PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to provide basic data to improve the service life of asphalt pavement using basalt aggregate in Jeju Island by evaluating the performance of asphalt pavement through analysis of material and structural aspects. METHODS : To evaluate the performance of Jeju Island's asphalt pavement, cracks, permanent deformation, and longitudinal roughness were analyzed for the Aejo-ro road, which has high traffic and frequent premature damage. Cores were collected from Aejo-ro sections in good condition and damaged condition, and the physical properties of each layer were compared and analyzed. In addition, plate cores were collected from two sections with severe damage and the cause of pavement damage was analyzed in detail. RESULTS : About 45% of the collected cores suffered damage such as layer separation and damage to the lower layer. The asphalt content of surface layer in the damaged section was found to be 1.1% lower on average than that in the good condition section, and the mix gradations generally satisfied the standards. The density difference between the cores of each layer was found to be quite large, and the air voids was found to be at a high level. CONCLUSIONS : Test results on the cores showed that, considering the high absorption ratio of basalt aggregate, the asphalt content was generally low, and the high air voids of the pavement was believed to have had a significant impact on damage. High air voids in asphalt pavement can be caused by poor mixture itself, poor construction management, or a combination of the two factors. Additionally, the separation of each layer is believed to be the cause of premature failure of asphalt pavement.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to develop the data driven pavement condition index by considering the traffic and climatic characteristics in Incheon city. METHODS : The Incheon pavement condition index (IPCI) was proposed using the weighted sum concept with standardization and coefficient of variation for measured pavement performance data, such as crack rate, rut depth, and International Roughness Index (IRI). A correlation study between the National Highway Pavement Condition Index (NHPCI) and Seoul Pavement Condition Index (SPI) was conducted to validate the accuracy of the IPCI. RESULTS : The equation for determining the IPCI was developed using standardization and the coefficient of variation for the crack rate, rut depth, and IRI collected in the field. It was found from the statistical analysis that the weight factors of the IPCI for the crack rate were twice as high as those for the rut depth and IRI. It was also observed that IPCI had a close correlation with the NHPCI and SPI, albeit with some degree of scattering. This correlation study between the NHPCI and SPI indicates that the existing pavement condition index does not consider the asymmetry of the original measured data. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed pavement condition provides an index value that considers the characteristics of the original raw data measured in the field. The developed pavement condition index is extensively used to determine the timing and method of pavement repair, and to establish pavement maintenance and rehabilitation strategies in Incheon.

PURPOSES : In this study, a method for evaluating concrete bridge deck deterioration using three-dimensional (3D) ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey data and its in situ application are discussed. METHODS : Field surveys are conducted on two bridges in Yongsan-gu (Bridge A) and Seodaemun-gu (Bridge B) in Seoul using 3D GPR. The obtained survey data are used to calculate the dielectric constant map of each bridge using the extended common midpoint method. In addition, random points on both bridges are selected for the chloride content test in accordance with the KS F 2713 standard. The results from the dielectric constant map and chloride content test are compared. RESULTS : For Bridge A, it is discovered that the percentage of sections with a dielectric constant of 5.0 or less is 1.57%, whereas that above 5.0 is 98.43%; this indicates that the percentage of deteriorated sections for Bridge A is low. Meanwhile, for Bridge B, the dielectric constants calculated for the entire bridge exceed 5.0, which suggests no deterioration for Bridge B. Moreover, all the points selected for the chloride content test have less than 0.15% chloride content and have dielectric constants ranging from 5.0 to 7.0, which are favorable condition for the bridge deck. CONCLUSIONS : The analysis results of the dielectric constants of the concrete bridge deck obtained from the 3D GPR system are consistent with the actual chloride content results. Furthermore, additional verification of this method through field surveys on bridge sections with severe deterioration is highly recommended for future improvements.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to establish a scientific and rational structure pavement maintenance technique and management standard through field investigation and analysis method development for measuring damage to structure pavement such that fundamental quality improvement can be promoted and the life of pavement prolonged. METHODS : In this study, the crack, plastic deformation, IRI, and SPI values measured using the existing RoadScanner of a corresponding section, as well as the relative dielectric constant values of a lower deck measured using a ground penetrating radar are reduced. The results of a small impact load test are verified by comparing the modulus of elasticity measured. RESULTS : In the Hongjecheon Overpass, when comparing the suspicion points of deterioration between the center of the lane and the 25 measurement data points of the wheel pass section based on the elastic modulus of the light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD), it is discovered that the lane comprises four centers (16%) and 18 wheelpaths (72%). The percentage of suspected deterioration points in the center is higher than that in the wheelpath. In addition, in the case of the Seoho Bridge, by comparing the suspicious points of deterioration for 11 measurement data points in the middle of the lane and the wheelpath section based on the elastic modulus of the LFWD, it is discovered that five points (45%) in both the middle of the lane and the wheel pass are similar. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, a comparative analysis of the LFWD elastic modulus and SPI factors (crack rate, plastic deformation, and IRI) of the Hongjecheon Overpass and Seoho Bridge is conducted to confirm the factors of pavement breakage. Among them, it is confirmed that it affects the pavement condition the most; however, to consider the LFWD elastic modulus as an evaluation criterion for future structure pavement, the data points must be verified via additional experiments to ensure high reliability.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to develop the evaluation methodologies for spraying amount and sprayed condition of curing compound based on IoT technology when concrete pavements are constructed. METHODS : To measure the spraying amount of curing compound, a turbine type flowmeter was selected and a number of laboratory experiments were performed to verify the applicability of the selected sensor. To evaluate the uniformity of the sprayed curing compound on the concrete pavement surface, image process technologies were examined using pictures taken from the actual construction sites and from the test specimens. RESULTS : By performing experiments using water and curing compound, the selected flowmeter was verified to properly be applied to measure the spraying amount of curing compound with an acceptable accuracy. By conducting image processing using pictures of the sprayed curing compound on the concrete pavement surface, it was found that the 8 color analysis method was the best to evaluate the uniformity of the sprayed curing compound. CONCLUSIONS : From this study, it was concluded that the spraying amount of curing compound could be accurately measured using a turbine type flowmeter and the uniformity of the sprayed curing compound on the concrete pavement surface could be properly evaluated using an image processing technology.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to enhance the reliability of artificial intelligence for a noise-based pavement condition rating system (to a target performance of 95 %). METHODS : By comparing four types of pattern recognition artificial intelligence, this work acquires high-quality learning data and optimizes data learning through analysis of error characteristics. RESULTS : The system reliability improved up to 97 % (82 % in a prior study). In addition, 100 % was achieved for the E(F) condition grade, which has a direct impact on maintenance decision making. CONCLUSIONS : KNN-DTW (K-nearest neighbor dynamic time warping) is judged to be the most suitable type of artificial intelligence for a noise-based pavement condition rating system; a 4-grade system is the most suitable for classifying pavement condition.

PURPOSES : This paper is aimed at suggesting a novel approach for determining the pavement condition rating based on the tire-surface friction noise using a machine learning algorithm as a low-end pavement condition monitoring system. METHODS : Vehicle on-board type noise measurement system according to the ISO11819-2, and the K-nearest neighbors with dynamic time warping algorithm were applied. The system and algorithm were empirically tested with a field study. RESULTS : The developed AI- and noise-based pavement condition monitoring system demonstrated significantly positive results with a precision 90.8%, recall 84.8%, and f1-score 86.1%. CONCLUSIONS: We herein confirmed that the acoustic property between the tire and road surface can be used for monitoring pavement conditions. It is believed this finding presented a new paradigm for monitoring pavement conditions based on visual information. However, extensive studies focused on the practical application of this method are required.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the stiffness characteristics and seasonal variation in surface deflections of block and asphalt pavements using the light weight deflectometer (LWD) and falling weight deflectometer (FWD). METHODS: LWD and FWD testing was conducted on block and asphalt pavement sections in a low-impact development facility, to evaluate the structural capacity and seasonal variation in asphalt pavements. To analyze the seasonal variation in stiffness characteristics, this testing was performed in October 2016, January 2017, and March 2017 in the same drop locations. RESULTS : It was found from that the average center deflections in the asphalt and block pavements were 218 ㎛ and 2974 ㎛, respectively. The center deflections measured using FWD testing in block pavement are 15 times those measured in asphalt pavement. It was also observed that LWD deflections in block pavements were decreased by approximately 65-90% as the air temperature dropped from 20 to 4℃. The degree of reduction in block pavement was significantly higher when compared with asphalt pavement, which showed a 25- 50% reduction in deflection. CONCLUSIONS: When using block pavements for roadways, the structural capacity of the pavement system should be considered during the design and construction stages. In block pavements, the use of low-quality material and insufficient compaction in the base and subgrade layers can induce a reduction in structural capacity, which would lead to the need for frequent repair work. A reinforcement underneath the block layer would be an appropriate measure for improving the structural support and extending the service life.

현재 우리나라 지방자치단체에서 보도의 포장상태를 정량화 할 수 있는 기준이 마련되어있지 않은 것이 현실이며 보도의 포장상태를 조사할 수 있는 방법과 보수기준 수립 역시 부재한 실정이다. 공항, 고속도로, 일반국도, 시도에서 적용되고 있는 포장상태지수는 비교적 다양하게 제시되어 사용되고 있지만, 조사항목과 평가방법이 매우 상이하여 보도 포장에 직접 적용하기에는 무리가 있는 것이 사실이다. 또한, 해외사례의 경우도 대부분 특정결함에 대한 보수기준은 수립되어 있으나, 파손유형을 복합적으로 반영한 평가지수에 대한 사례는 찾아보기 어려웠다. 따라서, 보도포장 유지보수의 근거마련을 위한 종합평가지수의 개발의 필요성이 대두되었고, 본 연구에서는 보도 포장상태를 평가하기 위해 우선적으로 보도의 포장상태를 정량화할 수 있도록 파손분류, 조사방법에 대한 기본방향을 수립하였다. 보도포장에는 포장재료(벽돌, 콘크리트, 화강석 등), 블록형식(I형, O형 등) 등에 따라 다양한 종류의 결함이 확인되고 있으나 결함량에 대한 조사방법은 별도로 수립되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 서울시의 보도에 대한 현장조사를 통해 결함의 형태를 분석하여 표 1.과 같이 네 가지 형태의 파손종류를 정의하였다. 블록 깨짐 및 빠짐, 모서리 깨짐, 평탄성 불량, 표면마모 및 박리로 분류할 수 있었으며 기타 특이한 파손은 제외하였다. 보도 포장의 파손면적 측정은 실제 파손구간의 면적을 측정하는 방법이 가장 타당하다고 할 수 있지만, 본 연구에서는 인력조사라는 것과 파손면적 산정의 단순화를 위해 유사한 파손유형을 구룹화하여 직사각형 형태로 파손면적을 측정하는 방법을 적용하였으며, 최소 파손면적은 보수면적 등을 고려하여 1㎡로 설정하였다. 또한 평탄성은 워킹프로파일로미터를 이용하였다. 보도의 포장상태를 정량화 할 수 있는 방법을 제시함으로써 보도의 상태를 나타내는 평가지수를 개발할 수 있는 기반을 마련하였으며 관련전문가의 의견을 청취하여 보도평가지수 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

대도시를 제외한 일반적인 지방소재 시‧군에서 관리하고 있는 지역도로의 경우, 장비조사 비용에 대한 경제적 부담과 협소한 도로 등 지역적 여건에 따라 정량적 장비조사를 활용한 유지관리에 어려움을 겪고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 지역도로 관리의 문제점을 극복하기 위하여 육안 조사를 통해 경제적이고 정략적 평가가 가능한 도로 포장상태 조사방안을 제시하고자 한다. 현장조사 수행 사진은 그림 1.과 같다. 일반적인 도로 현황 조사를 위하여 차량 내부에 캠코더를 설치하고 선정된 노선을 주행하면서 도로를 촬영하였으며, 영상 분석을 통해 도로의 기본정보, 시설물 등에 대하여 조사하였다. 또한, 도로 포장상태 조사를 위해 걸어 다니면서 육안으로 균열현황을 조사하였다. 신속하고 효율적인 육안조사를 위해 거리측정기를 이용하여 100m를 기준으로 선형균열(m), 면적균열(m2), 포트홀(갯수, m2)에 대한 균열현황을 조사하고, 조사결과를 이용하여 지역도로 평가지수(Local-road Pavement Condition Index,이하 LrPCI)와 균열률을 산출하여 포장상태를 평가하였다. 산업통상자원부에서 지원하는 공공기관연계 지역산업육성사업 ‘지역 도로관리 신산업 창조를 위한 기술개발(과제번호A016100014)’ 연구를 통해 개발된 LrPCI는 타 포장상태 평가지수 HPCI(고속도로), NHPCI(국도), SPI(서울시), MPCI(시단위)와 달리 균열률, 도로종류와 설계(제한)속도에 따른 개별 결함지수를 적용한 포장상태 지수이다. 기존의 포장상태 평가지수는 단일식으로 도로포장 상태를 평가하고 있으나 지역도로의 경우 지방도, 국도, 시도, 군‧면‧리도와 같이 다양한 도로가 존재하므로 동일조건의 평가방안을 적용하는 것은 무리가 있다고 판단되어 도로 특성을 고려한 포장평가방안을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서는 개발된 LrPCI와 장비조사 결과를 이용하여 경험식을 도출하였고, 이를 적용하여 포장상태를 평가하였다. ㅇㅇ시를 대상으로 육안조사를 통해 도로 포장상태 평가를 수행하였으며, 육안조사를 통한 도로포장상태 평가의 신뢰성 검증을 위해 같은 구간에서 자동포장 상태조사장비(KRISS)를 이용하여 포장상태를 조사한 후 결과를 비교‧분석하였다. 육안조사와 자동포장 상태조사장비의 균열률에 대한 비교‧분석 결과 평균 1.85% (최소0.03%, 최대9.99%) 차이로 매우 유사하게 나타나 균열률만 이용하여 포장 상태평가가 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 경제적인 면에서 육안조사는 장비조사의 약 30% 비용으로 수행이 가능하며, 신규 노동시장 창출에도 기여할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 조사자의 안전을 위해 4차선 이하 지방도, 시도, 군‧면‧리도의 포장 상태조사는 육안조사로 대체 가능하며, 향후 육안조사 결과의 신뢰도 향상과 체계적인 조사체계 수립을 위한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

OBJECTIVES : This study develops an evaluation method, which is useful to inspect pavement condition of specific boroughs. This is because pavement condition is broadly divided into five grades via visual inspection, which does not consider the types of deteriorations, and is decided by an investigator having a subjective viewpoint. This visual inspection method is not a satisfactory method for accurate maintenance when various deteriorations occur. METHODS: The performance model considers several factors such as crack, rutting, and IRI. This method is also modified from borough SPI based on SPI (Seoul Pavement Index). Considering limited budget of borough, PI (prediction index) is suggested, which is related to the grade of pavement condition evaluation and type of materials. Practical correlation review is also conducted with statistical verification by using the Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: The results of the study show that modified criteria are reasonable. First, the comparison between the visual inspection result and the SPI result indicates that the R-square value is sufficiently high. Second, through the common section, each evaluation method could be compared, and the result shows considerable similarity, which increases when the range is modified. Finally, PI for predicting remaining life and the random number SPI have common parts, which means that each indicator would be adequate to be used as an evaluation method. CONCLUSIONS : Comparison and analysis results show that the developed evaluation method is reasonable for specific boroughs where financial support is inadequate for the evaluation process by using the newer equipment. Moreover, for more accurate evaluation method, previous visual inspection data should be utilized, and the database of inspection equipment have to be collected.

아스팔트 콘크리트 포장의 파손을 지연시켜 주어진 공용수명을 다할 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 공용기간 동안 정기적인 포장 조사를 실시하여 포장표면의 균열파손을 파악하고 적정 균열보수를 적기에 시행하는 것이 중요하다. 현재 도로포장 선진도시에서는 객관적 도로포장의 상태를 평가하기 위해 도로포장상태조 사 매뉴얼(Pavement Condition Survey Manual)을 통해 정기적으로 각 담당기관의 포장조사요원을 교육 하고 정형화된 평가 방법과 기록 문서를 적용하여 조사를 실시하고 있다. 실제 객관적인 현장 조사 및 평 가를 실시하여 파손정도에 따라 적정한 보수공법을 제시하여 정부가 예산을 절감하는데 큰 도움이 되고 있 다. 국내의 경우 자동포장상태 조사장비를 활용하여 균열에 대한 파손평가를 실시하나 균열보수를 실시한 후에 적용 보수재의 지속적인 추적조사가 진행되지 않고 있어 적용공법의 성능을 제대로 파악하고 있지 못 하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 균열보수재가 적용된 구간에 대하여 도보로 육안조사(Visual Inspection)을 실시하여 균열 보수구간의 현장상태를 점검하고 조사 자료를 토대로 다음의 (식 1)과 같이 CCI(Crack repair material Condition Index)를 산정하여 현장 균열보수재의 상태를 정량화 하였다. (그림 1)과 같이 균열 보수재의 파손 형태와 일일 교통량 표준화 값을 기준으로 균열 보수시행 우선순 위를 결정하였으며, 동일한 보수 재료라도 시공시 품질관리에 따라 성능의 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 그 러므로 본 연구에서는 CCI(Crack repair material Condition Index)를 활용하여 균열 보수 이후 적용된 공법에 대한 상태등급을 산정하고 균열 보수구간의 추가 보수시행 순서를 파악하여 적기의 균열 보수가 실시될 수 있도록 제안하였다.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this paper is showing that the state of pavement sublayers can be evaluated differently according to direction of FWD. METHODS: The concrete pavement slabs above subgrade without anything, subgrade with cavity, and box culvert were modeled by finite element method(FEM). The modeled pavements were analyzed by changing the direction of falling weight deflectometer(FWD). The deflection results obtained from FEM were used to calculate radius of relative stiffness and composite modulus of subgrade reaction using AREA method. Then, the analyzed results were compared to the results of the test performed at the Korea Expressway Corporation(KEC) test road. RESULTS : The composite modulus of subgrade reaction increased with subgrade elastic modulus, while radius of relative stiffness decreased. The pavement sections of pure earth showed the consistent results regardless of FWD direction. In case there was cavity, the radius of relative stiffness was larger and composite modulus of subgrade reaction was smaller when FWD was leaving the cavity than when approaching the cavity. This pattern became clear when the cavity got larger. In case of the section with box culvert, the pattern was opposite to the case of cavity. When the soil cover depth increased, the effect of box culvert got smaller. When the load was applied far from the cavity and box culvert, the effect was also declined. The test performed at the KEC test road showed identical results to those of finite element analysis. CONCLUSIONS : The direction of FWD should be considered in evaluation of the state of pavement sublayers because it can be evaluated differently even under identical condition.