This paper proposes a model predictive controller of robot manipulators using a genetic algorithm to secure the best performance by performing parameter optimization with the genetic algorithm. Genetic algorithm is a natural evolutionary process modeled as a computer algorithm and has excellent performance in global optimization, so it is useful for tuning control parameters. The sliding mode controller and inverse dynamics controller are included in the lower part of the model prediction controller to minimize the problems caused by non-linearity and uncertainty of the robot manipulator. The performance superiority of the proposed method as described above has been confirmed in detail through a simulation study.

The role of QR Code robots in smart logistics is great. Cognitive robots, such as logistics robots, were mostly used to adjust routes and search for peripheral sensors, cameras, and recognition signs attached to walls. However, recently, the ease of making QR Codes and the convenience of producing and attaching a lot of information within QR Codes have been raised, and many of these reasons have made QR Codes recognizable as visions and others. In addition, there have been cases in developed countries and Korea that control several of these robots at the same time and operate logistics factories smartly. This representative case is the KIVA robot in Amazon. KIVA robots are only operated inside Amazon, but information about them is not exposed to the outside world, so a variety of similar robots are developed and operated in several places around the world. They are applied in various fields such as education, medical, silver, military, parking, construction, marine, and agriculture, creating a variety of application robots. In this work, we are developing a robot that can recognize its current position, move and control in the directed direction through two-dimensional QR Codes with the same horizontal and vertical sides, and the error is to create a QR Code robot with accuracy to reach within 3mm. This paper focuses a study on the speculative navigation using auxiliary encoder during the development of QR Code-aware indoor mobility robots.

목적 : 본 연구는 상지운동장애를 가진 아동에게 상지재활로봇치료가 기능회복에 미치는 영향에 대하여 문 헌을 고찰하고 그 효과를 메타분석을 통해 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 국외 검색엔진을 이용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 주요 검색용어는 ‘Upper extremity’, ‘Robotic’, ‘Rehabilitation’, ‘Child’ 등이 사용되었다. 2010년 1월부터 2020년 12월까지 게재된 연구 중 선정기준에 적합한 논문 22편을 선정하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 연구의 질적 분석 및 계량적 메타분석, 상지 재활로봇의 종류와 로봇 치료 전·후로 사용된 측정도 구를 분석하였다. 상지운동장애를 가진 아동에게 상지재활로봇치료의 효과는 큰 효과크기로 나타났으며, 통계적으로 유의하였다(p < .05). 결론 : 상지운동장애를 가진 아동에게 상지재활로봇의 치료는 로봇의 종류와 상관없이 기능회복에 효과적 임을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 임상에서 아동에게 상지 재활치료를 위한 치료방법으로 객관적인 근거가 될 수 있을 것이다.

The role of QR Code robots in smart logistics is great. Cognitive robots, such as logistics robots, were mostly used to adjust routes and search for peripheral sensors, cameras, and recognition signs attached to walls. However, recently, the ease of making QR Codes and the convenience of producing and attaching a lot of information within QR Codes have been raised, and many of these reasons have made QR Codes recognizable as visions and others. In addition, there have been cases in developed countries and Korea that control several of these robots at the same time and operate logistics factories smartly. This representative case is the KIVA robot in Amazon. KIVA robots are only operated inside Amazon, but information about them is not exposed to the outside world, so a variety of similar robots are developed and operated in several places around the world. They are applied in various fields such as education, medical, silver, military, parking, construction, marine, and agriculture, creating a variety of application robots. In this work, we are developing a robot that can recognize its current position, move and control in the directed direction through two-dimensional QR codes with the same horizontal and vertical sides, and the error is to create a QR Code robot with accuracy to reach within 3mm. This paper focuses on the QR Code recognition mobile robotics study during the development of QR Code-aware indoor mobility robots.

With the recent development of autonomous driving technology, many researchers have studied autonomous mobile robots. Accordingly, they are developing diverse mobile robot actuators. However, most actuators mainly use reducers made of chains, belts, multi-stage gears, etc. So the volume and size of the actuators increase, and power transmission efficiency tends to be relatively low. Therefore, this study has proposed the reducer of the mobile robot actuator using a complex planetary gear train with small volume and high power transmission efficiency, and has confirmed the stability of the proposed reducer through finite element analysis.

The role of QR Code robots in smart logistics is great. Cognitive robots, such as logistics robots, were mostly used to adjust routes and search for peripheral sensors, cameras, and recognition signs attached to walls. However, recently, the ease of making QR Codes and the convenience of producing and attaching a lot of information within QR Codes have been raised, and many of these reasons have made QR Codes recognizable as visions and others. In addition, there have been cases in developed countries and Korea that control several of these robots at the same time and operate logistics factories smartly. This representative case is the KIVA robot in Amazon. KIVA robots are only operated inside Amazon, but information about them is not exposed to the outside world, so a variety of similar robots are developed and operated in several places around the world. They are applied in various fields such as education, medical, silver, military, parking, construction, marine, and agriculture, creating a variety of application robots. In this work, we are developing a robot that can recognize its current position, move and control in the directed direction through two-dimensional QR Codes with the same horizontal and vertical sides, and the error is to create a QR Code robot with accuracy to reach within 3mm. This paper focuses a suggestion of control method in QR Code-aware indoor mobility robots.

The role of QR code robots in smart logistics is great. Cognitive robots, such as logistics robots, were mostly used to adjust routes and search for peripheral sensors, cameras, and recognition signs attached to walls. However, recently, the ease of making QR codes and the convenience of producing and attaching a lot of information within QR codes have been raised, and many of these reasons have made QR codes recognizable as visions and others. In addition, there have been cases in developed countries and Korea that control several of these robots at the same time and operate logistics factories smartly. This representative case is the KIVA robot in Amazon. KIVA robots are only operated inside Amazon, but information about them is not exposed to the outside world, so a variety of similar robots are developed and operated in several places around the world. They are applied in various fields such as education, medical, silver, military, parking, construction, marine, and agriculture, creating a variety of application robots. In this work, we are developing a robot that can recognize its current position, move and control in the directed direction through two-dimensional QR codes with the same horizontal and vertical sides, and the error is to create a QR code robot with accuracy to reach within 3mm. This paper focuses on the driving operation techniques during the development of QR code-aware indoor mobility robots.

The role of QR code robots in smart logistics is great. Cognitive robots, such as logistics robots, were mostly used to adjust routes and search for peripheral sensors, cameras, and recognition signs attached to walls. However, recently, the ease of making QR codes and the convenience of producing and attaching a lot of information within QR codes have been raised, and many of these reasons have made QR codes recognizable as visions and others. In addition, there have been cases in developed countries and Korea that control several of these robots at the same time and operate logistics factories smartly. This representative case is the KIVA robot in Amazon. KIVA robots are only operated inside Amazon, but information about them is not exposed to the outside world, so a variety of similar robots are developed and operated in several places around the world. They are applied in various fields such as education, medical, silver, military, parking, construction, marine, and agriculture, creating a variety of application robots. In this work, we are developing a robot that can recognize its current position, move and control in the directed direction through two-dimensional QR codes with the same horizontal and vertical sides, and the error is to create a QR code robot with accuracy to reach within 3mm. This paper focuses on the moving control model during the development of QR code-aware indoor mobility robots.

The paper studied the climbing structure and magnet selection method of exploration platform utilized for large-scale steel structures such as vessel surface. With respect to wall climbing robots, the study proposed a stable operation structure even in rapid incline change of vessel surface. Since the wheel-based operating method is hard to work flexibly in inclination changes, we employed joints and designed the robot to have a rotation joint in the center. The arrangement of wheels is an important aspect of this structure. Viewed from the side, the robot wheels should overlap with each other to have intersection points. The wheels here are ring-type permanent magnets and serve as a tool of attachment on walls. Based on the conditions identified through formula modeling, we proposed the required magnetic force. Important factors needed for magnetic force setup include platform weight, angle between ground and inclined plane, and friction coefficient. We considered only the required magnetic force for the stable adhesion of circular magnet while making not a separate mention about the necessary force for directional locomotion. The analysis results of ANSYS Maxwell are applied to magnetic attachment. Based on the final analysis results, we built a platform and found it did not slip and stayed attached on steel plate.

Robots for a wide range of purposes have been developed along with the rapid industrialization. On the basis of higher convenience, the robots have been creating new industrial environment. The robots are generally classified into service robots and industrial robots. Robots in various shapes have been developed on the basis of the autonomous mobile robots. The autonomous mobile robots have the possibility to crash against any object in their moving range. This paper suggests a collision avoidance method to prevent collision of robots. The collision avoidance method analyzes the road context data and makes a robot move to a safe area. The collision avoidance method proposed in this paper converts the road context data into the information value. The collision avoidance method analyzes the present risk on the basis of the converted information value. The collision avoidance method makes a robot move to a safe area when crash is estimated by the information analysis.

카렐 차페크의 『로봇』은 인간을 위해 로봇이 노동하는 미래 사회를 다룬 SF 문학이다. 작품에서 인공지능 로봇의 발전뿐만 아니라 미래 사회에 대한 유토피 아적, 디스토피아적 시각이 모두 나타난다. 물론 작품은 유토피아적 사고의 한 계를 드러내고, 프랑켄슈타인 신드롬의 재현과 인류의 파멸을 통해 디스토피아 를 연출한다. 이러한 SF적 상상력과 긴밀하게 결합되어 있는 것이 기독교적 요소이다. 작품에서 기독교는 다양한 방식으로 작동한다. 첫째, 인간의 신격화를 비판하는 기능, 둘째, 인간의 파멸을 암시하는 기능, 셋째, 서로 사랑하는 로봇 을 하나의 생명체로 수용하는 기능이다. 그럼으로써 작품에 나타난 기독교적 요 소들은 과학기술의 발전으로 인한 인간의 교만과 탐욕을 경고하는 메시지와 연 결될 뿐만 아니라 로봇을 생명의 시각에서 수용하는 현대 과학자들의 논의와도 결합되어 나타난다. 따라서 􋺷로봇􋺸에서 미래 사회 과학기술의 발전과 주요 논 의에 대한 예견은 SF적 상상력과 종교적 상상력의 결합에 기반한 결과로 인식 된다.

로봇세에 대한 논의는 미래 사회의 인간 고용에 대한 논의에서 출발한다. 현재까지 기계장치와 로봇의 등장 및 인구증가에도 불구하고, 실업률의 지나친 증가가 이루어지지 않은 것은 사실이다. 그러나 앞으로도 이와 유사한 상황이 계속될 것 이라고 단정하기는 어렵다. 기계가 인간보다 나은 육체적인 능력 이외에 인지-판단 능력에서도 계속적인 발전을 이루고 있기 때문이다. 이 글은 이와 같은 문제의식에서 출발하여 현재의 조세체계를 인간의 노동과 기계의 사용이라는 두 가지 측면에서 바라보았다. 현재의 조세체계는 인간의 노동과 기계 사용에 대하여 비중립 적이다. 즉, 세금을 고려하지 않은 세상에서 인간 과 기계에 동일한 비용이 소요되고, 같은 생산량을 산출한다고 하더라도, 세금 나아가 세금 유사 비용(4대 보험), 감가상각 등을 고려한다면 기계를 도입하는 것이 상당히 유리하다. 나아가 세원 중 상당부분은 인간의 근로를 통하여 징수되고 있으므로, 로봇의 도입은 세원잠식의 우려도 존재 한다. 이와 같은 비중립성을 해소하기 위하여 ① 감 가상각 제도 개선, ② 근로자 고용에 대한 인센티브 부여, ③ 근로자 해고 내지 비고용에 대한 패널티 부여, ④ 자동화 시설 및 기계장치 투자 등에 대한 세액공제 폐지, ⑤ 기계장치 내지 로봇에 관한 취득세 및 재산세 도입과 같은 방안을 제시 하였다. 다만 위와 같은 방안에 있어 조세의 실질적인 부담을 누가 지게 될 것인지(경제적인 귀착) 에 대한 심도 깊은 논의가 추가적으로 필요하다. 로봇세의 도입은 기술발전에 대한 제약을 가할 수도 있을 것이다. 그러나 기계에 의한 인간의 대체는 최소한 기계가 더욱 효율적인 경우에만 이루어져야 한다. 다만 이의 전면적인 입법은 쉽지 않을 것으로 보이고, 로봇세라는 논쟁적이고 정치적인 문제에 대하여 미래 세대를 위한 적절한 타협이 이루어지기를 바랄 뿐이다.

로봇배제표준은 웹크롤링에 의한 원치 않는 데이터 자동수집으로부터 데이터를 보호하기 위한 사실상의 인터넷 표준으로 널리 이용되고 있다. 로봇배제표준을 준수할 것인지의 여부는 웹크롤러 스스로 판단하기 때문에, 로봇배제표준 그 자체로는 기술적 강제력을 지니지 아니한다. 또한, 브라우즈랩 계약의 효력이 일반적으로 인정될 수 있는지는 별론으로, 웹사이트 운영자가 선언한 크롤링의 조건 및 한계에 대해 상대방에게 계약상 책임을 지우기 위하여는 그 내용을 계약으로 편입하는 별도의 의사표시를 필요로 한다고 해석된다. 로봇배제표준이 그 자체로는 기술적, 법적 강제력을 지니지 않는다고 하여도, 웹크롤링이 문제 된 민⋅형사소송에 있어서 로봇배제표준의 사용 여부는 침해의 고의, 과실, 그 밖에 구성요건 해당 표지 등을 적극적으로 입증하는 수단으로 사실상 기능하고 있다. 이러한 사례에서 법원의 판단 근거들을 살펴보면, 웹사이트 이용자가 허용된 크롤링의 범위와 조건을 위반한 경우 계약상 책임으로 접근하지는 않았고, 그러한 의미에서 로봇 배제표준이 이용자를 구속한다고 보지는 않았으나, 명시된 크롤링의 범위와 조건을 무시하고 크롤링을 한 경우 저작권침해, 부정경쟁행위 등을 인정하는 쪽으로 기울어지는 태도를 취하고 있다. 이러한 로봇배제표준의 기능을 고려하면, 데이터 보호를 원하는 웹사이트 운영자의 입장에서는 향후 있을 수도 있는 소송에서의 입증의 편의와 과실상계 주장의 방어를 위하여 로봇배제표준을 계속하여 사용하는 것이 안전할 것이다. 그러나 한편으로, 로봇배제표준의 남용은 일반 대중이 포 털이나 메타사이트를 이용하여 정보에 접근하는 것을 어렵게 하기 때문에, 공공성이 강조되는 영역에서는 웹개방성을 추구하여 데이터 보호와 정보의 자유로운 흐름 간의 조화를 이루는 것이 바람직하다.

Building on Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model(TRAM), the study aimed to examine how technology readiness affects consumers’ perceptions of ease of use, usefulness, and risk, which in turn predict their intention to use retail service robots. Specifically, the study proposed that technology readiness motivators (optimism and innovativeness) would influence perceived ease of use and usefulness, while technology readiness inhibitors (discomfort and insecurity) would affect perceived risk. The study further examined if the perception factors (ease of use, usefulness, and risk) contribute to intention to use retail service robots. A survey method was used with data collected from Korean consumers. The final sample size was 418. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings of the study revealed that technology readiness motivators positively affected perceived ease of use and usefulness while innovativeness had no impact on usefulness. All the inhibitors increased perceived risk. Lastly, as hypothesized, perceptions of ease of use, usefulness, and risk predicted intention to use retail service robots. This study extended the retail technology literature by applying and validating TRAM to the context of consumer acceptance of retail service robots. The study further helped marketers and retailers by highlighting the importance of technology readiness in improving consumer perceptions and responses towards retail service robots.