Early diagnoses of pregnancy for animal such as swine and bovine is extremely important to increase income of a farmhouse and for the management of farm. For the development of immunoasaay system of pregnancy in swine, we report a competitive heterologous enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the direct measurement of oestrone sulfate (E1S) in diluted urine using anti-E1G (glucuronide) monoclonal antibody which cross react with E1S. The principle of assay was based on the typical solid-phase competitive ELISA methods using E1G-HRP (horseradish peroxidase) as a tracer and E1S for standard. The method had a reasonable sensitivity for the detection of E1S with 0.15 ng/ml as a detection limit. The intra-assay and inter-assay precisions were raging coefficient of from 8.50～9.67% and 8.50～9.87%, respectively, which were quite acceptable. In a field trial with a group 37 sows (18 non-pregnancy and 19 pregnancy sows) after day 29～30 post service, the concentration of E1S were determined to be below 30 ng/ml in all non-pregnancy group and over 48 ng/ml in pregnancy group except one sample. The method described here, heterologous ELISA for the measurement of E1S in urine is good enough for monitoring the early pregnancy test of swine.

The aims of these study were to diagnose early pregnancy and reproductive disorders by using progesterone concentration and ultrasonography. The measurement of blood progesterone (P) concentration was conducted to diagnose pregnancy and to detect corpus luteum (CL) or evaluate disorder of CLs. As a result, the incidence rates of reproductive disorders were as follows : SH and EED (41.9%), inacitve ovaries (32.6%), follicullar cyst (9.3%), PCL (7.0%), endometritis (4.7%), pyometra (2.3%) and luteal cyst (2.3%). 61 Cows having Pconcentration 1.0 ng/ml(at the insemination) were increased to 1.0 ng/ml 6day after insemination. 50 cows among 61 cows were diagnosed pregnant. 8 cows among 13 HanWoos having Pconcentration 1.0 ng/ml at the insemination and 1.0 ng/mnl 6 day after insemination had non-ovulatory estrus and the others had Pconcentration 1.0 ng/ml at the insemination and 1.0 ng/ml 6 day after insemination, which was the error of estrus detection. All 13 cows were diagnosed non-pregnant. 47 cows diagnosed pregnant after insemination of Pconcentration 3.0 ng/ml were examined by ultrasonography at 30 day post-insemination. As a result, 41 cows were diagnosed pregnant (87.2%) but 14 cows having Pconcentration 3.0 ng/ml at 21 day after insemination was diagnosed to non-pregnancy. Calving intervals by surveying 100 cows were as follows 11~12 months (20%), 12~13 months (36%), 13~14 months (19%), 14 months (25%), respectively. In conclusion, hormone and ultrasonography help to detect reproductive disorders exactly and diagnose early pregnancy. This study suggest that diagnosis of early pregnancy and reproductive disorder by blood Pconcentration and ultrasonography improve reproduction management of HanWoo.

Real time B-mode ultrasound was used to detect the early conceptus in 187 Korean native cattles between days 10 and 60 after last insemination. The ultrasound diagnostic findings were systemically confirmed by palpation per rectum after the 60th day of last insemination. The embryonic vesicle and the embryo proper within the veside were first visible on mean day fl and 23, respectively. The heartbeat of the embryo proper could be detected on day 26, and the limb buds, placentomes, amnion, fetal movement, umbilical cord, optic area and split hooves were first visible on day 33, 34, 34, 44.5, 45, 32 and 48, respectively. The mean length of embryo proper was 3.8mm on day 23 which later increased to 56. 6rnrn on day 60. When ultrasound was used to detect the conceptus between days 20 and 30 after insemination and palpation per rectum after the 60th day of insemination, the accuracy rates of pregnancy detection by ultrasound scanning at days 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 were 44.4, 69.2, 78.6, 87.5, 90.0, 93.3%. In summary, the early pregnancy diagnosis of Korean native cattle with ultrasound appears high accuracy rates. It is considered that ultrasound can be used in veterinary practice well.

Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured by using radjoimmunoassay for early diagnosis of pregnancy in Cheju-native mares. A total of 226 pony mares were examined for pregnancy during breeding and non breeding seasons. Plasma progesterone levels 20~23 days after the onset of oestrus were 4.67+O.67ng /rnl and O.55+O.O4ng /ml for mares becornrning pregnant and not pregnant after the estrus, respectively, and there was a significant differences (p<0.01) between the two groups. Progesterone concentration of pregnant mares gradually increased in 30 days andreached a peak (10.3ng /ml) during the third month of gestation. However, the concentration decresed to the base line (1.llng /rnl) at 7 months and gradually increased again as foaling approached (2.lng /ml). Early diagnosis for pregnancy of Cheju mares by progesterone level at 20~23 days after onset of oestrus was 88% accurate when 4.6ng /ml was used to classify mares as pregnancy and below 1.3ng /rnl was used to determine nonpregnant mares. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis was improved to 96% when a progesterone level of above 2ng /mi was used to classify mares for pregnancy. Diagnosis for pregnancy was 69.6% accurate when mares were classified as pregnancy by horse owners during breeding season. The progesterone levels of pregnant and non-pregnant mares during non-breeding season varied greatly between individual animals, Plasma progesterone levels of pregnant animals ranged from 3.5ng /mi to above 6.2ng /mi whereas similar values were observed in non-pregnant animals. Radioirnrnunoassay technicjues can be applied for the early pregnant diagnosis of Cheju native mares when progesterone levels are measured during the early gestation period (18~23 days after onset of oestrus). However, progesterone concentration of mares in non-breeding season is conisidered unsuitable as a indicator of pregnant diagnosis.