In the present study, we evaluated the effect of pH modulation on concentrations of odorous compounds and pollutants in pit slurry from pig operation building. A slurry sample was taken from the pit of a pig operation building where 50 finishing pigs [(Landrase × Yorkshire) × Duroc] were kept. Three levels of pH (6, 8 and 10) were measured and adjusted daily during the incubation periods using chemical reagents of 1 N HCl or 3 N NaOH. Concentrations of odorous compounds and pollutants were analyzed from slurry incubated for 7 days. When these material concentrations were compared with the pH 8 slurry which was the pH of pit slurry, levels of short chain fatty acids, indoles and total organic carbon were reduced 7%, 68% and 2%, respectively, in the pH 6 treatment (P<0.05). Ammonium nitrogen, phenols and total nitrogen concentrations were lower by 31%, 18% and 17%, respectively, than with the pH 10 slurry (P<0.05). When the odor contribution in pH treatments was assessed according to the odor activity value, it was found to be 23% lower in the pH 6 treatment compared with pH 8. The pH modulation would affect odor emissions and microbial activity from pit slurry. Although not all odorous compounds showed the reduction effect with the same pH control, this study can be effectively used as base data when using additives for pH control.

In this study, a energy recovery ventilation system was applied to the pig model, intake and exhaust duct were installed at a height of top(2.1 m), middle(1.25 m) and bottom(0.4 m). In each of the 9 test sites, one test was performed from 10:00 to 18:00, optimal temperature exchange efficiency and temperature distribution were analyzed. In order to analyze the effect of the energy recovery ventilation system, the temperature of 31 points(4 points of the ventilation system and 27 points in the pig house model) was measured from 10:00 to 18:00. The test that showed the highest heat exchange efficiency was the configuration of middle intake duct and top exhaust duct, which was 75.44%. The test that showed the most uniform distribution was the configuration of middle intake duct and bottom exhaust duct. These results will be utilized to optimally design feeding environment of actual pig houses and to reduce fuel cost.

In this study, swine and cattle farms located in Jeollanam-do were selected to analyze and evaluate the components of odorants in livestock facilities. In addition, a preliminary survey of the literature was conducted to establish a sampling and analysis method for phenol and indoles which are major components of odor emissions from livestock facilities, yet are not regulated by the laws. To establish a sampling and analysis method for phenol and indoles, Tedlar bag and Tenax-TA sorbent tube was used as background concentration of blank sample and samples according to the elapsed time. The results obtained indicate the GC/MS analysis with Tenax-TA sorbent tube sampling was an effective method for measuring the compounds of phenol and indoles. In the swine facility, the rankings of the odorants in order, from highest to lowest, were ammonia, sulfuric compounds, phenol/indoles, volatile fatty acids. The main odorants were hydrogen sulfide (41.3%) and 4-methylphenol (p-cresol, 13.9%). In the swine slurry storage, hydrogen sulfide (33.7%), ammonia (18.8%), and 3-methylindole (skatole, 15.7%) were the main odorants, and hydrogen sulfide (31%) and i-valeric acid (32.4%) were the main odorants in the cattle farms.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of Chamaecyparis obtus extract to reduce odor emissions released from the swine feeding operations. Finisher pigs [Landrace × (Yorkshire × Duroc)] with an initial body weight averaging 50 kg were housed separately in two rooms with eighty eight pigs in each room at a swine feeding operation site. C. obtus extract was sprayed in the room by ceiling sprayer for one minute at twice per day during two months. Concentrations of odorous compounds from air in the room of the swine feeding operation were analyzed at four times during two months. Levels of butyric acid, valeric acid, i-butyric acid, ivaleric acid, skatole, methylmercaptan, and trimethylamine tended to decrease in C. obtus extract spray treatment group compared to the non-spray treatment group (P > 0.05). Odor activity values of butyric acid, valeric acid, skatole and trimethylamine were higher than other odorous compounds and decreased by 72%, 76%, 54% and 20%, respectively, in C. obtus extract spray treatment group compared to the non-spray group. Taken together, C. obtus extract showed an odor reducing capability in the air of a swine feeding operation suggesting that it possesses anti-bacterial properties as well as having a dust removal and masking effect.

본 연구는 무창돈사에서 최적 환경조절이 가능한 시스템을 구축하고자 환경조절이 가능한 모형돈사를 제작하여 온도분포특성을 분석하고 ICT 융합기술을 활용한 온도센서 위치 최적화 및 컨트롤 일체형 환 기팬을 개발하고자 하였다. 팬 상부에 부착된 센서에 의해 측정된 온도는 다른 측점온도보다 1℃ 내의 낮은 온도차를 나타내어 측정오차를 고려할 때 온도센서가 팬 상부에 위치하여도 문제가 없을 것으로 판단되었다. 환기팬 성능은 최대 출력일 때 회전수 1920rpm, 송풍량 125㎥/min로 나타났으며, 최대 효 율은 개방면적비 약 70%를 고려할 경우 사용된 환기팬의 적정 송풍량은 75㎥/min에 60pa로 나타났다. 댐퍼의 개방면적비가 약 70%일 때 환기팬의 동력과 상관없이 최대효율을 나타내었다. 팬의 출력별 회 전수는 출력 100%일 때 최대 1,920rpm으로 나타났으며, 컨트롤러의 펄스 듀티비를 변화시킴에 따라 AC 출력 위상이 지연 없이 변화하는 것으로 나타나 빠른 응답속도로 팬 속도조절이 가능한 것으로 판 단되었다.

본 연구에서는 UTC 시스템을 대표적인 농업시설인 돈사에 적용하기에 앞서, UTC 제어 시스템 및 프 로그램 개발에 따른 돈사 내 적정 사육 환경 유지 및 난방에너지 저감을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자, 2 동의 실험돈사를 제작, UTC 제어 시스템 적용에 따른 실험돈사 내부 온도 변화 및 에너지를 비교, 분석 하였다. 제어 시스템은 T1∼T4, 총 4점의 온도를 측정 후 프로그램 내 알고리즘에 의해 O1∼O5, 총 5개 의 출력 신호를 ON/OFF 방식으로 각각 제어하도록 구성하였다. 온도 설정은 실험돈사 내부 온도 28. 0℃, UTC 내부 온도 34.0℃로 설정하였고, 측정된 온도와 비교를 통해 출력 신호를 제어하였다. 3일 간, 제어 시스템을 가동한 돈사의 경우 최고 온도는 평균 31.8℃로 측정되었다. 같은 시간, 비교돈사의 최고 온도는 평균 36.6℃로 제어 시스템을 가동한 돈사의 내부 온도가 약 4.8℃ 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 제어 프로그램의 가동에 따라 UTC 플레넘 최고 온도는 평균 50.5℃까지 상승한 것으로 나타났다.

The principal hygienic problem caused by livestock industry is the odor exposed to farm workers. This study was performed to assess air cleaner efficiency for reducing odor through on-site evaluation. The concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which are major odorous compounds generated from livestock building, were monitored by realtime direct recorder. The odor mixture was measured by air dilution method applying human noses of five panels. Their reduction efficiencies were represented by difference between initial concentration exhausted by non-treatment and concentration measured after treatment of respective control mechanism (water, germicide and plasma ion) of air cleaner. Mean levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 1.84 (SD:0.22) ppm and 76.83 (SD:1.37) ppb for non-treatment, 1.23 (SD:0.09) ppm and 59.07 (SD:2.68) ppb for wet scrubber (water), 1.08 (SD:0.03) ppm and 58.55 (SD:1.62) ppb for wet scrubber (germicide), and 0.96 (SD:0.03) ppm and 53.66 (SD:1.37) ppb for plasma ion, respectively. Mean dilution factors of odor mixture were 100 for non-treatment, 66.9 for wet scrubber (water), 144.2 for wet scrubber (germicide), and 66.94 for plasma ion, respectively. Based on the results obtained from on-site evaluation, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide showed the mean reduction efficiency of 40% and 25.7% compared with non-treatment process of air cleaner, respectively. In the case of odor mixture, the highest dilution factor was observed at wet scrubber (germicide) compared with other control mechanism of air cleaner.

본 연구는 무창돈사에서 폐기되는 에너지를 재이용하기 위해 열회수형 환기장치의 효율 및 돈사 내부 환경에 미치는 영향을 분석하여, 실제돈사에 적용 가능성을 구명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 열회수형 환기장치의 적용에 따른 내부 온도, 상대습도, CO2 및 부유미생물을 측정, 분석하여 돈사 내 열회수형 환기장치 적용 시 연료비 절감 및 돼지 사육 환경의 최적 조건 산출을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 실험은 돈사 내 환기팬 및 열회수형 환기장치를 설치하여 세 가지 다른 조건에서 실험을 행하였다. 첫 번째, 환기팬 및 열회수형 환기장치를 가동하지 않은 상황(Test-1), 두 번째, 환기팬만 가동한 상황(Test-2), 그리고 마지막으로 열회수형 환기장치만 가동한 상황(Test-3), 세 가지 상황으로 구분하여 실시하였다. 열회수형 환기장치를 가동하였을 경우, 내부 상, 중, 하층부의 온도가 가장 균일한 것으로 나타났고, 상대습도 또한 일정하게 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. CO2 농도의 경우, 환기팬을 가동한 상황(Test-2)보다 다소 높았지만 시간이 지남에 따라 농도가 낮아지는 것으로 보아, 환기에 효과가 있다고 판단된다. 부유미생물의 경우는 밀폐된 상황(Test-1) 보다 오히려 높게 측정되었는데, 이는 열회수형 환기장치의 내부 교차오염 등에 의한 것으로 판단된다.

군위지역의 돈사를 중심으로 농업시설의 비활용 공간인 지붕을 활용하기 위한 기초자료로써 지붕의 방위각, 경사각 및 농지의 분류에 따른 문제점을 분석하였다. 또한 비표준형 돈사의 구조해석과 보강방안에 대한 대책을 강구하였고, 태양에너지 생산을 위한 지붕의 방위각과 위도에 따른 일사량을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 돈사의 농지의 분류에 따른 결과는 군위지역 돈사의 경우 농림지역을 제외한 곳은 47.8%이었으며 적정 방위각으로 분류하면 21.7%가 활용 가능하였다. 그러나 농지와 방위각을 모두 고려한 조사에서는 10.9%만이 가능하여 돈사의 약 90%는 지붕의 활용이 부적합 한 것으로 판단되었다. 돈사의 지붕 경사각에서는 총 46호 중 10°∼15°가 17호로 가장 많았으며, 20°미만인 경우가 전체의 63%에 해당되었다. 20°이상인 곳은 16호로 전체의 약 35%로 나타나 전반적으로 지붕각은 완만하게 건축되었다. 따라서 돈사의 경우 일사량을 고려하여 태양에너지 설비를 할 경우 최소한 약 4∼5° 정도 지붕경사각이 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 비표준형 돈사에 대한 구조해석을 통하여 보강방안에 대한 대책을 강구하였다. 지붕의 방위각과 위도에 따른 일사량의 측정에서는 정남방향을 기준으로 위도가 27.5°∼50°까지 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 위도를 0°로 고정하였을 경우, 방위각은 S22.5W와 S22.5E에서 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 적정 지붕의 경사각은 25°이상으로 건축하는 것이 유리한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study analyzes performance-cost ratio of various polycarbonate(PC) pigpen. The finite element models using the ANSYS program described in this paper is attractive not only because it shows excellent accuracy in analysis but also it shows the benefit of parameter study by using APDL. We have performed various parameter study of total 6 models. And we compared and analyzed the results of 6 models. From the numerical examples, we recommend model M2. Model M2 is PC pigpen with steel in PC.

본 연구는 국내에 보급되어 있는 여러 형태의 이유자돈사에 대하여 CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 가상으로 모델화하여 특성을 비교 분석하고 실제 돈사에서 각종환경요인과 이유자돈의 증체율 및 폐사율을 비교 분석함으로써 우리나라의 기후 조건에 적합한 모델을 제시하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험돈사로는 복도-더그매 예열 음압환기방식 무창이유자돈사(Model-1), 더그매 예열 음압환기방식 무창이유자돈사(Model-2), 그리고 윈치커튼형 음압환기방식 개방이유자돈사(Model-3)가 이용되었다. 시뮬레이션 결과 Model-1이 Model-2와 Model-3에 비하여 전체적으로 낮은 풍속과 균일한 풍속분포도를 나타냈으며 모델간의 평균 온도, 평균 상대습도 및 평균 암모니아 농도가 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05) Model-1과 Model-3의 종료체중과 일당증체량이 Model-2에 비해 높았다(p<0.001). 따라서 Model-1이 Model-2와 Model-3에 비하여 우리나라의 기후 조건에 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study analyzes performance-weight ratio of polycarbonate(PC) pigpen and steel pigpen. The finite element models using the ANSYS program described in this paper is attractive not only because it shows excellent accuracy in analysis but also it shows the benefit of parameter study by using APDL. We have performed a parameter study by the width variation of PC pigpen. And we compared and analyzed the results of PC pigpen and steel pigpen. From the numerical examples, we confirmed the validity of PC pigpen.

An objectives of this study is to investigate indoor concentrations of 22 odorous compounds, which are regulated by the domestic act, emitted from pig buildings through on-site visit per month from July, 2011 to June, 2012. Of 22 odorous compounds, the highest concentration was found in ammonia with ppm unit, followed by hydrogen sulfide, methyl ethyl ketone, propionic acid and butylic acid with ppb unit of approximate hundred level. The other odorous compounds were detected below ppb unit of approximate ten level. A remarkable finding is that there is no pig building which showed the airborne levels of five aldehyde-based odorous compounds (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde and i-valeraldehyde). In general, indoor concentrations of odorous compounds in pig buildings were higher in scraper type than slurry type based on pig manure collection system and higher in enclosed type than winch-curtain type based on ventilation mode, respectively. In temporal distribution of odorous compounds, their concentrations in summer season (June to August) when ventilation rate in pig building decreased relatively were generally higher than those in winter season (December to February) when ventilation rate in pig building is relatively high. The seasons of spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) showed middle levels of odorous compounds between summer and winter.

The purpose of this study is to investigate concentration and emission coefficients of 22 odorous compounds, which are regulated by the domestic act, emitted from pig buildings by on-site survey. The odorous compounds which were detected in at least one pig building were ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, trimethyl amine, stylene, toluene, xylene and methyl ethyl ketone whereas other 12 odorous compounds were not detected in pig buildings. In general, indoor concentrations of odorous compounds in pig buildings were higher in scraper type than slurry type based on pig manure collection system and higher in enclosed type than winch-curtain type based on ventilation mode, respectively. In monthly distribution of odorous compounds, their concentrations in September and October when ventilation rate in pig building decreased relatively were generally higher than those in July and August when ventilation rate in pig building is relatively high. On the contrary, the emission coefficients of odorous compounds in pig building were generally higher in July and August than September and October. The levels of emission coefficients of odorous compounds obtained from this study were similar or slightly higher compared to those reported previously from foreign countries.

본 연구의 목적은 강제환기가 적용되는 슬러리 돈사를 대상으로 돼지 생육 단계별 돈방 유형 측면과 계절적 조건에 따른 암모니아와 황화수소의 실내 농도를 측정 분석하여 정량화하는 데 있다. 임신/분만 돈방의 경우 봄철은 5.60(±2.48) ppm과 178.4(±204.8) ppb, 여름철은 2.51(±3.08) ppm과 86.6(±112.5) ppb, 가을철은 4.96(±2.84) ppm과 182.3(±242.6) ppb, 겨울철은 6.82(±3.42) ppm과 206.3(±356.8) ppb로, 자돈방의 경우 봄철은 7.18(±3.26) ppm과 486.0(±190.2) ppb, 여름철은 4.23(±2.95) ppm과 206.4(±186.9) ppb, 가을철은 7.02(±2.65) ppm과 465.4(±156.8) ppb, 겨울철 은 9.25(±3.68) ppm과 618.4(±298.3) ppb로, 육성/비육 돈방의 경우 봄철은 9.26(±3.02) ppm과 604.4(±186.8) ppb, 여름철은 6.78(±3.88) ppm과 312.5(±215.4) ppb, 가을철은 9.34(±2.14) ppm과 578.2(±248.1) ppb, 겨울철은 14.65(±3.15) ppm과 825.3(±316.9) ppb로 분석되었다. 측정 결과 암모니아와 황화수소 모두 돼지 생육 단계별 돈사 유형 측면에서는 육성/비육 돈사>자돈사>임신/분만 돈사의 순서로 나타났고(p<0.05), 계절적 측면에서는 겨울>봄>가을>여름 순서로 조사되었으나 봄철과 가을철 데이터 간의 차이는 통계적으로 입증되지 않았다(p>0.05).

The objective of this study is to quantify the levels of airborne bacteria in pig building according to pig housing type. Mean concentration of airborne bacteria in the housing room of gestation/farrowing pigs were 3,690(±1,528)cfu m^-3 in spring, 10,145(±4,266)cfu m^-3 in summer, 1,546(±835)cfu m^-3 in autumn, and 2,582(±916)cfu m^-3 in winter, respectively. Mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in the housing room of nursery pigs were 11,628(±5,624)cfu m^-3 in spring, 36,054(±13,260)cfu m^-3 in summer, 2,743(±1,688)cfu m^-3 in autumn, and 4,075(±2,300)cfu m^-3 in winter, respectively. Mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in the housing room of growing/fattening pigs were 34,025(±8,652)cfu m^-3 in spring, 36,619(±10,234)cfu m^-3 in summer, 10,230(±3,521)cfu m^-3 in autumn, and 26,208(±5,248)cfu m^-3 in winter, respectively. As a result, mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in terms of pig housing type were highest in growing/fattening housing room followed by nursery housing room and gestation/farrowing housing room (p<0.05). The pig building showed the highest levels of airborne bacteria in summer followed by spring, winter and autumn (p>0.05). Overall airborne bacteria which have particle size over 2.1㎛ (stage 1~stage 4) accounted for approximately 80% compared to total airborne bacteria regardless of pig housing type. The predominant airborne bacteria in pig building were Micrococcus spp., Brevibacillus spp. and G(+) Bacillus.

Odor intensities, odor concentrations and volatile amine compounds were investigated at the two piggeries in Korea and the one in Japan. It was confirmed that the piggery where odor control had been carried out intentionally showed the lower values of sensory measurement than those where the odor control had not been under consideration and also found that the concentrations of volatile amines in the odor-controlled piggery showed lower values rather than the uncontrolled. In this investigation, we conclude that the activities such as circulation of air in pig houses, spraying deodorants and feeding the additive that is effective for reducing malodors from piggery could decrease the odors and the concentrations of volatile amines that are the cause of offensive odors from piggery.

본 연구는 산의 남쪽 면에 동서 방향으로 길게 건축한 두 동의 개방돈사 간의 이격거리와 높이차가 환기에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 시뮬레이션 기법을 이용하여 비교분석하고자 수행되었다. 개방돈사 간의 이격거리는 6과 12 m로, 개방돈사 간의 높이차는 0과 2 m로, 그리고 평균풍속은 여름 1.3과 겨울 1.1 m/s로 각각 설정하였다. 여름철 조건 하에서, 남쪽에 있는 첫 번째 개방돈사 내부의 풍속은 이격거리 및 높이차와는 상관없이 0.75 m/s로 각각 나타났으나 북쪽에 있는 두 번째 개방돈사의 풍속은 높이차가 없을 때 첫 번째 개방돈사의 풍속과 같은 0.75 m/s였고 높이차가 2 m일 때 0.0 m/s에 매우 가깝게 나타났다. 겨울철 조건 하에서, 남쪽에 있는 첫 번째 개방돈사 내부의 풍속은 높이차와는 상관없이 0.15 m/s로 각각 나타났으나 북쪽에 있는 두 번째 개방돈사의 풍속은 이격거리가 12 m일 때 첫 번째 개방돈사의 풍속과 같은 0.15 m/s였고 이격거리가 6 m일 때 0.0 m/s에 매우 가깝게 나타났다. 따라서 개방돈사 간의 이격거리를 12 m 정도로 하고 계단형태보다는 평지형태로 정지작업을 하여 개방돈사를 건축하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단되었다.