Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) is a cost-efficient method which can be useful for SNP marker discovery in a population of interest. GBS is genome reduction sequencing method using restriction enzyme. The quality of DNA is a key factor which could have an influence in downstream analysis. However, there have not been many studies which investigated the impact of DNA degradation and the quality of the data on marker discovery. In this study, GBS data of 6 Hanwoo samples (H1~6) showing differing level of DNA degradation were compared. Re-sequencing pipeline was followed to investigate the impact of DNA degradation on marker discovery. As a result, we found that the quantity and quality of SNPs were not affected in the sample H5 and H6 with moderately degraded DNA. On the other hand, marker discovery was greatly affected in samples with severe DNA degradation (H3 and H4). The findings in this study support that GBS is a robust genotyping method towards moderate DNA degradation.

For preliminary molecular typing, PCR-based fingerprinting using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is the method of choice. In this study, 14 bacterial strains were isolated from different Korean food sources, identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and characterized through RAPD-PCR. Two PCR primers (239 and KAY3) generated a total of 130 RAPD bands, 14 distinct PCR profiles, 10 polymorphic bands, one monomorphic band, and four unique bands. Dendrogram-based analysis with primer 239 showed that all 14 strains could be divided into seven clades out of which clade VII had the maximum of seven. In contrast, dendrogram analysis with the primer KAY3 divided the 14 L. citreum strains into four clades out of which clade IV consisted of a maximum of 10 strains out of 14. This research identified and characterized bacterial populations associated with different Korean foods. The proposed RAPD-PCR method, based on sequence amplification, could easily identify and discriminate the lactic acid bacteria species at the strain-specific level and could be used as a highly reliable genomic fingerprinting tool.

For preliminary molecular typing, PCR-based fingerprinting using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is the method of choice. In this study, 14 bacterial strains were isolated from different Korean food sources, identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and characterized through RAPD-PCR. Two PCR primers (239 and KAY3) generated a total of 130 RAPD bands, 14 distinct PCR profiles, 10 polymorphic bands, one monomorphic band, and four unique bands. Dendrogram-based analysis with primer 239 showed that all 14 strains could be divided into seven clades out of which clade VII had the maximum of seven. In contrast, dendrogram analysis with the primer KAY3 divided the 14 L. citreum strains into four clades out of which clade IV consisted of a maximum of 10 strains out of 14. This research identified and characterized bacterial populations associated with different Korean foods. The proposed RAPD-PCR method, based on sequence amplification, could easily identify and discriminate the lactic acid bacteria species at the strain-specific level and could be used as a highly reliable genomic fingerprinting tool.

DNA-based markers have been used in various fields like molecular biology and crop breeding program. DNA marker is able to be used for protection of genetic resource and quantification of specific cultivar. Eleven DNA markers have been developed for Korean wheat cultivar identification in 2013-2014. 27 of 32 wheat cultivars were distinguished by 11 DNA markers. In this study, we developed four DNA markers, KWSM0012, KWSM0013, KWSM0014 and KWSM0015, derived from SSR and SNP analysis. Consequently, 32 Korean wheat cultivars were identified by 15 DNA markers. We are convinced that these new DNA markers are very useful for wheat varieties DNA fingerprinting and are able to be applied to marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding program in Korea.

본 연구는 한우의 경제형질 관련 유전적 표지인자(DNA marker) 개발을 목적으로 한우 도체형질과의 기능적 후보유전자로부터 검출된 10개의 유전마커(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; SNP)에 대해서, 환경효과가 다양하게 포함되어 있는 상용축을 대상으로 마커효과를 검정하였다. 그 결과, 한우 후대 검정우에서 통계적 유의성이 인정되었던 다수의 SNP 좌위중 IP3R1 유전자에서 검출된 DNA 마커만 상용축의 근내지방도와 통계적 유의차를 보였으며, 이는 각 좌위마다의 환경 효과와의 보다 더 통계분석이 요구되는 것이며, 향후 근내지방도와 연관된 다수의 마커와 함께 혼합모델을 통하여 개체의 표현형 예측등에 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

벼의 약 및 현미 배양효율과 관련된 DNA marker를 이용하여 인디카형 벼 품종인 'IR 36'의 조직배양 효율을 개선하기 위하여 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 벼품종 간에 약 및 현미배양 효율을 비교한 결과 자포니카 > 통일형 > 인디카 형의 순으로 나타났다. 그러나 MGRI집단의 약배양에서 식물체분화율이 높은 계통으로 선발된 'MGRI 079'와 'MGRI 036'의 약배양 효율은 각각 19.8%, 19.9%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 'MGRI 079'에 'IR 36'이 여교배되어 양성된 90 계통에 대한 marker검정을 실시하여 positive band를 나타내는 34계통을 선발할 수 있었다. 선발된 34계통 중 10 계통의 약배양에서 캘러스 형성률은 'IR 36' 보다 현저히 높았다. 선발된 10 계통의 현미배양에서도 캘러스형성 능력과 식물체재분화율이 'IR 36' 보다 높게 나타났다. 계통 중에서 식물체분화능력이 높은 계통으로 선발된 -28은 간장이 'IR 36'보다 큰 편이었으나 출수기와 미립특성은 'IR 36'과 비슷하였다.

본 연구에서는 DNA marker가 검정된 한우로부터 생산한 체외수정란을 이식하여 육질 및 육량의 유전적 능력이 우수한 한우를 대량생산하여 고품질 한우 쇠고기 생산 시스템을 구축하기 위한 전단계로서 DNA marker 검정 한우로부터 초음파유도 난포란을 채란하여 체외수성 및 수정란의 체외 발달에 미치는 각종 요인들과 배반포기 수정란의 부화율 개선을 위하여 투명대를 laser로 drilling을 실시하여 부화율을 조사하였다. 초음파유래 체외수정란의 분할률

본 연구는 고품질육의 DNA marker가 규떵된 한우로부터 초음파유노 난포란의 연속적 채취를 통하여 능력이 우수한 한우 수정란온 대량생산하는 방법의 확립과 이를 한우농가에 응용하고자 초음파 난자채취기를 이용하여 등지방층두께, 일당증체량, 근내지방도 및배최장근 단면적에 연관된 DNA marker를 보유하고 있는 한우 5두로부터 개체및 난포수, 채취방법, 회수한 난포란의 등급 등을 조사하였다. 한우 5두의 개체별 난포수는 6, 10, 5, 4 및 11회

사과는 에틸렌에 의해 호흡량이 일시적으로 상승하는 호흡급등형 과실이다. 에틸렌 발생은 세포벽분해효소 활성화와 세포벽 연화를 진행시켜 사과의 상품성과 저장성을 떨어뜨리는 원인이 된다. 사과의 에틸렌 생합성 과정에는 Md-ACS1 및 Md-ACO1 유전자가 연관되어 있으며, 두 유전자는 과실의 에틸렌 발생량과 경도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 사과 국내육성 28품종의 Md-ACS1 및 Md-ACO1 대립유전자형을 분석하고, ‘Fuji(FJ)', ‘RubyS (RS)', ‘Hongro(HR)', ‘Arisoo(AS)', ‘Summer King(SK)', ‘Greenball(GB)', ‘Golden Supreme(GS)'을 대상으로 수확 후 25일까지의 에틸렌 발생량 및 상온저장(20℃) 20일 동안의 경도 연화율을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 낮은 에틸렌 발생량과 관련 된 대립유전자(favorable alleles0(FA)) ACS1-2, ACO1-1이 많을수록 에틸렌 발생량과 경도 연화율이 낮은 경향을 보였다. GS은 ACS1-1/1, ACO1-1/2(FA 1)으로 모든 품종 중 가장 높은 에틸렌 발생 수치와 경도 연화율를 보였다. SK와 GB은 ACS1-1/2, ACO1-1/2(FA 2)으로 ACS1-2/2, ACO1-1/2(FA 3)인 HR와 AS 보다는 높고 GS 보다 낮은 에틸렌 발생량과 경도 연화율을 보였다. ACS1-2/2, ACO1-1/1(FA 4)인 FJ는 RS를 제외한 모든 품종 중에 에틸렌 발생량과 경도 연화율이 가장 낮았다. 본 실험의 결과 Md-ACS1 및 Md-ACO1 대립유전자형과 사과의 에틸렌 발생량 및 경도 연화율은 상관성이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서, Md-ACS1 및 Md-ACO1 분자표지를 사과 국내육성 품종의 저장성 예측과 육종 효율 향상을 위한 Markerassisted selection에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각 된다.

Background : In this study, a total of 46 breeding lines consisting of native ginseng collections from Geumsan was analyzed and clustered for the selection of Geumsan native ginseng in Korea using DNA markers. Methods and Results : We collected 46 Ginseng breeding lines from Geumsan : GS97-25 - GS00-58. Analyses of the genetic characteristics of the collection were conducted for extraction gDNA using sprout. 46 Ginseng breeding lines from Geumsan could be identified polymorphism using the selected 5 primer. We determained that the 46 breeding lines analyzed could be classified into 5 groups with similartiy value of 0.77 in dendrogram derived from the cluster analysis based on STS-markers. Group 4, which is the largest one, contained 19 collertions (41%). Conclusion : These finding could be used for morphological and genetic characteristics for produced native ginseng in Geumsan area. Futhermore, We could be used diverse genetic resources for Ginseng breeding.

This study describes the identification of Panax species using mitochondrial consensus primers. Initially, a total of thirty primers were tested in ten Korean ginseng cultivars and two foreign Panax species, P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification results, three primers (cox1, nad1/2-3 and nad2/1-2) generated co-dominant polymorphic banding patterns discriminating Korean ginseng cultivars from P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. However, these primers could not generated polymorphisms among the Korean ginseng cultivars, and simply represented species-specific polymorphisms for P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. Primers PQ91 and PN418 were designed from the consensus sequence of nad1/2-3 region. Two banding patterns (A or B) were detected in PQ91. Korean ginseng cultivars and P. notoginseng shared the same banding pattern (A type) and P. quinquefolius was identified another banding pattern (B type). In the case of PN418, two banding patterns (A or B) were detected in the Korean ginseng cultivars and two foreign Panax species. Korean ginseng cultivars and P. quinquefolius shared the same banding pattern (A type) and P. notoginseng was identified another banding pattern (B type). The combination banding patterns of three Panax species, Korean ginseng cultivars (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.), P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng, was identified as 'AA', 'BA' and 'AB', respectively. Consequently, PQ91 and PN418 primer sets can be used to distinguish among Panax species.

Next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches can also be useful tool for characterization of organelle genomes. We generated chloroplast (CP) genome sequences of two Korean ginseng cultivars, Chunpoong and Yunpoong, based on reference-guided assembly using whole genome NGS data. We used 0.5x of P. ginseng genome NGS reads to assemble CP genome. Of the NGS reads used, about 6% were mapped to the reference CP genome with mean coverage of 94x due to high copy number of CP genome in plant cell. CP genomes of the two cultivars were predicted to be 156,248 bp and 156,355 bp in length and showed about 0.1% differences at nucleotide level, compared to reference CP genome sequenced from P. ginseng (Acc.no. NC_006290), whereas difference between CP genomes of the two cultivars is very rare. In this study, we developed the molecular marker to perform taxon identification and also to elucidate phylogenetic relationship among Korean ginseng cultivars. Now, we are analyzing the CP genomes of other P. ginseng cultivars together with other Panax species including American ginseng and Panax related species.

본 연구는 칡소와 한우 그리고 젖소의 각 군을 통하여 RAPD-PCR방법과 RFLP방법을 응용하여 칡소에서 특이적으로 발현되는 유전자의 검출과 발현빈도에 따른 표지유전자를 분석하여 칡소 특이적인 표지인자를 탐색하고자 실시하였다. 연구결과, RAPD분석을 통하여 칡소에서 특이적으로 표현되는 유전자들을 발견할 수 있었으며, 검출 유전자의 다양성이 모색과 종간의 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특이적으로 표현된 유전자들 중 칡소에서 특이적으로 표현되는 R9B

In recent years, genomic resources and information have accumulated at an ever increasing pace, in many plant species, through whole genome sequencing, large scale analysis of transcriptomes, DNA markers and functional studies of individual genes. Well-characterized species within key plant taxa, co-called "model systems", have played a pivotal role in nucleating the accumulation of genomic information and databases, thereby providing the basis for comparative genomic studies. In addition, recent advances to "Next Generation" sequencing technologies have propelled a new wave of genomics, enabling rapid, low cost analysis of numerous genomes, and the accumulation of genetic diversity data for large numbers of accessions within individual species. The resulting wealth of genomic information provides an opportunity to discern evolutionary processes that have impacted genome structure and the function of genes, using the tools of comparative analysis. Comparative genomics provides a platform to translate information from model species to crops, and to relate knowledge of genome function among crop species. Ultimately, the resulting knowledge will accelerate the development of more efficient breeding strategies through the identification of trait-associated orthologous genes and next generation functional gene-based markers.