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        검색결과 92

        1.
        2023.12 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Background: Stroke patients experience a variety of physical problems due to neurological problems, including difficulties with trunk control. Trunk taping is used to improve gait in stroke patients. Objectives: To investigated the immediate effect of thoracic and abdominal elastic taping on gait parameters (the dynamic balance and gait speed) in stroke patients. Design: Quasi experimental study. Methods: A total of 24 study subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental group (thoracic and abdominal taping, 12 people), and the control group (sham taping, 12 people). All subjects had timed up and go (TUG) test and 10 meter walk test (10MWT) measured before and after taping. Results: After taping, the TUG test and 10MWT results were significantly reduced only in the study group (P<.05). The TUG test and 10MWT results of the study group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Conclusion: The thoracic and abdominal taping was found to improve trunk control in stroke patients, thereby improving dynamic balance and walking speed.
        4,000원
        2.
        2023.12 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        본 연구는 코마개의 사용 여부에 따라 MRI 영상을 분석함으로써 숨 참기의 정확도를 향상할 도구로써 코마개가 실 효성이 있는지 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 수검자에게 코마개가 없는 자연 호흡과 코마개를 사용한 구강 호흡 상태에서 호기 후 숨 참기를 지시하고 MRI 영상을 획득하였다. 영상은 2D 경사 자기장 에코 시퀀스로 획득하였고 초당 1장씩, 총 15장을 얻어 숨 참기 상태를 분석하였다. 숨 참기의 상태를 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 우측 폐 면적 을 측정하였다. 그리고 첫 번째 영상의 폐 면적을 기준으로 나머지 영상들에서 폐 면적의 절대 오차값을 구해 비교하 였다. 더불어 첫 번째 영상을 기준으로 나머지 영상들의 기하학적 유사도를 평가하기 위해 SSIM 값을 계산하였다. 실험 결과, 자연 호흡 상태에서 절대 오차는 평균 216.79 ㎟로 나타났다. 반면, 코마개를 사용한 구강 호흡의 경우 평균 55.94 ㎟로 나타나 자연 호흡과 비교하여 약 74.19% 감소하였다. SSIM 값은 자연 호흡 시 평균 0.7, 구강 호흡 시 0.76으로 나타나 기하학적 유사도가 약 6% 향상되었다. 이는 코마개 사용 시 호흡의 초기 상태를 잘 유지함 으로써 숨 참기의 정확도가 향상되어 능동적으로 호흡 상태를 조절할 수 있는 도구로써 충분한 가치가 있음을 증명한 다. 따라서 복부 MRI 검사에서 호흡에 따른 인공물을 개선하는 데 코마개가 도움을 줄 수 있으며 영상 개선 및 업무 효율을 높이는 도구로써 충분히 활용할 수 있다.
        4,000원
        3.
        2023.09 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        이번에 제시할 화상 사례 보고는 환자와 검사를 시행하는 방사선사의 부주의로 인한 화상 안전사고가 아니라 환자 가운 의 치수 구별을 하기 위하여 사용한 녹색 염료가 착색된 파이핑 라인에서 발생한 복부 부위 화상 안전사고에 대한 MRI 인공물 영상과 사례를 보고하고자 함이다. 화학 착색염료는 다양한 금속을 사용하여 만들어지고 주로 금속 염화물로 이루 어져 있으며 이번에 화상 사례로 발생한 녹색 염료는 열 전도성이 높은 구리와 크롬, 철 성분이 많이 함유된 염화물이 주로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 화상 안전사고를 막기 위해서는 염료의 성분에 대해서 알아보고 열 전도성이 없는 스펀지나 면으로 된 포 등을 피부와 환자 가운 사이에 끼워 간격을 두어야 할 것이다. 이번 화상 사례는 철저한 검사 전 선별 절차에도 불구 하고 화상 안전사고가 발생할 수 있음을 보여 주고 있으며 MRI 인공물 영상을 확인하여 조치하면 화상 안전사고를 미리 예방할 수 있는 정보로 가치가 있을 것으로 생각된다.
        4,000원
        4.
        2023.06 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        복부 MRI 검사에서 높은 수준의 병렬기법을 적용 시 영상의 질을 떨어뜨리는 둘러겹침인공물을 빈번히 생성한다. 이것 은 구조물이 겹쳐서 나타나는 현상으로 복부 인체 구조상 양쪽 팔이 맞닿아 있어서 FOV를 벗어난 양쪽 팔이 영상의 반대 방향 인공물을 발생하는 문제를 초래한다. 이러한 제한점으로 복부 MRI 검사에서는 두경부 및 근골격 검사 부위와 비교하 여 낮은 수준의 병렬기법을 적용하여 검사 시간을 증가시키는 문제가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 팔을 위로 올리는 자세를 활용하여 환자의 간단한 자세의 변화를 통하여 병렬기법을 극대화하여 검사 시간을 최소화하면서 영상의 인공물을 제거하 는 데 목적을 두었다. T2, T1 강조 영상을 관상면으로 획득하였다. 연구의 재현성을 높이기 위하여 작은 팬텀을 나란히 놓고(팔 내리는 자세), 한번은 작은 팬텀을 제거하고 영상을 (팔 올리는 자세) 각각 병렬기법인 SENSE 가속인자를 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0까지 10번씩 획득한 후 영상의 불균일도를 측정하였다. 팬텀으로 확인하기 어려운 인체 부위 의 영상을 확인하기 위하여 정상인 자원자 1명을 대상으로 팬텀 연구와 같은 매개변수 조건으로 영상을 획득하였다. SENSE 가속인자가 높아질수록 팔을 올리는 자세에서 영상의 불균일도가 낮게 측정이 되었고 통계학적으로 유의하게 나타 났다. 본 연구는 간단한 자세 변화만으로 병렬기법을 극대화하며 영상획득 시간 단축 및 인공물을 개선방안을 제시하는 데 의의가 있다.
        4,000원
        5.
        2023.02 KCI 등재후보 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Background/Objectives: 본 연구의 목적은 복부 브레이싱 운동과 복부 할로잉 운동을 결 합한 요부 안정화 운동프로그램이 20대 정상성인의 폐기능에 미치는 영향과 흡연자와 비흡 연자를 비교하여 그 차이를 알아보고자 하는 데 있다. Methods/Statistical analysis: 이를 위해 20대 정상성인을 대상으로 흡연집단(n=16)과 비 흡연집단(n=16) 두 그룹으로 모집하여 동일한 중재를 실시하였다. Findings: 흡연집단은 집단 내 기간 지남에 따라 폐기능 요인 중 FVC과 FEV1/FVC를 제 외한 FEV1과 PEF가 운동 전보다 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.05). 비흡연집단에서 기간 지남에 따라 폐기능 요인 중 FVC과 PEF를 제외한 FEV1, FEV1/FVC가 운동 전보다 유의하게 증가하 였다(p<.05). Improvements/Applications: 본 연구 결과, 복부 브레이싱 운동과 복부 할로잉 운동을 결 합한 요부 안정화 운동프로그램은 흡연집단과 비흡연집단 두 그룹의 폐기능 향상에 효과가 나타난 것을 알 수 있었다.
        4,900원
        6.
        2022.11 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Background: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is used for muscle strengthening. While voluntary muscle contraction follows Henneman et al.’s size principle, the NMES-induced muscle training disrespects the neurophysiology, which may lead to unwanted changes (i.e., declined balance ability). Objects: We examined how the balance was affected by abdominal muscle training with the NMES. Methods: Fifteen young adults (10 males and 5 females) aged between 21 and 30 received abdominal muscle strengthening with NMES for 23 minutes. Before and after the training, participants’ balance was measured through one leg standing on a force plate with eyes open or closed. Outcome variables included mean distance (MDIST), root mean square distance (RDIST), total excursion (TOTEX), mean velocity (MVELO), and 95% confidence circle area (AREA) of center of pressure data. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test if these outcome variables were associated with time (pre and post) and vision. Results: All outcome variables were not associated with time (p > 0.05). However, all outcome variables were associated with vision (p = 0.0001), and MVELO and TOTEX were 52.4% (45.5 mm/s versus 95.6 mm/s) and 52.4% (364.1 mm versus 764.5 mm) smaller, respectively, in eyes open than eyes closed (F = 55.8, p = 0.0005; F = 55.8, p = 0.0005). Furthermore, there was no interaction between time and vision (F = 0.024, p = 0.877). Conclusion: Despite the different neurophysiology of muscle contraction, abdominal muscle strengthening with NMES did not affect balance.
        4,000원
        8.
        2022.02 KCI 등재후보 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Purpose: 본 연구의 목적은 4주기간동안 횡격막 호흡을 적용한 기구 필라테스 운동이 20대 성인의 유연성, 복부 근 두께, 근육량, 체지방, 호흡에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하는 것이다. Methods: 근골격계 질환이 없는 대상자 35명을 대상으로 수행하였으며, 횡격막 호흡을 하는 그룹과 횡격막 호흡을 하지 않는 그룹으로 나누었으며, 두 그룹 모두 필라테스를 수행하였다. 실험에 사용한 기기로는 Ultrasonography(US), Pulmonary function tests(FEV1 / FVC), Bioeletic Impedance Analysis, Sit and reach test를 사용하였다. 정규성 검증을 실시한 후, 반복측정분산분석 (repeated measures of ANOVA)를 사용하여 운동 전, 호흡을 적용한 운동, 호흡 비적용 운동을 비교하였다. 사후 분석을 위해 Fisher’s LSD를 실시하였다. Results: 필라테스 운동은 복근의 두께와 유연성에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤습니다. SaR test는 운동 전과 호흡을 적용한 운동과 호흡을 적용하지 않은 운동 사이에 유의한 유의성을 보였다(P <0.05). 근육두께 측정 TRA, EO, IO 모두 운동 전보다 호흡 적용 운동과 비호흡 운동에서 유의한 차이가 있었고(P <0.05), TRA와 IO에서는 추가 시간 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 호흡하지 않는 운동(P >0.05). 그러나 EO에서는 호흡운동을 추가한 시간과 호흡운동을 하지 않은 시간 사이에 유의한 차이가 있었다( P <0.05). Conlusion: 결론적으로, 횡격막 호흡을 이용한 필라테스 운동과 횡격막 호흡이 없는 필라테스 운동은 복근의 두께와 유연성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 횡격막 호흡과 비횡격막 호흡 사이에는 큰 차이가 없었다.
        4,000원
        9.
        2021.12 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Background: To restore the trunk function of stroke patients who tend to experience trunk weakness, a single exercise intervention is usually applied. However, problems with the trunk remain even after such an intervention. To overcome this challenge, combining other intervention methods with an exercise is suggested during training. Objectives: To investigate the effect of breathing based abdominal draw-in technique on the thickness of the transversus abdominis muscle and trunk control in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled study. Methods: After designating a group that will perform the abdominal draw-in technique as Experimental Group I and another group that will perform the breathing based abdominal draw-in technique as Experimental Group II, the thickness of the transversus abdominis muscle and the trunk impairment scale (TIS) of the subjects were measured as pre-tests before the interventions and as post-tests after the six week intervention period. Results: In the within group comparison, there was a significant change in the thickness of the transversus abdominis muscle for both groups while the subjects performed the abdominal draw-in technique; a significant change was also noted in their TIS (P<.05) (P<.01). However, in the inter-group comparison, a significant difference was found only in the TIS between the two groups (P<.05). Conclusion: After the application of the breathing based abdominal draw-in technique, an efficient contractile response was observed even in the muscles around the abdomen of the subjects, which indicates that this technique is an intervention method that can more effectively improve trunk control.
        4,000원
        10.
        2021.06 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        이 연구의 목적은 8주간의 코어 훈련이 프리스타일 스키 선수들의 배근력, 서전트 점프, Y- 자 검사 및 평형감각 조절 능력에 미치는 영향을 보고자 하였다. 14명의 프리스타일 선수를 무작위로 운동군 7명과 통제군 7명으로 분류하였다. 훈련군은 8주간의 코어 훈련을 하였고, 통제군은 일반적인 훈 련을 하였다. 연구 결과 배근력과 서전트 점프에서 효과를 보였고, 집단 간 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. Y-자 검사의 경우 좌측 앞쪽에서 효과를 보였고, 좌·우측 좌측 후방 안쪽에서 집단 간 차이를 보였다. 종합점수의 경우 운동군은 사전의 좌·우 차이 7.5cm, 사후에서 1.66cm로 감소하였으나 통제군은 사전 3.73cm에서 사후 7.01cm로 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 평형감각 조절 능력에서는 조건 2, 5, 6에서 유의한 효과를 보였으나 집단 간의 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로, 8주간의 코어 훈련은 프리스타일 스키 선수들의 자세 조절 능력에서 유익한 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다.
        4,000원
        11.
        2020.12 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        This study aims to develop a life-friendly, wrap-one-piece style dance sports practice wear considering the physical characteristics of middle-aged, abdominally obese women. These types of practice wear allow people to enjoy exercise easily and to wear these garments as daily wear while meeting the requirements for dance sports wear. The three participants selected for this study were all women with five or more years of dance sports experience and were all average sized on Korea’s abdominal obesity scale. In the first phase of the study, practice wear was created in a total of nine styles with three different styles of neckline depths for three different styles of dress skirt lengths. In the second phase of the study, the practice wear was created in 15 styles with five different styles of sleeve lengths for three different styles of waistline heights. After analyzing the design preferences of the participants, the fit preferences of the designs were evaluated and the final appearance was analyzed in order to suggest a pattern. The results of the subjects’ first and second preference evaluations showed a preference for a 10 centimeter neckline depth, for high waistlines, and for elbow to wrist-length sleeves. The implementation of this research is expected to be extensive, as its results can be used as basic data for making lifestyle dance sports practice wear that covers the physical insecurities of middleaged, abdominally obese women and enables them to enjoy their leisure time.
        4,900원
        12.
        2020.12 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        The present study was conducted in a goat farm for pregnancy diagnosis by using vaginal cytology and B-mode real time ultrasound using 5 MHz probe by transabdominal method. Seventeen pregnant does were used for this study. The objective of the study was to determine the earliest day of pregnancy and describe the chronological characteristics of pregnancy from day 22 to day 40 for vaginal cytology and day 25 to day 60 for ultrasonography of gestation. The differences among the average percentage of cell value in different age of pregnancy were significant (p < 0.05). The average percentage of intermediate cells (81.12%) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than superficial (9.41%), keratinized (7.10%) and neutrophil (2.61%) on 22-40th days of pregnancy. In case of real time B-mode ultrasonography, the gestational sac was observed only in three does out of seventeen (17.6 %) at 25-30 days whereas the placentomes and heart beat of the foetus were first detected at 31-35 days in six does (35.3%). The foetal leg buds were first visualized at 36-40 days in four does (23.5%) whereas the foetal vertebral column was first observed at 36-40 days of gestation in only three does (17.6%). In conclusion, vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography can be used for detection of early pregnancy in does.
        4,000원
        13.
        2020.12 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Background: Trunk flexor-extensor muscles’ co-activation and upright posture are important for spinal stability. Abdominal bracing and maximal expiration are being used as exercises to excel torso co-contraction. However, no study has on comparison of the effect of this exercise on multifidus in the upright sitting posture. Objectives: This study aims to verify the effectiveness of abdominal bracing and expiration maneuvers in lumbo-pelvic upright sitting. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Eighteen healthy women were recruited for this study. The multifidus muscle thickness of all subjects was measured in three sitting conditions (lumbo-pelvic upright sitting, lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing, and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration) using ultrasound. One-way repeated measure analysis of variance was used for the evaluation. Results: Compared to lumbo-pelvic upright sitting, lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration were associated with significantly increment of muscle thickness. There was no significant difference in muscle thickness between lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration. Conclusion: Abdominal bracing and maximum expiration could be beneficial to increasing lumbar multifidus thickness in lumbo-pelvic upright sitting.
        4,000원
        15.
        2020.06 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Background: Weakness of the abdominal and mid thoracic muscles the lead to thoracic kyphosis of stroke patients. The trunk muscles activity of stroke patients is significantly related to upper extremity. Objectives: To investigate the effect of seated exercise of thoracic and abdominal muscles on upper extremity function and trunk muscles activity in stroke patients. Design: One-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: A total of 27 stroke patients were recruited. All stroke patient were given seated abdominal exercise (posterior pelvic tilt exercises) and thoracic exercise (postural-correction exercise). All exercises were conducted for 30 minutes, three times a week for four weeks. The manual function test (MFT) and electromyography (EMG) were measured, and EMG electrodes were attached to thoracic paraspinal muscles and lower rectus abdominal muscles. EMG signal is expressed as %RVC (reference voluntary contraction). Results: Experimental group showed significant increases in abdominal muscles, paraspinal muscles activity and MFT total score, items of arm motion (forward elevation of the upper extremity, lateral elevation of the upper extremity, touch the occiput with the palm) in MFT after four weeks. Conclusion: These results suggest that, in stroke patients, seated exercise of thoracic and abdominal muscles contribute to improve trunk muscles activity and upper extremity function in stroke patients.
        4,000원
        16.
        2020.06 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        본 연구에서는 복부대동맥류가 발생한 환자들에서의 연령과 복부대동맥류 형상에 따른 벽 응력과 파열 위험성을 평가하였다. 복부 대동맥류의 형상은 의료영상 데이터로부터 추출되어 모사되었으며, 재료 물성치 단계에서는 동맥 조직의 이방성 초탄성 성질을 모사 하기 위해 Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel 모델을 적용하였다. 또한, 모델에서 필요한 각 재료 정수들은 환자들의 연령과 정상 조직 및 동맥 류 조직의 특성들을 고려하기 위하여 각기 다른 값들로 산정되었다. 게다가 복부대동맥류에서의 대동맥 직경과 목의 각도에 관한 상 관관계를 분석하고, 이에 대한 시리즈 시뮬레이션 역시 수행되었다. 그 결과, 복부대동맥류 환자의 연령과 대동맥 직경, 그리고 대동 맥 목의 각도에 따른 복부대동맥류의 파열 위험성이 평가되었다.
        4,000원
        17.
        2020.04 KCI 등재 SCOPUS 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Abdominal organs are the most vulnerable body parts under vehicle trauma, and there is high mortality from acute injuries in accidents. There are various ways to reduce this high mortality; one method is Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta, which has recently become very popular as a minimally invasive alternative in the emergent management of patients with non-compressible hemorrhages below the diaphragm. However, high safety factor for patients is applied in actual clinical practice because there is no exact standard for the operating time. Therefore, in this study, the effects of the mechanical behavior of organ tissues for the duodenum, kidney, and liver on the operating time of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta is investigated in order to obtain data needed to establish standards of operating time. In characteristic analysis of organ tissues, uniaxial tensile test and compression test are conducted according to the operating time.
        4,000원
        18.
        2020.02 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Background: Bridging exercises are used to enhance the functional stability of the lumbopelvic region in clinical settings. Although most of the studies on bridging exercises have compared the complete activation of the trunk muscles, some recent studies have examined the functional stability of the trunk and the lumbopelvic region and assessed the appropriate recruitment of the local and global muscles during different task levels. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in muscle thickness in the transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) muscles during a common bridging exercise on an unstable surface and to determine whether these changes differ based on the surface used. Methods: Twenty-five healthy young adults (8 males, 17 females) were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the exercise progression with a sling bridge group or the ball bridging exercise progression group, each with three stages of increasing difficulty. Each position was measured three times with an ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system, and the mean values were recorded for analysis. Results: No significant differences were observed between the TrA, IO, or EO muscle thickness ratios between the sling and ball exercise groups (p > 0.05). There were also no significant differences in the EO muscle thickness ratios between the tasks irrespective of whether the sling or ball was used. However, the TrA and IO thickness ratios in both groups were significantly greater during stages 2 and 3 compared to stage 1. Conclusion: The results suggest that the use of slings and balls during bridging exercises is effective in activating the deep abdominal muscles.
        4,000원
        19.
        2019.12 KCI 등재후보 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        A 7-year-old, intact, female Siberian husky was presented to the Veterinary Medical Center of Chungbuk National University because of vomiting and diarrhea after a fight with a cohabiting dog. Physical examination, radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, and laboratory examination were performed. The dog was diagnosed with pyometra and 10% dehydration. On electrolyte, Na and Cl ion concentration were lower than normal values and Ca ion concentration was slightly lower than normal values. On blood chemistry, blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase value were extremely higher than normal values. Neutrophil was observed as hypersegmentation. On ultrasonography, enlarged uterine body was observed. Uterus was enlarged and filled with echogenic fluid that is seemed to be pus. Uterine horn was rubbing the bladder. In bacterial culture, the colony morphology was smooth, mucoid, and hemolytic. Also, on molecular diagnosis test, both samples from uterine and abdominal fluid were confirmed to be E. coli. This case describes that uterine pus was leakage to abdominal cavity through oviduct, and pus leakage from uterus may be cause septic peritonitis and death. Also, this case must be considered that physical event such as fight against cohabiting dog, strenuous exercise and kiss-off can cause uterine rupture or pus leakage through oviduct from uterus in dog with pyometra.
        4,000원
        20.
        2019.05 KCI 등재 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
        Background: Improvement of the lumbo-pelvic stability can reduce the compensatory action of the erector spinae (ES) during prone hip extension (PHE). Furthermore, the application of abdominal drawing-in (ADI) maneuver increases the action of gluteus maximus (GM) and decreases the action of ES during PHE by improving the lumbo-pelvic stability. However, the post-ADI exercise effects on PHE, not the real-time application of ADI maneuver, has not been studied. Objects: This study is aimed at investigating the post-ADI exercise effects on the muscle activities of GM and ES during PHE. Methods: A total of 24 female adults participated in the study, and they were divided into two groups: Those with normal abdominal muscles (n1=12) and those with weak abdominal muscles (WA) (n2=12). Before the intervention, the subjects’ GM and ES muscle activities during PHE were measured. Subsequently, the two groups were asked to perform the ADI exercise for 10 minutes. After the ADI exercise, the GM and ES activities were equally measured during PHE. Results: The comparison result of the ES muscle activities before intervention shows a significant difference between the two groups (p<.05); the WA group showed higher muscle activities than the normal group. For the within-group comparison, the muscle activities of the ES in the WA group significantly decreased after the ADI exercise (p<.05). For the GM muscle activity, no significant difference was observed in all comparisons (p>.05). For the changes in muscle activities before and after the ADI exercise, a significant difference exists between the two groups only for the changes in ES activities (p<.05); WA group exhibits higher changes than the normal group. By contrast, no significant difference exists between the two groups for the changes in GM activities (p>.05). Conclusion: After the ADI exercise, the compensatory action of ES in the female adults with WC is implied to decrease during PHE.
        4,000원
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