This study investigated the effects of the diet with Cucurbita moschata (CM), adlay seed (AS), and Cudrania tricuspidata leaf (CTL) mixed-powder on the visceral fat, fecal amount, and serum lipid profiles in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The mixed ratio of CM, AS, and CTL as a functional food ingredient was 1:1:1 on a weight basis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (D12492; 45 kcal fat) for 5 weeks during the first phase. In the second phase, which lasted 5 weeks, the rats were divided into six experimental groups. The groups were: a high-fat diet group as a control during the 10 weeks of experimental period; and a high-fat diet with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30% mixed powder supplement group. The adipose tissue (RFP, EFP) weights were significantly decreased in the 20% and 30% mixed powder supplement groups than in the HFD group (p<0.05). The fecal weight produced by the 15%, 20%, and 30% mixed powder supplement groups was significantly increased during the second phase compared to the first phase (p<0.05). In terms of serum lipids, TG (triglyceride) content was decreased in the 10% and 15% mixed-powder supplement groups. The blood glucose levels were significantly decreased in all experimental diet supplement groups than in the HFD group (p<0.05). The findings show that the high supplement groups could improve the visceral fat accumulation, fecal amount, and blood glucose content compared to the HFD group.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the estrogenic activity of Cucurbita pepo seed extract which includes β-sitosterol and other phytosterols. Sample was extracted from Cucurbita pepo seed by supercritical carbondioxide method and resuspended with ethanol. Estrogenic activity was measured by recombinant yeast assay which detects estrogenic activity using recombinant yeast with high level of estrogenic receptor. However, estrogenic activity of pumpkin seed extract was not found in this study. Based on this data, pumpkin seed extract will not cause estrogenic disturbance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that body composition, nutrient intake, and biochemical indices have on skin status, as well as their associations with skin health status, by assessing 44 female university students. The subjects were classified into 3 groups according to skin sensitivity: sensitive skin (n=11), slightly sensitive skin (n=24), and normal skin (n=9). The study included anthropometric measurements and body composition analyses, dietary intake evaluations, blood chemical analyses, and skin health status assessments. Based on % body fat, the results indicated the subjects were moderately obese (29.6%). Obesity indices were not different among the groups, but the sensitive skin group tended to have higher skinfold thickness. Dry skin was determined as the skin type of all subjects. In the sensitive skin groups, U-zone and T-zone sebum were significantly lower (p〈0.05), and spots were significantly higher (p〈0.05) than in the normal skin group. In terms of nutrient intakes, the sensitive skin groups consumed significantly lower amounts of P and vitamins A and E (p〈0.05). There were no significant differences in serum lipid fractions or total antioxidant status among the groups. In correlation coefficients analysis, skin elasticity had significant negative correlations with subscapular and midaxillary skinfold thickness, body protein, and body minerals (p〈0.05). Wrinkling had positive correlations with triceps and thigh skinfold thickness (p〈0.05). Skin evenness had negative correlations with energy intake, vitamins A, B1, B2, C, E, niacin, and zinc (p〈0.05), as well as folate and P (p〈0.01) and vitamin B6 (p〈0.001). A similar correlation tendency was observed for spots and nutrient intake, showing negative correlations with vitamins A, B6, and E, as well as folate, Fe, and P. U-zone sebum showed significant positive correlations with serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. From these findings, skin health status appears to be affected by both nutrient intake and body composition. Therefore, having a proper balance between dietary intake and body composition may influence skin health status in females with sensitive skin.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate satisfaction degree on menu served and identify food preference of the meal served to 271 business and industry foodservice workers from 4 institutions by gender difference. The demographics indicated that male(54.6%) and female(45.4%) were about an half each, mean age was ranged from 20 to 39 years old. The workers were not contented with most of menu quality attributes served from past foodservice operation. Primary complaint was improper temperature of the meal. Most workers liked meat and fish(52.1%) the most. Sensory quality evaluation from all workers was 3.37 points out of 5 points. However, female workers rated higher on the most of menu(3.72 points) compared with that of male workers(3.35 points), indicating that satisfaction was higher in the female workers(p<0.05). Mean preference of all the menu according to food type also have shown higher in female(3.52 point) than in male(3.45 point). Best food preference according to food type considering cooking method of male was given to barley rice, boiled rice with assorted mixtures, marine product stew, and Kimchi stew. On the other hand, females cared for curried rice, hash rice, and spaghetti but males have shown low preferences to those foods females liked. Also, females liked more of fried, grilled and broiled food. However, both males and females showed indifferent taste about the food cooked with steamed and stewed. From the findings, the business and industry foodservice workers were not well satisfied with menu quality considerably and differed in food preferences by gender clearly. Therefore, the manager of foodservice institution require to consider composition of gender ratio in menu preparation along with sensory quality evaluation to lead the successful foodservice management.

The study aims to examine whether regular leisure activity of the elderly with active and passive types has a beneficial effect to enhance their health condition. The elderly subjects of 164 (82 of elderly who do active leisure and 82 of elderly who do passive leisure) aged over 60 years in Suwon area were employed. Survey questionnaires were administered to investigate general characteristics, life style, and health status along with anthropometric measurement. From the findings, the elderly who do active leisure were highly educated and better in living status. The elderly who do passive leisure showed higher drinking and smoking rates as well as higher obesity and overweight rates in comparison to the other counterpart. Furthermore, the elderly who do passive leisure were poor in health status. 'Painful knee and eye', 'lower back pain', and 'fatigue' were the most prevalent among subjective symptoms of the elderly. In conclusion, the elderly with active leisure activity seemed to have better life style and maintain good health status. Therefore, it is critically important to establish the health program combined with various leisure activity for the seniors to promote and energize the later years of life.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality, and to assure the hygienic safety of the food production in the university foodservice facility located in Seoul in accordance with the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP) concepts. In the hygienic state assessment of kitchen, it has revealed that it was very important to remove water from the kitchen floor and to establish standard method for disinfection of cooking utensils. And foodservice workers were required to have training program for the safe handling of food and utensils since they did treat food without hygienic gloves. The kitchen layout had to be improved because the near distance of table with heating unit and shelf might cause the growth of microorganisms when prepared food was kept on the shelf. In terms of the time-temperature measurement and microbiological quality assessment during each of the food production phases, most of sengchae (raw vegetable dish) and namul (cooked vegetable dish) were treated within danger zone for food safeness (5-60℃). It has shown that the microbiological quality of raw materials was very much inferior at the time of receiving based on the TPC(10^5-10^7), coliform(10³-10^6), which was not acceptable level(TPC:10^6, coliform:l0³) suggested by Solberg. Microbiological growth has increased in the both of sengchae and namul considerably during most of food production phase. Therefore, it is extremely important to reduce holding and serving time and to avoid treating food within the danger zone for food safeness. In addition, the prevention of cross-contamination during mixing the ingredients with improper equipments and with insanitary treatments by workers was also important to keep the food safety in this speciqic university foodservice facility.

Bok-Hee, Lee. 2001. Predication, Ontology and Entity. Studies in Modern Grammar 25, 175-190. This study discusses some questions of the relation of the linguistic ontology to syntactic structure. It is argued that all predication involves a functional head and predicate takes as its complement a property-denoting XP. The presence of the functional head is driven by considerations of predication and argumenthood. Given that predication is mediated by a functional head, it is possible to maintain the claim that only FunPs can denote entity. Property is always represented syntactically by lexical projections and can be individual level or stage level. Entity is represented by functional projections, and has several different subtypes, including individuals, states of affairs and propositions.

Bok-hee Lee. 2000. Context Change Potential of Question. Studies in Modern Grammar 19, 219-235. The theoretical objective in this paper is to elaborate the notion of context change potential to include an account of interrogatives. In general, a question is a focusing device rather than a source of information. Questions and answers are looked at here in their guise as dynamic, interactive linguistic events, rather than as static semantic objects. A great deal of previous research in File Change Semantics and Discourse Representation Theory shows that certain expressions affect whether or not a given phrase may be understood as the antecedent of a subsequent anaphor. I develop an account dealing specifically with anaphora with antecedents in questions in section 5 where the context change potential of questions is spelled out. The account developed here will provide a possibility of integrating questions into context change discourse theory.

Lee, Bok-hee. 1999. Focus, Topic and Activated Propositions in Information Qnestions. Studies in Modern Grammar 17, 141-161. This study discusses the formal and pragmatic principles which govern the placement of sentence accent in English and Korean information question from the perspective of information packaging. I distinguish three kinds of pragmatic presupposition, which correspond to different kinds of assumptions a speaker may have concerning the addressee`s state of mind at the time of an utterance. All three are lexicogrammatically coded in sentence structure. The distinctions among these three presupposition types will play a crucial role in the argument presented in this paper.

Bok-hee Lee. 1999. Ways of Scope Taking in Event-Related Readings. Studies in Modern Grammar 15, 119-137. In this paper I concentrate on two consequences of the pair quantification approach, which explain why certain contexts block the event-related readings. First, the pair-quantification approach predicts that we need a configuration in which the NP introducing the object variable and the vP introducing the event variable join the restriction of the quantifier. It is necessary to quantify over pairs. Focus and relative clauses can make the event-related readings available for strong quantifiers. Second, I argue that the pairs form join semi-lattices. Events are thought of as having a join semi-lattice structure and the pairs inherit this structure. In section 3, I discuss Weak Island effects on event-related reading. The Weak Island effects on event-related reading follow in virtue of two auxiliary observations:(i) those scopal expressions that block event reading need to take narrow scope with respect to the subject; and (ii) the same scopal expressions require either meets or complementation to be performed.

Lee Bok-hee. 1998. Coherence and Relevance Principle in Discourse Interpretation. Studies in Modern Grammar 13, 181-196. Many coherence theorists set themselves two related goals: (a) to provide a theory of comprehension, explaining how discourses are understood; (b) to provide a theory of evaluation or appropriateness. Goal (a) is shared with relevance theory, which aims to provide a theory of comprehension. However, relevance theory has no explicit goal equivalent to (b). Giora`s interest is in goal (b). In particular, she suggests that relevance theory sheds no light on two main types of intuition: (a) local intuitions about when two adjacent discourse segments are related to each other or to a common topic; (b) global intuitions about when a text or discourse hangs together as a unit, rather than constituting a series of isolated remarks. This is the substantive issue in this paper I want to discuss.

Lee, Bok-hee. 1996. Uncertainty of Speech Acts. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 9: 119-136. This paper attempts to examine how uncertainty is employed in interaction, to develop the concept of ambivalence, and to consider the implication for cross-cultural interaction. Although the uncertainty the speaker creates in ambivalence can be a useful strategy to achieve a particular purpose, it may prevent the addressee from understanding the speaker`s intent properly. Especially when we interact with people who may have different norms or conventions in how to use ambivalence, it may be a major cause of misunderstanding. Cross-cultural communication may be difficult, but I think that it is possible to avoid conflict or to improve tolerance if we are sufficiently aware of the possible causes of misunderstanding.