Background: Single-leg squat (SLS) is widely used for assessing lower extremity (LE) function. Although abnormal kinematics and foot pressure distribution (FPD) are key indicators of dysfunction, the relation between specific LE kinematic patterns and FPD during SLS remains under investigated. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the correlations among LE kinematics specifically the dynamic knee valgus angle (DKVA), knee inward distance (KID), hip outward distance (HOD) and FPD (hallux, medial, central, and lateral forefoot [FF]) during SLS. Methods: Thirty healthy participants performed SLS on their dominant leg. LE kinematics were analyzed using two-dimensional video analysis to determine DKVA, KID, and HOD. FPD was recorded using the Zebris FDM and analyzed across four regions (hallux, medial, central, and lateral parts of the FF). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationships between LE kinematics and FPD. Results: Pearson correlation analysis revealed that hallux pressure was significant associated with the extent of KID (r = 0.547, p = 0.002). In addition, a moderate positive correlation was found between HOD and FF lateral (r = 0.406, p = 0.026), indicating that lateral pelvis displacement contributes to higher FF lateral loading. However, DKVA, which is conventionally used to assess LE kinematic variables, showed no significant association with FPD. Conclusion: This study identified significant relationship between specific kinematic variables (KID and HOD) and FPD (hallux and FF lateral), however, relationship between DKVA and FPD was not observed. Consequently, it is necessary to separately evaluate joint-specific kinematics, such as KID and HOD, to determine their distinct associations with FPD.

본 연구는 교도작업품의 판매 활성화를 단순한 마케팅 기법의 문제가 아니라 교정 정책의 집행역량, 공공성과 시장성의 균형이라는 관점에서 분석하고, 판매･유통체계 의 구조적 한계를 진단하여 정책적 개선방안을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 보라미몰을 중심으로 한 교도작업품의 생산 및 유통 구조, 판매 실적 추이, 브랜드 인 지도, 조직 및 인력 운영 현황 등을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 교도작업품은 일정 수준의 품질과 가격 경쟁력을 보유하고 있음에도 불 구하고 통합된 브랜드 체계의 부재, 제한된 유통 채널, 마케팅 기능의 미흡, 전문 인력 부족 등 구조적 제약으로 인해 판매 확대에 한계를 보이고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특 히 교도작업품은 소비자가 하나의 브랜드로 인식하기 어려운 구조를 가지며, 이는 인 지도 및 신뢰 형성에 부정적 영향을 미치는 요인으로 작용한다. 이에 교도작업품 판매 활성화를 위한 정책대안은 AI 기반 광고, 통합 브랜드 구축, 단기 인센티브 전략, 출소자 연계 인적판매, 플랫폼･물류 연계 유통체계 구축, 메타버 스 기반 제품 체험 전략 등을 제시하였다. 또한 교도작업품의 운영은 단순한 수익 창 출이 아닌 수형자의 재사회화와 직업훈련이라는 공공적 목적을 전제로 하므로, 공공 성과 시장성의 균형을 유지하는 범위 내에서 설계되어야 함을 강조하였다. 이는 교도 작업품의 지속가능한 운영과 출소자 사회복귀 지원을 동시에 강화할 수 있는 정책적 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

전 세계적인 물 부족 심화로 상수관망의 효율적 운영 및 유지보수(O&M) 중요성이 커지고 있다. 특히 정확한 수압 예측은 잠재적 문제의 사전 감지와 대응에 필수적이다. 이에 본 연구는 전처리된 데이터를 활용하여 현장 적용성이 높은 수압 예측 모델을 개발하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이를 위해 8개 블록시스템(DMA)의 10분 단위 시계열 데이터와 4종류의 딥러닝 모델(LSTM, GRU, CNN-LSTM, CNN-GRU)을 활용하였으며, optuna를 통해 하이퍼파라미터를 최적화하고 배치 정규화 등을 적용해 학습 안정성을 확보하였다. 평가 결과, CNN-GRU 모델이 가장 우수한 성능을 나타냈다. 해당 모델을 기반으로 입력 조건에 따른 성능을 비교한 결과, 단변수 대비 다변수 입력 조건에서 예측 정확도가 향상됨을 확인하였다. 또한, 10분 선행 시점에서 최고 신뢰도(R2 0.9678, RMSE 0.0375)를 기록했으며, 지속성 모델의 성능이 점진적으로 하락하여 상대적인 저점을 형성하는 7시간 및 17시간 선행 시점에서 CNN-GRU 모델은 지속성 모델 대비 RMSE 기준 각각 48.0% 및 42.1%의 오차 개선을 달성하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 제안하는 전처리 및 하이퍼파라미터 통합 최적화 프로세스는 DMA별로 상이한 운영 환경에서도 안정적인 예측 성능을 확보할 수 있음을 입증하였다. 이는 현장 엔지니어의 데이터 분석 및 의사결정을 지원함으로써, 상수관망의 안정적인 운영과 유지보수 효율성 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of foodborne illness in humans, primarily transmitted through contaminated eggs. This study investigated the prevalence and serovar distribution of Salmonella in commercial layer farm environments and day-old chicks in Korea. Salmonella were identified in 26 (65.0%) of 40 farms and 47 (62.7%) of 75 flocks, and the prevalence of Salmonella in farms and flocks was highest in environmental dust (57.4% and 54.7%), followed by feces (42.5% and 34.7%) and feed inside house (20.5% and 34.7%) (p < 0.05). Moreover, Salmonella were detected in two (8.7%) of 23 external silo feeds. In chick box papers, Salmonella were identified in 14 (66.7%) flocks. The most significantly observed serovar in environmental dust was S. Thompson (16.0%), followed by S. Colindale (12.0%), and most common serovar in feces was S. Colindale (9.3%), followed by S. Agona (6.7%) and S. Thompson (5.3%). Interestingly, S. Colindale was also detected in one (1.4%) of 23 external silo feeds. The most prevalent serovar in chick box papers was S. Colindale (28.6%), followed by S. Senftenberg (14.3%). In particular, S. Colindale was detected in chick box papers of flocks derived from three of 6 hatcheries (10.0%-75.0%) and two of 4 breeds (25.0% and 66.7%), and S. Thompson was detected in chick box papers of one (4.8%) of 21 flock. S. Enteritidis was detected in environmental dust from one (1.3%) flock, and S. Typhimurium was not detected.

Odorous emissions from large industrial complexes exhibit significant spatial and temporal variability, which complicates quantitative evaluation and source identification. Odor perception may occur even at low concentrations, and emission characteristics are strongly influenced by industrial processes, meteorological conditions, and local topography. Therefore, odor management strategies based solely on compliance with emission standards have inherent limitations. The Yeosu National Industrial Complex was designated as an odor management area in 2019, and annual surveys of complex odor dilution ratios and specified odor substances have been conducted since then. Despite the accumulation of monitoring data, odor complaints from nearby residential areas have continued. In this study, multi-year (2020-2024) odor monitoring data were integrated with complaint records, and GIS-based mapping and visualization were applied to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of measured odor levels and complaint locations. Map-based visualization facilitated visual comparison of complaint locations and monitoring sites and enabled a comparative assessment between monitoring sites and complaint locations. The results revealed clear spatial heterogeneity among monitoring sites. In particular, the A3 monitoring site recorded the highest annual average dilution ratio, indicating persistent structural characteristics of odor emissions in that area. Although measured odor intensity was relatively higher in summer, complaint frequency peaked in spring and autumn, suggesting that meteorological conditions and human exposure patterns significantly influence perceived odor nuisance. These findings demonstrate that measured odor intensity alone does not fully explain complaint occurrence and highlight the necessity of integrated odor management approaches that incorporate spatial dispersion characteristics, seasonal variability, and community exposure factors. The results can serve as a foundational basis for improving monitoring site placement and establishing spatially differentiated odor management policies.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Chinese consumers’ preferences for seafood distribution channels using conjoint analysis. The survey for this study was conducted on 600 Chinese consumers in their 20s to 60s. The conjoint analysis showed that consumers prioritize the type of distribution channel(offline, online, omni-channel) when choosing seafood distribution channels, and that they also value delivery time and price attributes. This can be seen as a result of Chinese consumers focusing on extrinsic cues such as the spatial location of purchase, price, and the delivery time required to receive the final purchased product rather than focusing on specific factors when choosing a place to purchase seafood. In the future, it is expected that the Chinese seafood distribution channel will be dominated by platforms that provide a complex experience, short delivery times, and low prices to be chosen by consumers. Now, seafood distribution channels are expected to continue to develop into complex distribution channels that can provide consumers with new experiences and high satisfaction by complexly implementing new functions.

In this study, the influence of bimodal WC particle size design on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–27 wt.% Mo₂C–10 wt.% Co cemented carbides was systematically investigated. Bimodal hard-phase designs were realized by combining ultrafine WC (300 nm) and coarse WC (1.8 μm) at various ratios, followed by consolidation via spark plasma sintering (SPS). During sintering, Mo₂C preferentially dissolved into the Co-rich liquid phase due to its higher solubility than WC, forming a Co–Mo–C liquid. As sintering progressed, ultrafine WC selectively dissolved owing to its high interfacial energy, gradually transforming the liquid composition into a Co–Mo–W–C system. Owing to the short holding time and rapid cooling rate of SPS, the η-phase (M₆C) formed during sintering remained metastable. Meanwhile, selective dissolution–reprecipitation resulted in the formation of Mo₂C-based core–rim structures with W enrichment in the rim region as (Mo, W)₂C. As the fraction of ultrafine WC increased, the hardness increased from 1769 to 1997 kgf/mm2, whereas the fracture toughness exhibited an insignificant difference from 6.56 to 6.65 MPa·m¹/². Fracture behavior analysis revealed that crack deflection and crack bridging occurred at the Mo₂C core–rim interfaces, effectively suppressing straight crack propagation. These results demonstrate that the introduction of ultrafine WC plays a dominant role in enhancing mechanical performance, and that bimodal WC design combined with Mo₂C addition is a highly effective strategy for developing high-performance cemented carbides for machining