Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are the fastest developing materials for structural applications due to their high specific weight, modulus, resistance to corrosion and wear, and high temperature strength. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is known as the material of the twenty-first century for its various applications in structural components for their high specific strength as well as functional materials for their exciting thermal and electrical characteristics. The present study comprise a systematic literature review of Al/CNT nanocomposites fabricated through a solid state friction stir processing. The present review is primarily focussed on the dispersion and survivability of CNTs in the Al matrix because these are the key factors in deciding the mechanical properties of the fabricated composite. Additionally, the formability, weldability and machinability of the FSPed fabricated composites reinforced with CNTs are also summarised here. Based on the detailed literature review, following research gaps are identified which require a critical and more focussed attention of the scientific community working in this research area: (i) the presence of agglomeration or clustering of CNTs in the composite, (ii) survivability and shortening of CNTs during FSP, (iii) interfacial reactions or the formation of reaction products (such as Al4C3) between Al matrix and CNTs, and (iv) the unidirectional alignment of CNTs in the fabricated composite. Important suggestions for further research in effective dispersion of CNTs with its preserved structure by FSP are also provided.

Radioactive materials from nuclear power facilities can be released into the atmosphere through various channels. Recently, the dispersion of radioactive materials has become critical issue in Korea after Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Unit 1 were permanently shut down. In this study, annual atmospheric dispersion factors were compared based on the continuous release and purge release using the XOQDOQ computer program, a method for calculating atmospheric dispersion factors at commercial nuclear power stations. The meteorological data analyzed in this study was based on the Shin Kori nuclear power meteorological tower which has the largest operating nuclear power plants in Korea, for three years (from 2008 to 2010). The analysis results of the dispersion factor of the radioactive material release obtained using the XOQDOQ program showed that the difference between the continuous release and purge release was within two times. This study will be valuable helpful for revealing the uncertainty of the predictive atmospheric dispersion factor to achieve regulation.

In this study, a new method of rapid preparation of carbon nanotube (CNT) solution with highly dispersed morphology by free arc excitation is proposed, which shortens the time of the preparation of CNT solution with low concentration. The principle is that the high-energy flow density heat generated by the free arc makes the vaporizable substance coated on the surface of CNTs vaporize rapidly, and then generates the bulk increasing motion, which makes the CNTs aggregates dispersed, and finally forms the CNTs gas-phase dispersion monomer with high dispersion or the cross-linking morphology of few CNTs. In this paper, the influence of gum Arabic (GA) and deionized water (DI water) contents in CNTs mixed electrode on the dispersion of CNTs in different environments (gas phase and liquid phase) is explored. In the limited case of this work, the dispersion effect is better when the mass ratio of CNTs, GA and DI water is 1:0.04:3.96 in the liquid-phase environment. The preparation method reported in this work is expected to be a rapid way to obtain low-concentration nanodispersion.

본 연구에서는 폴리비닐알콜(PVA)와 폴리프로필렌글리콜(PPG)기반의 창상피복용 수분산 폴리우레탄수지를 합성하였으며, 시료의 물리적 특성을 필름 시료와 피혁(Full-Grain) 표면에 코팅을 하여 물리적 특성 변화를 연구하였다. 인장강도의 경우 PVA가장 적게 반응된 PUD-PA1 2.00 kgf/㎟ 으로 가장 높은 저항성을 보였으며. 마찬가지로 연실율은 PVA가장 적게 반응된 PUD-PA1가 554%로 높게 측정되었다. 내마모성 측정 결과 PVA 반응이 증가함에 따라 표면의 강도나 낮게 36.77 ㎎.loss로 감소 됨을 알수 있었다.

국내외로 태풍, 홍수, 화산, 지진, 해일 등의 자연재난에 의하여 인명, 재산 피해가 지속적으로 발생하고 있으며 특히 최근에 는 황사, 미세먼지와 같은 입자상 오염물질의 확산이 가속되고 있어 입자상 물질 확산의 예측 및 대응 기술 대한 요구가 높아지고 있는 실정이다. 이와 같은 입자상 물질 관련 재난에 대응하기 위하여 수치 모델을 사용하여 입자상 물질의 확산 경로 및 농도를 예측하는 연구들을 진행하고 있으며, 본 연구에서는 선행연구로 라그랑지안 모델 중 하나인 PUFF-UAF 모델을 개선하여 개발된 PUFFGaussian 모델을 이용하여 연구를 진행하였다. PUFF-Gaussian 모형을 이용하여 온타케 화산의 분화 결과와 검증을 수행하여 유사한 결과가 도출되는 것을 확인하고 백두산 분화에 대한 화산재 확산 예측을 수행하였다. 또한 국내 17개 시·도에 대하여 기존 PUFF-UAF 모델의 결과를 이용하여 계산한 화산재 발생 확률과 PUFF-Gaussian을 이용하여 계산한 발생 확률에 대한 비교를 수행하고 PUFFGaussian 모델을 이용한 결과가 발생 확률이 더 낮은 것을 확인하였다.

In this study, the effects of Co content on the microstructure and Charpy impact properties of Fe-Cr-W ferritic/martensitic oxide dispersion strengthened (F/M ODS) steels are investigated. F/M ODS steels with 0–5 wt% Co are fabricated by mechanical alloying, followed by hot isostatic pressing, hot-rolling, and normalizing/tempering heat treatment. All the steels commonly exhibit two-phase microstructures consisting of ferrite and tempered martensite. The volume fraction of ferrite increases with the increase in the Co content, since the Co element considerably lowers the hardenability of the F/M ODS steel. Despite the lowest volume fraction of tempered martensite, the F/M ODS steel with 5 wt% Co shows the highest micro-Vickers hardness, owing to the solid solution-hardening effect of the alloyed Co. The high hardness of the steel improves the resistance to fracture initiation, thereby resulting in the enhanced fracture initiation energy in a Charpy impact test at – 40oC. Furthermore, the addition of Co suppresses the formation of coarse oxide inclusions in the F/M ODS steel, while simultaneously providing a high resistance to fracture propagation. Owing to these combined effects of Co, the Charpy impact energy of the F/M ODS steel increases gradually with the increase in the Co content.

CeO2 nanoparticles, employed in a lot of fields due to their excellent oxidation and reduction properties, are synthesized through a solvothermal process, and a high specific surface area is shown by controlling, among various process parameters in the solvothermal process, the type of solvent. The synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles are about 11~13 nm in the crystallite size and their specific surface area is about 65.38~84.65 m2/g, depending on the amount of ethanol contained in the solvent for the solvothermal process; all synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles shows a fluorite structure. The dispersibility and microstructure of the synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles are investigated according to the species of dispersant and the pH value of the solution; an improvement in dispersibility is shown with the addition of dispersants and control of the pH. Various dispersing properties appear according to the dispersant species and pH in the solution with the synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles, indicating that improved dispersing properties in the synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles can be secured by applying dispersant and pH control simultaneously.

In this study, we investigated the effects of precipitates and oxide dispersoids on the high-temperature mechanical properties of oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) Ni-based super alloys. Two ODS Ni-based super alloy rods with different chemical compositions were fabricated by high-energy milling and hot extrusion process at 1150℃ to investigate the effects of precipitates on high-temperature mechanical properties. Further, the MA6000N alloy is an improvement over the commercial MA6000 alloy, and the KS6000 alloy has the same chemical composition as the MA6000 alloy. The phase and microstructure of Ni-based super alloys were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that MC carbide precipitates and oxide dispersoids in the ODS Ni-based super alloys developed in this study may effectively improve high-temperature hardness and creep resistance.

To enhance mechanical properties through improvement of dispersion stability of carbon black (CB) in epoxy resins, fluorine functional groups were introduced on the CB surface by fluorination. The changes in the chemical properties and dispersion stabilities after fluorination were evaluated with different partial pressures of fluorine gas. The mechanical properties of the fluorinated CB/epoxy composites were evaluated by the test of tensile, impact strengths and creep behavior. The fluorinated CB/epoxy composites showed approximately 1.6 and 1.1 times enhancement in the tensile and impact strengths compared to that of neat epoxy, respectively. Moreover, when a constant load was applied at 323 K, the fluorinated CB/epoxy composites lasted longer and had smaller strain changes than those of the raw CB/epoxy composites. Thus, well-dispersed CB by fluorination in epoxy resins effectively transfers mechanical stress.

In this study, lanthanum oxide (La2O3) dispersed molybdenum (Mo–La2O3) alloys are fabricated using lanthanum nitrate solution and nanosized Mo particles produced by hydrogen reduction of molybdenum oxide. The effect of La2O3 dispersion in a Mo matrix on the fracture toughness at room temperature is demonstrated through the formation behavior of La2O3 from the precursor and three-point bending test using a single-edge notched bend specimen. The relative density of the Mo–0.3La2O3 specimen sintered by pressureless sintering is approximately 99%, and La2O3 with a size of hundreds of nanometers is uniformly distributed in the Mo matrix. It is also confirmed that the fracture toughness is 19.46 MPa·m1/2, an improvement of approximately 40% over the fracture toughness of 13.50 MPa·m1/2 on a pure-Mo specimen without La2O3, and this difference in the fracture toughness occurs because of the changes in fracture mode of the Mo matrix caused by the dispersion of La2O3.

지속적으로 관찰되어 온 백두산 화산폭발 전조 현상들이 사회적 이슈가 되고 있으며 주변국인 일본의 화산활동 또한 활발한 추세이다. 국내와 500km 이상 떨어진 위 화산들은 국내에 직접적인 피해를 주기 어렵지만 화산 분화와 함께 분출되는 화산재의 경우 국내에 직간접적인 피해를 미칠 수 있다. 화산재 확산대응의 일환으로 수치해석 모델이 국내외로 사용되고 있으며 각 수치해석 모델 은 사용된 수치해석 방법에 따라 한계가 있다. 본 논문에서는 라그랑지안 방법을 기반으로 한 PUFF-UAF 모델을 분석하였으며, 초기 입자의 수에 대한 의존성의 문제점과 많은 입자개수를 사용함에도 불구하고 나타나는 화산재 농도 예측의 부정확성에 대한 문제점을 제기하였다. 이에 본 논문 연구를 통하여 라그랑지안 기법의 전산효용성을 이용하고 나타난 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 PUFF-UAF 모 델의 결과에 가우시안 확산 모델을 적용하여 결과를 보완하는 PUFF-Gaussian 모델을 개발하였다. 실제 화산분화로 부터 관측된 결과 와 본 연구로 예측된 결과를 비교한 결과 본 연구에서 제안한 방법의 효용성을 보였다.

Oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloy has been developed to increase the mechanical strength of metallic materials; such an improvement can be realized by distributing fine oxide particles within the material matrix. In this study, the ODS layer was formed in the surface region of Zr-based alloy tubes by laser beam treatment. Two kinds of Zr-based alloys with different alloying elements and microstructures were used: KNF-M (recrystallized) and HANA-6 (partial recrystallized). To form the ODS layer, Y2O3-coated tubes were scanned by a laser beam, which induced penetration of Y2O3 particles into the substrates. The thickness of the ODS layer varied from 20 to 55 μm depending on the laser beam conditions. A heat affected zone developed below the ODS layer; its thickness was larger in the KNF-M alloy than in the HANA-6 alloy. The ring tensile strengths of the KNF-M and HANA-6 alloy samples increased more than two times and 20–50%, respectively. This procedure was effective to increase the strength while maintaining the ductility in the case of the HANA-6 alloy samples; however, an abrupt brittle facture was observed in the KNF-M alloy samples. It is considered that the initial microstructure of the materials affects the formation of ODS and the mechanical behavior.