2014. Corpus-based Study on Gender Differences in the Functions of English Tag Questions. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 22(3). This study examines gender differences, focusing on the functions of English tag questions using three social variables: age, education, and private/public situations. This research is a corpus-based study which used 753 tag questions extracted from the British component of International Corpus of English (ICE-GB). This paper is the sequel to Kim Hye-Sook(2010), which examined gender differences in the frequency of tag usage. In this present study attention was turned to functions of tag questions to examine whether the gender differences in the tag usage were related to different tag functions. The four functions considered in the study were informational, facilitating, softening and challenging(cf., Holmes 1995; Tottie & Hoffmann 2006). The 753 tags were categorized into those four functions by a native speaker of British English. The tags used by the British men and women in the ICE-GB corpus had no significant gender differences in the functions of tag questions. The tags were used consistently in the order of informational, facilitating, challenging, and softening by both men and women regardless of age, education and private/public situations.

This large- scale corpus study examined the gender differences in the use of tag questions in terrns of three different social variables: age, education and private/public situations. Seven hundred and fifty- three tag questions were extracted from the British component of the 1ntemational Corpus of English (ICE -GB), where social variables were parsed and tagged. Overall, women used a slightly higher number of tag Questions: Out of the weighted 5E() tag Questions, men used 'l37 tag Questions (43.1%) and women used 313 tag questions (56.9%). Among men, the number of tag questions increased with age while the number of tag questions decreased with age among women. The women in the 18-25 and 26-45 age brackets used more tag Questions than the men in the same age brackets. But the women older than 45 used fewer tag Questions than the men older than 45. Women with a secondary education used more tag Questions than men with the same education. But both women and men with a tertiary education had about the same frequency of use of tag Questions. 1n the private situations women used more tag Questions than men while in the public situations men used more tag Questions than women

The present study aims to investigate the effects of the intonations on the syntactic interpretation of the interrogatives with a wh-expression in the Daegu-North Gyeongsang Korean and the Seoul metropolitan Korean. To this end, it analyzes the syntactic and prosodic structures of the interrogatives with an embedded wh-clause or a yes/no-question with an indefinite pronoun. Two types of perception tests, one with unmodified intonations and the other with transplanted intonations, were carried out to analyze the respondents’ interpretations of the three types of the interrogatives. The results of the test with unmodified intonations were as follows. First, more than 90% of the respondents chose appropriate answers to the three types of the wh-interrogatives with no statistically significant differences. Second, the respondents’ reaction times demonstrated with statistically significant differences that the processing load of wh-questions with matrix scope was heavier than that of wh questions with narrow scope or yes-no questions with an indefinite pronoun. Third, embedding verbs of the question-selecting predicate class such as gunggeumhada ‘wonder’ led to longer reaction time than those of the proposition-selecting predicate class such as saenggakada ‘think’. In addition, the results of the perception test with transplanted prosodies revealed two decisive factors. First, the interrogative-endings -ka/na were more influential factors in the respondents’ syntactic interpretations of wh-questions than the other endings such as –ko/no or the prosodies were. Second, wh-questions with such embedding verbs as saenggakada ‘think’ were interpreted in close accordance with the transplanted prosodic structures, but not so much so in the case of wh-questions with such embedding verbs as gunggeumhada ‘wonder’ irrespective of the prosody transplants.

Morphosyntactic and prosodic information is accessed by native speakers of North Gyeongsang Korean when interrogatives are interpreted. The present study investigates the interface between these structures. To do so, the study analyzes the syntactic and prosodic structures of the dialect’s yes/no and wh-questions, and then examines the rate of comprehension and acceptance of the two types of the interrogatives in a perception test. The prosodic structures in the test are modified by transplantation, the results of which allow us to find out the following. First, presented with the interrogatives whose syntactic and prosodic structures did not match, the native subjects of Gyeongsang Korean relied more on the prosodic structures than on the syntactic ones. Second, changes in prosodic structures had a strong influence on simple sentences, but relatively less so on complex sentences. These results lead to the conclusion that prosodic structures are the decisive factor in syntactic interpretations, and, accordingly, are intricately intertwined with the syntactic structures during the processing of interrogatives.

【벼리】이 연구의 목적은 L1에서 L2로 가는 과정에 있는 중급과 고급의 한국어 학습자들이 한국인들과 더 자연스러운 의사소통을 하기 위해서 부정 의문문의 간접 화행의 교육이 필요하다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 부정 의문문의 간접 화행은 그 형태와 기능이 다양한데 이것을 중급과 고급 학습자들에게 교육을 하게 되면 한국 인처럼 모국어 화자와 같은 화법을 구사할 수 있게 되는 것이다. 본고에서는 부정의문문을 단순히 ‘질문’의 의미에서 더 나아가 간접 화행을 통해 ‘명령’, ‘요청’, ‘동의요구’, ‘추측’, ‘강조’로 다섯 가지로 나누었으며 이것을 한국어 중급과 고급의 학습자들에게 설문지로 이 다섯 가지 이해도를 조사해보았다. 숙달도별로 결과 가 달랐지만 공통적으로 ‘추측’의 이해도가 떨어졌다. 그리고 기존에 나와 있는 한국어교재를 통해 한국어 교재에서는 어떻게 부정 의문문의 간접 화행을 다루고 있는지 알아보았다. 그 결과 두 교재에서만 부정 의문문의 간접 화행을 문법으로 교육하고 있었고 나머지 교재에서는 주로 예문에서 부정 의문문의 간접 화행이 쓰이고 있었다. 단순히 부정 의문문의 예만 제시할 것이 아니라 부정 의문문의 간접 화행에 대한 의미를 나타내는 교육을 해야 할 것이다. 본고에서는 의사소통 중심의 언어교육이론에 입각하여 한국어 부정 의문문의 간접 화행 교육 방안에 대해서 기술하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the early wh-movement acquisition of English native speakers from the perspective of Minimalist Program. Guasti and Rizzi(1996) propose the null auxiliary hypothesis that the structure of the questions where the verb is inflected with -ing includes a null auxiliary, the counterpart of the lexical be. They draw a parallel between the null auxiliary and the early null subject. Rizzi(1997) proposes that the CP system, like the IP system, is layered. ForceP is the highest project which determines the clausal type and FocusP's specifier is the landing site for wh-operators and whose head hosts inverted auxiliaries. Guasti and Rizzi(1996) argue that children's auxless questions are structures truncated below ForceP. Thus, the null auxiliary, like other early phenomena, finds its source in the mechanism of clausal truncation. The phenomena of early language acquisition reflects the process of acquiring functional categories as children grow.

Interrogative sentences can reveal not only questions but also various pragmatic meanings such as conjecture, doubt, confirmation, request, command, irony, emphasis, and admiration, etc. in the usual communication. They are commonly used as a syntactic down-grader in order to prevent pragmalinguistic failures and also reinforce the effect of utterance in communication The Indirect Speech Acts of Korean interrogatives are studied in this paper. In particular, the nature of semantics of interrogatives, the correlation of interrogatives and epistemic modality, the subclassification of its' semantics, and also, the conception of Indirect Speech Acts, the discourse function of interrogatives were included in this paper based on a critical analysis on the previous studies. He semantics of interrogatives are context-depended. So future studies about the correlation of pragmatic factors and the specific expressions of languages will be continued.

Interrogative is a type of sentences that conveys a question for people in the process of recognizing the world. Interrogative sentences can reveal not only questions but also various pragmatic meanings such as conjecture, doubt, confirmation, request, command, irony, emphasis, and admiration, etc. The usage patterns of Directive Speech Acts of Korean Interrogatives are studied in this paper. They are commonly used as a syntactic down-grader in order to prevent pragmalinguistic failures and reinforce the effect of utterance in communication. In this research, the aspects of the usage of Directive Speech Acts of Korean Interrogatives by Chinese Korean learner are investigated by methods of Discourse Completion Tests(DCT) and Follow-Up Interview. According to the results comparing between Korean native speaker and Chinese intermediate and advanced Korean learner, we can draw a conclusion that the native speakers use the indirect directive functions of interrogatives actively in order to express their intention effectively and exert the illocutionary force while the Chinese speakers can not use them appropriately.

Bok-hee Lee. 2000. Context Change Potential of Question. Studies in Modern Grammar 19, 219-235. The theoretical objective in this paper is to elaborate the notion of context change potential to include an account of interrogatives. In general, a question is a focusing device rather than a source of information. Questions and answers are looked at here in their guise as dynamic, interactive linguistic events, rather than as static semantic objects. A great deal of previous research in File Change Semantics and Discourse Representation Theory shows that certain expressions affect whether or not a given phrase may be understood as the antecedent of a subsequent anaphor. I develop an account dealing specifically with anaphora with antecedents in questions in section 5 where the context change potential of questions is spelled out. The account developed here will provide a possibility of integrating questions into context change discourse theory.

Lee, Bok-hee. 1999. Focus, Topic and Activated Propositions in Information Qnestions. Studies in Modern Grammar 17, 141-161. This study discusses the formal and pragmatic principles which govern the placement of sentence accent in English and Korean information question from the perspective of information packaging. I distinguish three kinds of pragmatic presupposition, which correspond to different kinds of assumptions a speaker may have concerning the addressee`s state of mind at the time of an utterance. All three are lexicogrammatically coded in sentence structure. The distinctions among these three presupposition types will play a crucial role in the argument presented in this paper.

Lim, Sang-bong. 1998. Acquisition of Subject-auxiliary Inversion in Child English and Optimality Theory. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 349-364. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the patterns of subject-auxiliary inversion in child English questions can be explained by the constraints in Grimshaw`s(1992) Optimality Theory account of inversion patterns in adult English questions. I briefly review the treatment of subject-auxiliary inversion within the Minimalist Theory. The theory claims that subject-auxiliary inversion is a subcase of head movement that moves an auxiliary across the sentence to the head of the presentential complementizer(CP) position in nonselected CPs. In this paper I try to show that the stages of acquisition in subject-auxiliary inversion and the patterns of inversion in child English. And I also show that an Optimality-Theoretic approach can explain several facts regarding the pattern of auxiliary inversion in child English. In addition, this paper argues that the constraints ranking of child English must be different from those of adult English to capture the characteristics of subject-auxiliary inversion in child English.

Hwang,Yong-soo. Kim, Young-Suck. 1998. The Optimality of Interrogatives in English. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 263-283. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review head movement and operator movement within Minimalist Program, point out the assumptions posed to cover all kinds of interrogatives, and analyze the syntactic structures of English interrogatives on the basis of Optimality Theory. In the framework of Minimalist Program, wh-questions are CPs headed by COMP with a (WH] specifier-feature, and wh-movement(movement of wh-operator expressions into spec-CP) is motivated by the need to check the [WH] specifier-feature of COMP. Auxiliary Inversion involves a head movement operation whereby an auxiliary moves from INFL to COMP because an interrogative COMP is strong by virtue of containing an abstract question affix and a strong head position must be filled. In the analysis of optimal interrogatives in terms of Minimalist Program, we need some assumptions such as enlightened self-interest, null-operato no questions, null-complementizer in embedded questions, and a strong COMP of English questions. Optimality Theory proposes an input and an output and a relation between the two. The relation between input and output is mediated by two formal mechanisms, GEN and EVAL. EVAL uses the language particular ranking of constraints from the universal set of constraints, which are violable. An optimal output form for a given input is selected from among the class of candidates: a form, for every pairwise competition involving it, best satisfies the highest-ranking constraint on which the candidates conflict, is optimal. Under OT, wh-movement, inversion of the subject and auxiliary verb and the appearance of the auxiliary verb do can be explained consistently by the interaction of universal constraints.

Kim Han-chang. 1998. A Semantic Analysis of Focused Yes-No Questions in English and Korean. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 223-262. In this paper we have attempted to elucidate the relationship of alternatives to be focused in the three basic types of interrogatives(YNQ/AltQ/wHQ) in English and Korean and to classify the speech acts of yes-no questions making a contrastive analysis between the expressions of the two languages in terms of questions and answers. We reduce the speech acts of YNQs by considering various speech act conditions. Our investigation of the syntactic/semantic relationship between the basic types of interrogatives shows that the number of alternative variables determines the classification of these interrogatives: YNQ is restricted to only one focused item to be answered; AltQ is limited to more than one focused disjunctive items: WHQ provides the unlimited number of alternative variables from which to choose answers. These relational phenomena permit composite questions and composite answers besides simple ones. We insist that these composite questions and answers be dealt with in grammar books as particular types of discourse. As for the classification of speech acts we are confined to the YNQs in order to reduce the burden of investigation. The propositional content and illocutionary force were our main concern in dealing with YNQs. Our analysis indicates that the YNQs comprise many kinds of speech acts which ordinary learners of both English and Korean are not ordinarily aware of, We, however, reduced them to informative questions, assumptive questions, dubitative questions, directive questions, rhetorical questions, and reply questions. Our linguistic findings could be useful to the students of both languages. The method of study relies on discriptive approaches, leaving the formalization of linguistic findings to the task of formalists. Descriptivism has its own merits, because it provides data for formalists.

Lee, Sang-oh. 1998. Auxiliary Inversion of Wh-interrogative Questions and Checking. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 12, 125-139. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the auxiliary inversion and its checking relation of wh-interrogative questions in English in the light of various assumptions made by minimalist theory in linguistics. Following the basic hypothesis that the auxiliary inversion in wh-questions depends on the strength of the head C of CP, the requirement that the C of CP be filled by some element fulfills the operation of auxiliary inversion by being attracted (adjoined) to the question affix(Q). Furthermore, the data drawn from Belfast English and the successive cyclic A´-movement of wh-expressions are used to discuss the function of the specifiers of CP containing overt or null elements, which play important roles in explaining the auxiliary inversion in wh-interrogative questions. The constructions such as subject questions, non-interrogative embedded clauses, and non-interrogative questions are also discussed for the aim of suggestion that only the head feature of C of CP containing overt wh-specifiers is strong enough to attract the auxiliary into the question affix.