In this study, a structural health monitoring system for cable-stayed bridges is developed. In the system, condition assessment of the structure is performed based on measured records from seismic accelerometers. Response indices are defined to monitor structural safety and serviceability and derived from the measured acceleration data. The derivation process of the indices is structured to follow the transformation from the raw data to the outcome. The process includes noise filtering, baseline correction, numerical integration, and calculation of relative differences. The system is packed as a condition assessment program, which consists of four major processes of the structural health evaluation: (i) format conversion of the raw data, (ii) noise filtering, (iii) generation of response indices, and (iv) condition evaluation. An example set of limit states is presented to evaluate the structural condition of the test-bed and cable-stayed bridge.

The spatial variation characteristics of seismic motions at the nuclear power plant's site and structures were analyzed using earthquake records obtained at the Fukushima nuclear power plant during the Great East Japan Earthquake. The ground responses amplified as they approached the soil surface from the lower rock surface, and the amplification occurred intensively at about 50 m near the ground. Due to the soil layer's nonlinear characteristics caused by the strong seismic motion, the ground's natural frequency derived from the response spectrum ratio appeared to be smaller than that calculated from the shear wave velocity profile. The spatial variation of the peak ground acceleration at the ground surface of the power plant site showed a significant difference of about 0.6 g at the maximum. As a result of comparing the response spectrums at the basement of the structure with the design response spectrum, there was a large variability by each power plant unit. The difference was more significant in the Fukushima Daiichi site record, which showed larger peak ground acceleration at the surface. The earthquake motions input to the basement of the structure amplified according to the structure's height. The natural frequency obtained from the recorded results was lower than that indicated in the previous research. Also, the floor response spectrum change according to the location at the same height was investigated. The vertical response on the foundation surface showed a significant difference in spectral acceleration depending on the location. The amplified response in the structure showed a different variability depending on the type of structure and the target frequency.

The design response spectrum presented in the seismic design standard reflects the characteristics of the tectonic environment at a site. However, since the design response spectrum does not represent the ground motion with a specific earthquake magnitude or distance, input ground motions for response history analysis need to be selected reasonably. It is appropriate to use observed ground motions recorded in Korea for the seismic design. However, recently recorded ground motions in the Gyeongju (2016) or Pohang (2017) earthquakes are not compatible with the design response spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the recorded ground motion in Korea to a model similar to the design response spectrum. In this study, several approaches to adjust the spectral acceleration level at each period range were tested. These are the intrinsic and scattering attenuation considering the earthquake environment, magnitude, distance change by the green function method, and a rupture propagation direction's directivity effect. Using these variables, the amplification ratio for the representative natural period was regressed. Finally, the optimum condition compatible with the design response spectrum was suggested, and the validation was performed by converting the recorded ground motion.

최근 지진가속도 계측기의 활용성에 대하여 많은 관심이 대두되고 있다. 하지만 계측데이터를 활용하지 않거나 최대 가속도 데이터만 이용하고 있는 실정으로 계측한 데이터의 활용을 위한 방안 마련이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지진가속도계측기 설치대상 구조물 중 사장교의 지진가속도 계측자료를 활용한 교량의 긴급 안전성평가 방법에 대하여 조사하고, 대상 교량을 선정하여 최근 연구동향 중 대표적인 3가지 안전성평가 기법을 적용하여 적용의 문제점과 개선사항에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 첫째로 변위를 통한 안전성평가에서는 계측 지점의 변위산출에서 장주기 특성이 오차를 증가시키는 경향을 확인하였다. 둘째로 통계지표를 통한 안전성 평가를 통해서 표준편차의 증가에 따라 첨도가 일정하게 유지되는 특성을 확인하였고, 이를 활용하여 차량통행이 많은 주간시간에 첨도를 활용한 안전성 평가가 가능할 것으로 분석하였다. 마지막으로 고유주기 변화를 통한 안전성 평가는 계절적인 요인으로 고차모드에서 고유주기 변화가 크게 나타나는 특성을 확인하였고, 1차 모드의 고유진동수를 통해서 구조물의 손상을 평가할 수 있을 것으로 분석하였다.

In a seismic design, a structural demand by an earthquake load is determined by design response spectra. The ground motion is a three-dimensional movement; therefore, the design response spectra in each direction need to be assigned. However, in most design codes, an identical design response spectrum is used in two horizontal directions. Unlike these design criteria, a realistic seismic input motion should be applied for a seismic evaluation of structures. In this study, the definition of horizontal spectral acceleration representing the two-horizontal spectral acceleration is reviewed. Based on these methodologies, the horizontal responses of observed ground motions are calculated. The data used in the analysis are recorded accelerograms at the stations near the epicenters of recent earthquakes which are the 2007 Odeasan earthquake, 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, and 2017 Pohang earthquake. Geometric mean-based horizontal response spectra and maximum directional response spectrum are evaluated and their differences are compared over the period range. Statistical representation of the relations between geometric mean and maximum directional spectral acceleration for horizontal direction and spectral acceleration for vertical direction are also evaluated. Finally, discussions and suggestions to consider these different two horizontal directional spectral accelerations in the seismic performance evaluation are presented.

Recent two moderate earthquakes (2016 Mw=5.4 Gyeongju and 2017 Mw=5.5 Pohang) in Korea provided the unique chance of developing a set of relations to estimate instrumental seismic intensity in Korea by augmenting the time-history data from MMI seismic intensity regions above Ⅴ to the insufficient data previously accumulated from the MMI regions limited up to Ⅳ. The MMI intensity regions of Ⅴ and Ⅵ was identified by delineating the epicentral distance from the reference intensity statistics in distance derived by using the integrated MMI data obtained by combining the intensity survey results of KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) and ‘DYFI (Did You Feel It)’ MMIs of USGS. The time-histories of the seismic stations from the MMI intensity regions above Ⅴ were then preprocessed by applying the previously developed site-correction filters to be converted to a site-equivalent condition in a manner consistent with the previous study. The average values of the ground-motion parameters for the three ground motion parameters of PGA, PGV and BSPGA (Bracketed Summation of PGA per second for 30 seconds) were calculated for the MMI=Ⅴ and Ⅵ and used to generate the dataset of the average values of the ground-motion parameters for the individual MMIs fromⅠ to Ⅵ. Based on this dataset, the linear regression analysis resulted in the following relations with proposed valid ranges of MMI.

지진파의 푸리에 가속도스펙트럼(Fourier Acceleration Spectrum)에 기반한 계측진도 평가방법(Sokolov and Wald, 2002)의 국내 적용성을 평가하기 위해 관련 논문(연관희 등, 2009)에서 평가된 국내 지진의 진도 MMI {leq} IV 범위에 대한 진도별 FAS 평균(m)과 표준편차({\sigma}) 모델을 이용하여, FAS 진도평가방법의 타당성을 평가하여 보았다. FAS 통계특성 모델 평가시 사용된 지진관측자 료의 FAS를 이용하고 본 연구에서 프로그램으로 구현된 FAS 진도평가기법을 적용할 경우 관측된 진도를 {\sigma} = 0.74 MMI의 오차로 추정할 수 있었으며, 오차의 지진규모-거리 의존성을 추가로 보정할 경우 오차를 {\sigma} = 0.61 MMI 까지도 저감할 수 있었다. 또한 본 방법을 MMI {\leq} IV에 대한 국내 FAS 통계특성 모델과 MMI {\geq} V에 대한 전 세계 FAS 통계특성 모델을 함께 이용하여, 진도 VI 이상인 국내 피해지진의 진도를 미소지진관측자료의 지진원특성을 이론적으로 증가시켜 도출된 스펙트럼을 이용하여 추정한 결과 최대 진도추정 오차 0.63 이내로 예측할 수 있었다.

전단파속도가 1,050m/sec 이하인 경우의 기초지반에 대한 내진해석에서는 지반-구조물 상호작용해석이 반드시 수행되어야 하며, 이러한 기초지반에서는 강지진동 작용시 지반의 비선형성이 현저하게 나타나므로 내진해석시 지반의 비선형성은 필수적으로 고려되어야 한다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 입력지진동에 따른 지반의 비선형 거동을 평가하기 위한 방법으로서 기존의 수치해석적인 방법에 비하여 평가절차가 단순하고 신뢰성이 높은 Downhole 지진계측자료에 의한 평가방법을 제안하였다. 대만 화련부지를 대상으로 본 연구에서 제안한 지반의 비선형성 평가방법에 대한 신뢰성을 검증한 결과, 기존의 SHAKE프로그램에 의한 평가결과 및 지진응답 계측결과에 잘 일치하는 높은 수준의 정확성을 보임으로써 그 신뢰성 및 가용성을 확인할 수 있었다.

최근 한반도 지진 발생 회수, 규모 증대 및 전과 다른 내륙에서 발생 등, 외적으로는 지진 하중의 위험성이 증가하고 있으며, 이와 더불어, 국내 사회기반시설물의 노후화에 따른 내적인 취약성 역시 가중 되고 있다. 지진 발생 시 긴급 대처와 유연한 대책 마련을 위한 과학적이고 합리적인 안전성 평가 기술은 시설물 자체 손상을 넘어 붕괴 시 많은 2차 피해를 야기할 수 있는 대표적인 사회기반시설인 댐 저수지 및 교량에 있어 매우 미진한 상태이다. 또한, 중요시설물의 관리 주체는 시설물별 가속도 관측을 수행하고 있으나, 설치된 장비의 성능 및 비용을 고려시 상대적 활용도가 매우 낮은 실정으로, 이러한 활용도를 제고하는 기술개발이 요구되는 상항이다.

This paper is a study on the development of a data analysis platform that constitutes a part of the development task of the constant monitoring system that can prepare against the earthquake disaster by using the regular measurement data of the old school buildings. The data analysis platform is composed of database management software that manages the metrology data acquired by using the instrument and data management software that analyzes the metrology data, analysis tools that can analyze the metrology data in various ways, A data analysis platform can be used to assess the safety of the school building and evaluate the seismic safety of the old school building to build a system for earthquake disaster.

This study suggested the estimation method of the ground response spectra at a structure location using earthquake acceleration data from seismological observatories. To suggest estimation method based on measured earthquake acceleration data, a algorithm for determining the observations near the structure site was suggested and a module for calculating a ground response spectrum was developed associated with a listed station determining algorithm.

With the recent earthquake measuring 5.4 in Pohang, attention is being raised to the effects of the structures caused by the earthquake. In this study, seismic effect of the tunnel structure was analyzed by the time history analysis method using the measurement results of the nearby structures. Most of the analysis results showed displacement and stress results of one tenth level of the artificial seismic wave using design seismic acceleration, and the actual field survey revealed that the effects of earthquakes were minor.

Earthquake safety assessment software of the cable-stayed bridge using the seismic acceleration measurement date was developed. Various safety assessment indices for evaluation structural safety and serviceability of bridges are discussed. A systematic approach is proposed to process the raw data for generating appropriate safety assessment indicators. The software for structural state evaluation includes (i) format conversion of raw data, (ii) noise filtering, (iii) generation of assessment index, (iv) state evaluation. Determination of the limit state included in the condition evaluation step is discussed and an example of the graphic user interface of the software is shown.

Earthquake safety assessment software of the cable-stayed bridge using the seismic acceleration measurement date was developed. Various safety assessment indices for evaluation structural safety and serviceability of bridges are discussed. A systematic approach is proposed to process the raw data for generating appropriate safety assessment indicators. The software for structural state evaluation includes (i) format conversion of raw data, (ii) noise filtering, (iii) generation of assessment index, (iv) state evaluation. Determination of the limit state included in the condition evaluation step is discussed and an example of the graphic user interface of the software is shown.

In this paper, a logger of an earthquake accelerometer in order to link and share the seismic data easily with related institutes is presented. The firmware is embedded into the logger, which transforms the seismic data into the formats, miniSEED.

The purpose of this study is to analyse site natural period for estimating resonance of soil-structure. The natural period of seismic accelerometer installed site is calculated with HVSR(Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio) proposed by Nakamura. To analyze natural period, a micro tremor is used at several sites. The result can be used for the study of soil-structure resonance, site classification and the site amplification effects.

This study suggests Installation methods and a development plan for the installation of the seismic acceleration instrument through the case study of the seismic acceleration instruments installed in the domestic public buildings.