In this study, an attempt was made to approximate the main characteristic values of Bi0.5(Na0.78K0.22)0.5TiO3 (= BNKT) depending on the content of Fe2O3 additives, aiming to approach the values of lead(Pb) piezoelectric ceramic materials (PZT). Specifically, when the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) value of lead(Pb) piezoelectric ceramic material (PZT polycrystalline ceramic powder) is 300[pC/N] or higher, it is applied for hard purposes such as ultrasonic welding machines and cleaning machines, and when it exceeds 330[pC/N], it is applied for soft purposes like piezoelectric sensors. In this study, research and development were conducted for devices with a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 300[pC/N] or more for actuators. For this purpose, K+ exceeding 0.02 to 0.12 mol% was added to (Na0.78K0.22)0.5Bi0.5TiO3 to analyze structural changes due to K+ excess, and (Na0.78K0.22)0.5Bi0.5TiO3 + 8mol% K2CO3 Ti4+ was substituted with Fe3+ to manufacture lead-free piezoelectric materials. As a result, ceramics with Fe3+ substitution at x = 0.0075 yielded an average value of d33 = 315[pC/N]. Furthermore, for ceramics with Fe3+ substitution at x = 0.0075, the average values of maximum polarization (Pmax), residual polarization (Prem), and coercive field (Ec) were found to be 39.63 μC/cm2, 30.45 μC/cm2, and 2.50 kV/mm, respectively. The reliable characteristic values obtained from the research results can be applied to linear actuator components (such as the zoom function of mobile cameras, LDM for skin care, etc.) and ultrasonic vibration components.

In a situation where the importance of eco-friendly fashion is growing, this study adds to the needed research by analyzing consumption value satisfaction factors, brand image, and repurchase intentions of eco-friendly fashion products. During the investigation, the impact of gender was also accounted for to establish an effective marketing strategy. In June 2024, 250 surveys were evaluated from domestic consumers with experience purchasing eco-friendly fashion products. Descriptive statistical analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and regression analysis were performed. Five factors were measured to determine satisfaction with the consumption value of eco-friendly fashion products: emotional value, functional value, social and situational value, passive value, and rare and eco-friendly value. Empirically subdividing satisfaction with eco-friendly fashion as recognized by consumers reveals meaningful findings about consumption value. Among the factors of consumption value satisfaction with eco-friendly fashion products, functional value, social and situational value, and rare and eco-friendly value all positively affected repurchase intention. The consumer’s gender also made a difference in satisfaction. Considering these results, the marketing effect of eco-friendly fashion can be increased. This study will be able to increase the ESG management effect of fashion companies. By performing ESG management, the fashion industry can achieve social and environmental responsibility along with sustainable growth.

본 연구팀은 피아노제조산업에서 대표적인 기업인 ㈜야마하가 국제화 과정에서 제품 전략과 시장 전략을 동시에 적용하는 사례를 통해서 국제경영에 관한 새로운 모델인 국제경영의 4가지 본원적 메커니즘(4 Generic Mechanisms in Global Management: 4GMGM)의 현실적용가능성을 다루었다. 야마하 피아노가 초기에 현으로 소리를 내는 전통적인 건반악기인 피아노를 일본이라는 현지 시장에서 개발 판매하는 현지화(Localization) 전략에서 출발했다가, 디지털 피아노를 개발 하면서 현세화(Loc-balization) 전략으로 나아갔고, 최상위 품질을 갖춘 그랜드피아노를 개발하 면서 세계화(Globalization) 전략의 정점을 찍었다가, 현지 음악 소리를 내는 맞춤형 피아노를 일 렉트릭 파이노의 한 영역으로 개발하면서 세현화(Glocalization) 전략으로 변신한 과정을 검토했 다. 이 연구를 통해 기업이 국제화하는 과정에서 제품전략과 시장전략을 동시에 개발해야 한다는 논리를 제시한 4GMGM이 현실을 설명하는데 적절하다는 검토 의견을 도출했다.

This study analyzed differences in the purchase satisfaction and repurchase intention of customers who buy clothing products from online platforms. The participants were teenage individuals to those in their 50s residing in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongsangnam-do. The data were examined via factor analysis, a t-test, Analysis of variance(ANOVA), Duncan’s multiple range test, two-way ANOVA, and linear regression analysis. The factors for satisfaction with clothing products from online platforms were wearing comfort and quality, design, and price and purchase convenience. The findings revealed that purchase satisfaction based on these factors significantly varied among the participants depending on marital status, age, and occupation. Satisfaction with wearing comfort, quality, and design differed by gender. Satisfaction with wearing comfort, quality, and price and purchase convenience varied by type of purchase and type of online platforms. The interaction effects among the variables that affected purchase satisfaction were as follows. The interaction effects among the variables for wearing comfort and quality showed significant interactions between gender and type of purchase and between occupation and type of online platforms. Those for design showed significant interactions between marital status and age, between age and occupation, and so on. The interaction effects for price and purchase convenience showed significant interactions between marital status and gender and between age and occupation. The results on repurchase intention showed significant differences in such intention by marital status, age, and occupation. Repurchase intention was influenced by wearing comfort and quality, price and purchase convenience, design, and age.

In this paper, as there are many cases of fires occurring due to the failure or inoperability of the thermostat of electronic products, the purpose is to test and analyze the risks and probabilities through fire cases and reproduction experiments, and suggest countermeasures. Among electronic products, water purifiers are composed of a refrigerant system with a compressor to make cold water, a heating device to make hot water, and an electric device used as an energy source. Due to the nature of the water purifier manufacturing, these devices are subject to a lot of moisture and dust. etc. exist in large quantities and use electrical energy, so there is a possibility of fire due to short circuit in the wire, electrical abnormal overheating (tracking phenomenon) in the thermostat, electronic board, starting relay, etc., and overheating of the heating device (Band Heater). there is. Therefore, in order to prevent fires from these devices, a system to remove foreign substances inside the water purifier is necessary, the use of heat-resistant (fire-resistant) wires for electrical devices is essential, and the use of non-combustible materials (semi-combustible materials) for each part is necessary to prevent fire. The risk must be eliminated through prevention and combustion expansion prevention devices.

콘크리트 포장의 조기 파손을 초래하는 콘크리트 혼합물의 품질 저하는 최근 종종 발생되고 있다. 이로 인한 유지보수 비용 또한 증 가하는 추세이다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 콘크리트 배합 시 효과적으로 유변학적 특성을 측정하여 콘크리트 품질을 예 측할 수 있는 시제품 개발을 연구 중이다. 현재 상용화되어 사용되고 있는 ICAR Plus Rheometer 장비의 이론을 변경 적용하여, 본 시제품 Twin Shaft Rheometer mixer를 개발하였다. 동시에 레오미터 장비를 활용해 유변학적 특성을 확인하고 측정하였다. 콘크리트 의 변형과 움직임을 분석하기 위해 수직, 수평 거동의 비교분석을 진행하였고, 흐름 저항성과 토크 점성을 이용하여 유변학적 특성을 기존 장비와 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 절댓값의 차이는 존재하나 선형적 유사성을 가지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 높은 정확성을 위해 추 가연구는 진행하고 있다. 추가로 슬럼프 측정 센서 또한 개발 진행 중이며, 이 장비는 마이크로파를 통해 매질의 변화를 측정하여 슬 럼프를 유추하는 센서로 더욱 정밀한 결과값을 위해 추가연구 진행하고 있다.

손 위생 제품이 다양화됨과 동시에 각 활용 방법에 따 라 그 효능을 평가하는 여러 시험 방법들이 보고되고 있 다. 하지만 평가 방법에 따라 각 제품의 항균 효능은 다 르게 나타나며, 이로 인해 제품의 실제적인 효능을 확인 하는 데에 어려움이 있을 수 있다. 손 위생 제품의 효능 평가방법 비교에 초점을 둔 연구는 매우 제한적이며, 특 히 돼지피부를 이용한 ex vivo에 대한 연구는 극히 드물 다. 이에 본 연구는 손 위생 제품 중 리브온 소독제와 워 시오프 세정제에 대해 각각의 항균 평가 방법을 종합적으 로 비교했고, ex vivo 시험에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인을 파악하여 연구 단계에서 효율적인 ex vivo 시험의 신뢰성 을 향상시키고자 하였다. in vitro 시험으로써 액체 현탁을 기반으로 하는 time-kill 시험을 진행했고, in vivo 시험은 최소 20명의 참여자를 대상으로 진행되었다. ex vivo 시험 은 규격화된 돼지 피부를 이용하여 in vivo 시험과 동일한 방법으로 진행하면서 소독제의 최적 처리량과 세정제 사 용 시 첨가되는 물의 양을 제안했다. 시험에 사용된 손 소 독제는 in vitro 시험에서 모두 5 log 이상의 세균 감소율 을 보인 반면, ex vivo와 in vivo에서는 훨씬 낮은 살균 활 성을 보였으며, 특히 알코올 함량이 낮은 손 소독제에서 는 1 log 미만의 살균 활성을 나타냈다. 반면에 손 세정 제의 in vitro 시험 결과, 대장균에 대해서는 1 log 이하의 낮은 항균력을 보였으나, ex vivo 와 in vivo 시험 결과에 서는 이보다 높은 항균력을 유사하게 나타냈다. 본 연구 에서는 ex vivo 와 in vivo 시험 방법이 리브온과 워시오 프 타입 제품의 두가지 다른 항균 메커니즘을 반영할 수 있음을 확인했다. 이로 인해 최적의 조건으로 설정된 ex vivo 시험은 빠르고 정확한 항균 평가법이 될 수 있음을 제시한다.

Although interest in eco-friendly fashion products is increasing among scholars and industry leaders, the concept of eco-friendly products remains unclear, preventing consistent assessment of which fashion products are eco-friendly. This study conducted a content analysis of eco-friendly product information from 87 domestic and 102 foreign brands to reveal key standards for categorizing eco-friendly fashion products. Product characteristic information was coded according to the four material-based standards (i.e., organic material, regenerative material, alternative material, and sustainably produced/upcycled material). Consistency between coders was confirmed by Cohen’s kappa. In results, eco-friendly fashion products are categorized by four material-based standards and two certification standards (i.e., certified, not certified). Among the four material-based categories, the greatest number of domestic and foreign companies produced eco-friendly products that were classified as the regenerative material group. In addition, companies acquired eco-friendly certifications related to the use of organic, regenerative, and alternative materials. The greatest number of eco-friendly material brands used for eco-friendly fashion products belonged to the regenerative material group. Based on the study results, a typology of eco-friendly products was suggested. This typology can benefit practitioners and academics by highlighting a need for classification system for the eco-friendly fashion products, as well as by providing insight into the categorization of eco-friendly fashion products.

To produce an intestinal immunomodulatory beverage containing Centella asiatica extract (CAE), three types of CAE-added beverage prototypes were prepared, and their immunomodulatory activities and marker compounds were analyzed. As a result of the cytotoxicity assessment, all the beverages did not show significant toxicity compared to the control group. Next, the immunomodulatory activities of the beverage prototype were evaluated using the inflammatory model of IL-1β-induced intestinal epithelial cell line. All the samples significantly reduced the production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in a CAE concentration-dependent manner. In addition, CAE-added beverages inhibited NO, IL-6, and IL-12 production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. When the major triterpenoids, as marker compounds for the production of CAE-added beverages, were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, only asiaticoside was detected beyond the limit of quantification, while madecassoside, madecassic acid, and asiatic acid were not detected. The amounts of asiaticoside in CAE-added beverage prototypes were confirmed in No. 1 (19.39 μg/mL), 2 (19.25 μg/mL), and 3 (19.98 μg/mL). In conclusion, the results of this study suggested that CAE-added beverage prototypes induced immunomodulatory effects in the intestinal inflammatory cell line models and asiaticoside could be used as a marker compound for CAE-added beverage production.

As markets and industries continue to evolve rapidly, technology opportunity discovery (TOD) has become critical to a firm's survival. From a common consensus that TOD based on a firm’s capabilities is a valuable method for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and reduces the risk of failure in technology development, studies for TOD based on a firm’s capabilities have been actively conducted. However, previous studies mainly focused on a firm's technological capabilities and rarely on business capabilities. Since discovered technologies can create market value when utilized in a firm's business, a firm’s current business capabilities should be considered in discovering technology opportunities. In this context, this study proposes a TOD method that considers both a firm's business and technological capabilities. To this end, this study uses patent data, which represents the firm's technological capabilities, and trademark data, which represents the firm's business capabilities. The proposed method comprises four steps: 1) Constructing firm technology and business capability matrices using patent classification codes and trademark similarity group codes; 2) Transforming the capability matrices to preference matrices using the fuzzy function; 3) Identifying a target firm’s candidate technology opportunities using the collaborative filtering algorithm; 4) Recommending technology opportunities using a portfolio map constructed based on technology similarity and applicability indices. A case study is conducted on a security firm to determine the validity of the proposed method. The proposed method can assist SMEs that face resource constraints in identifying technology opportunities. Further, it can be used by firms that do not possess patents since the proposed method uncovers technology opportunities based on business capabilities.

This study investigated species identification and labeling compliance of 48 shrimp products sold in the Korean online markets. Species identification was conducted using the standard DNA barcoding method, using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. The obtained sequences were compared with those deposited in the NCBI GenBank and BOLD Systems databases. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis was performed to further verify the identified shrimp species. Consequently, 16 shrimp species were identified, including Penaeus vannamei, Pandalus borealis, Palaemon gravieri, Leptochela gracilis, Penaeus monodon, Pleoticus muelleri, Metapenaeopsis dalei, Euphausia pacifica, Lebbeus groenlandicus, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Argis lar, Metanephrops thomsoni, Metapenaeopsis barbata, Alpheus japonicus, Penaeus chinensis, and Mierspenaeopsis hardwickii. The most prevalent species was Penaeus vannamei, found in 45.8% of the analyzed products. A significant mislabeling rate of 72.9% was found; however, upon excluding generic names such as shrimp, the mislabeling rate reduced to 10.4%. The mislabeling rate was higher in highly-processed products (89.3%) compared with that in minimally-processed products (50%). No correlation was found between the country of origin and mislabeling rate. The results of this study provide crucial data for future monitoring of shrimp products and improving the labeling of shrimp species in Korea.

In this study, based on an analysis of two DNA barcode markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b genes), we performed species identification and monitored labeling compliance for 50 commercial pufferfish products sold in on-line markets in Korea. Using these barcode sequences as a query for species identification and phylogenetic analysis, we screened the GenBank database. A total of seven pufferfish species (Takifugu chinensis, T. pseudommus, T. xanthopterus, T. alboplumbeus, T. porphyreus, T. vermicularis, and Lagocephalus cheesemanii) were identified and we detected 35 products (70%) that were non-compliant with the corresponding label information. Moreover, the labels on 12 commercial products contained only the general common name (i.e., pufferfish), although not the scientific or Korean names for the 21 edible pufferfish species. Furthermore, the proportion of mislabeled highly processed products (n = 9, 81.8%) was higher than that of simply processed products (n = 26, 66.7%). With respect to the country of origin, the percentage of mislabeled Chinese products (n = 8, 80%) was higher than that of Korean products (n = 26, 66.7%). In addition, the market and dialect names of different pufferfish species were labeled only as Jolbok or Milbok, whereas two non-edible pufferfish species (T. vermicularis and T. pseudommus) were used in six commercial pufferfish products described as JolboK and Gumbok on their labels, which could be attributable to the complex classification system used for pufferfish. These monitoring results highlight the necessity to develop genetic methods that can be used to identify the 21 edible pufferfish species, as well as the need for regulatory monitoring of commercial pufferfish products.