Cryopreservation of boar semen is continually researched in reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking in breed conservation. For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Recently, polymorphisms reported to be significant association with sperm MOT. This study was conducted to evaluate the SNP in the coding region of ESR1 (g.672C>T inexon 1) as a positional controlling for motility and kinematic characteristics of post-thawed boar semen. To results,The g.672C>T was significantly associated with frozen semen motility and kinematic characteristics. g.158 T>C SNP was high significantly associated with MOT, VCL, VSL and VAP Also, the SNP was low significantly associated with ALH.Therefore, we suggest that theSNP in the coding region of ESR1 (g.672C>T in exon 1) may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar Post-thawed semen quality.

Estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) is involved in oestrogen-related apoptosis in cell cycle spermatogenesis but their effects have not yet confirmed in pig. Therefore, this study was performed to investigatetheir association with semen motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 126 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity(VCL), Straight-line velocity(VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH)] were used in present study. A single nucleotide polymorphism (g.35547A>G) was associated with MOT, VCL, VAP and ALH in Duroc population (p < 0.05). Therefore, we suggest that the porcine ESR2 may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not clear yet. These results will improve the understanding of the functions of the ESR2 in spermatogenesis within the reproductive tracts, and will shed light on ESR2 as a candidate gene in the selection of good sperm quality boars.

For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Estrogen receptors 2(ESR2) is involved in estrogen related apoptosis in cell cycle spermatogenesis, but their functions have not been confirmed in pig until now. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze their association with sperm motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 105 Duroc pigs with records of semen motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity(VCL), Straight-line velocity(VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH)] were analyzed. A SNP in coding region of ESR2 g.35547A > G in exon 5 was associated with MOT (p < 0.05) in Duroc population. Therefore, we suggest that the porcine ESR2 gene may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effects were not defined yet. These results might shed new light on the roles of ESR2 in spermatogenesis as candidate gene for boar fertility, but still the lack of association across populations should be considered.

For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Estrogen receptors 2(ESR2) is involved in estrogen related apoptosis in cell cycle spermatogenesis, but their functions have not been confirmed in pig until now. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze their association with sperm motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 105 Duroc pigs with records of semen motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity(VCL), Straight-line velocity(VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH)] were analyzed. A SNP in coding region of ESR2 g.35547A > G in exon 5 was associated with MOT (p < 0.05) in Duroc population. Therefore, we suggest that the porcine ESR2 gene may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effects were not defined yet. These results might shed new light on the roles of ESR2 in spermatogenesis as candidate gene for boar fertility, but still the lack of association across populations should be considered.

Cryopreservation of boar semen is continually researched in reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking in breed conservation. For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Various researches have been trying to improve the quality of semen Post-thawed in boar. Recently, polymorphism (g. 35756 T>C) of Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) gene reported to be significant association with MOT. This study was conducted to evaluate the ESR1 gene as a positional controlling for motility and kinematic characteristics of post-thawed boar semen. To results, The g.35756 T>C SNP of ESR1 was significantly associated with frozen semen motility and kinematic characteristics. The g.35756 T>C SNP was high significantly associated with MOT, VCL, VSL and VAP (p<0.001). The SNP was also significantly associated with ALH (P<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that the g. 35756 T>C polymorphism in the intron 1 region of the porcine ESR1 gene could potentially be applied in frozen semen programs to improve MOT trait, but only after validation in other populations.

한반도 서부인 당진 지역에서 새로이 발견된 제4기 진관단층의 운동 특성과 단층활동 이력에 대한 윤곽을 잡기 위해 몇 개의 단층비지대로 구성된 진관단층의 기하 분석과 단층비지 물질에 대한 ESR 연령측정을 하였다. 진관단층은 정단층으로, N55˚E 주향의 이 단층은 낮은 곳에서는 경사가 57˚NW, 상부로 갈수록 경사가 수직에 가깝게 변화를 보여 주며 리스트릭 단층임을 보여준다. 단층비지대의 두께는 노두 하부의 기반암과 기반암 사이에서 2~3 cm, 중상부의 기반암과 제4기층 사이 경계에서는 20~30 cm 폭으로 보다 두껍다. 후자의 경우에 있어서 3개 이상의 단층비지대가 분리되거나 합쳐지기도 하며, 부분적으로는 서로 중첩되기도 하는데 이는 서로 다른 단층운동 사건들이 있었음을 지시한다. 지질단면도로부터 산출된 단층의 누적 총변위는 약 10 m이며 누적 총변위와 단층의 길이 사이 경험식에 따르면 약 2.5 km의 단층 길이에 해당된다고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 단층의 길이를 제대로 알기 위해 보다 연구가 요구된다. 단층대를 따라 채취한 세 단층암 샘플에 대한 ESR 연령측정 결과, 651±47, 649±96, 436±66ka 등으로 나타났으며 최소 두번의 단층운동이 있었음을 지시한다. 단층면에서 관찰되는 단층조선은 순전한 경사이동만을 지시하며(정단층 운동), 동북동-서남서 주향의 진관단층은 북북서-동남동 방향의 수평 최소 압축응력 환경에서 단층운동이 있었음을 제시한다.

본 연구는 비허용 품목인 유지종실류 5종(달맞이꽃씨, 홍화씨, 유채씨, 해바라기씨 및 아마씨)을 선정하여 광자 극발광법(PSL), 열발광법(TL), 전자스핀공명법(ESR) 및 기체크로마토그래프/질량분석법(GC/MS)을 활용하여 검지 특성 연구를 수행하였다. PSL 및 TL 측정 결과, 5종 모두 적용 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단하였다. ESR 분석결과는 5종 모두 조사시료에서 조사유래의 특이 ESR signal이 관찰되지 않아 적용 가능성이 낮다고 판단하였다. GC/MS 분석 결과, 홍화씨, 유채씨, 해바라기씨 및 아마씨의 경우에는 조사 유래의 hydrocarbon류가 검출되어 적용 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단하였다. 특히, oleic acid에서 유도된 8-heptadecene (C17:1), 1,7-hexadecadiene (C16:2)이 조사 여부를 확인하는 화학적 마커로 활용 가능성이 높았다. 달맞이꽃씨 경우에는 oleic acid에서 유도된 hydrocarbon류가 검출되지 않아 적용 가능성이 낮다고 판단하였다. 또한, 달맞이꽃씨, 홍화씨 및 해바라기씨에서 감마리놀렌산의 주요 원료인 linoleic acid에서 유도된 1,7,10-hexadecatriene (C16:3)과 6,9-heptadecadiene (C17:2)이 검출되어 조사여부를 확인하는 화학적 검지 마커로 활용 가능성이 높다고 판단 하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 유지종실류 5종에 대한 적용 가능성 및 다중분석 체계(PSL-TL-GC/MS)를 확립하였다.

In this study, we investigated the applicability of the photostimulated luminescence(PSL), thermoluminescence( TL) and electron spin resonance(ESR) methods for various foods which are not allowed to be irradiated in Korea. All 15 foods including sesame, almond, peanut, cocoa powder etc. were analyzed. Samples were irradiated at 1~10 kGy using a 60Co gamma-ray irradiator. In PSL study, the photon counts of all the unirradiated samples showed negative(lower than 700). The photon counts irradiated(1 kGy) dried shrimp, roasted peanut and seasoned peanut showed positive(higher than 5,000) and the other samples were negative or intermediate(> 700 and < 5,000). In TL analysis, results showed that it is possible to apply TL method to all foods containing minerals. In ESR measurements, the ESR signal(single-line) intensity of irradiated foods was higher than non-irradiated foods. In particular, the specific ESR signals of irradiation-induced crystalline sugar, cellulose and bone radical were detected in dried plum, raisin, dried cherry, mango(dried, frozen), rambutan, cocoa(powder), cinnamon, parsley, carrot, broccoli, dried arrow squid, dried pollack and dried shrimp. According to the results, PSL, TL and ESR methods were successfully applied to detect the irradiated foods because TL method is not able to detect the irradiated foods rarely composed of minerals. ESR is also a difficult method to detect the changes of ESR signal patterns of food. It is concluded that TL analysis or ESR assay is suitable for detection of irradiated samples and a combined method is recommendable for enhancing the reliability of detection results.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the reduction activity of red ginseng extract (RGE; Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer) on hydroxyl radical (·OH) using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer and spin-trapping techniques. ·OH generated by a Fenton Reaction System was trapped by 5, 5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N oxide (DMPO). The decay rate showed approximately pseudo-firs order kinetics over the period of measurement (by 10 min), and the half lifetime of the DMPO/·OH signal was estimated as approximately 8.15 min. However, the half lifetime of RGE/·OH was estimated as approximately 7.5 min, and the half lifetime of RGE was higher than that of DMPO/·OH adduct only. The order of reduction activities was ascorbic acid > N, Nʹ-dimethylthiourea (DMTU) > RGE > trolox > mannitol in the Fenton Reaction System. Thus, these observations indicate that RGE reaction with ·OH has relative reduction activity. The second-order rate constant of RGE/·OH may be 3.5~4.5 × 109 M-¹ ∙ S-¹.

We investigated free radical reactions in lung of living mice using an in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer and nitroxyl radical as a probe. When an aqueous solution of nitroxyl probe was trans-tracheally administered into lung of living mice, a sharp triplet signal was observed at the chest of the mice. The signal showed a gradual decrease with time, obeying first-order kinetics. Signal decay rates of carbamoyl-PROXYL and carboxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl were faster than those of CAT-1 and carboxy-PROXYL. The mechanism of signal decay may be attributed to (i) reaction with reactive oxygen species such as ·OH, (ii) transfer into blood circulation, or (iii) reduction by compounds continuously supplied. However, little is known about the clearance mechanism of the nitroxyl probe in lung. To evaluate the disappearance of the ESR signal of the nitroxyl probe in lung, in vivo ESR spectra in chest of mice was recorded after trans-tracheal administration of an aqueous high concentrate solution of nitroxyl probe. A broad signal from the chest was observed immediately after administration due to Heisenberg spin exchange interaction. A sharp triplet signal was superimposed on the broad signal and the appearance of a triplet signal was followed by disappearance of the broad one. Peak-to-peak line width of the sharp signal was almost the same as that after intravenous administration. A distinct signal was detected in blood collected 10 min after trans-tracheal administration of nitroxyl probe. The observations indicate the transfer from lung to blood circulation and its contribution to clearance of probe in lung. Appearance of a sharp signal in blood after trans-tracheal administration was dependent on the kind of nitroxyl probe, showing a different transfer rate from lung to blood.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to detect irradiated chicken eggs, to investigate the effect of irradiation dose on the ESR signal intensity and to identify the stability of radicals under 77 days of storage. Raw chicken eggs were irradiated with doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5 kGy at room temperature using a Co-60 irradiator. The samples were prepared by separating, drying and powdering shells from the raw eggs. The irradiated chicken egg shells presented an asymmetric absorption in shape at g₁=2.0023±0.00004 and g₂=1.9979±0.00005, different from the non-irradiated ones. The strength of the ESR signal increased linearly with the applied doses (to 5 kGy). The intensity of the ESR signals after irradiation were stable even after 77-day of storage at 5℃ and/or room temperature.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of irradiation dose on the ESR signal intensity of irradiated crabs and the stability of these radicals under 9 weeks of storage. Swimming and small crabs were irradiated with doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 kGy using a Co-60 irradiator at ambient temperature. A claw, a walking leg and a carapace of the crab pieced and dried were placed in a resonant quart tube within an EPR X-band spectrometer. The irradiated crabs presented an asymmetric absorption in shape at g₁=2.002±0.003 and g₂=1.998±0.005, and were different fro the non-irradiated ones. The intensity of the ESR signals was greatest in the claw, intermediate in the carapace and lowest in the walking leg. Samples given low and high doses of irradiation could also be distinguished. The ESR signal after irradiation was stable, even after a 9-week storage.

Background : Plants are the rich source of antioxidants, which plays a very important role in maintaining human health. Their antioxidant property protects cells of different organs of human beings against free radicals and free radical mediated diseases. Even though, there is lack of knowledge on the antioxidant effect of lutein present in plants. In the present study, lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves (Camellia sinensis) which is used as a dietary source. Methods and Results : The procedure adopted for the isolation and purification of lutein using acetone extraction and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is simple and less time consuming. Free radicals scavenging activity of isolated lutein from acetone extract of GreenTea was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power. The isolated lutein scavenged 79% of DPPH radicals at 20 ㎍/㎖ and two fold lower concentration compared to the standard antioxidants (α-tocopherol). No significant differences were found between the reducing power of the lutein and BHT when their concentrations were high. However, significant differences were observed at relatively low concentrations, the reducing power of lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves was stronger than those of their acetone extract and standard antioxidants (BHA). Both electron spin resonance (ESR) and in vitro assay confirmed that lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves, exhibited a greater capacity for scavenging superoxide (O2 •－) and hydroxyl (OH •) radicals than standard antioxidants β-carotene and α-tocopherol respectively. Conclusion : The results proven that lutein isolated from GreenTea leaves has an efficient antioxidant ability, it could serve as an antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species.

Estrogen plays an important role both in male and female reproduction. Two estrogen receptor isoforms, Esr1 and Esr2, are expressed in male gonad. In the mouse, Esr1 is expressed in Leydig cells of testis and pituitary. Esr1-/- male mice show enhanced androgen synthesis, spermatogenic defect, and infertility. To evaluate the specific function of Esr1 in Leydig cells, we examined spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in Esr1f/fCyp17iCre male mice in which Esr1 is deleted specifically in Leydig cells. These mice showed normal spermatogenesis and fertility when compared to wild type from young adulthood to old age. Testosterone synthesis in Esr1f/fCyp17iCre mice at 3-12 months old of age was not different from age-matched wild type mice, while, at 18 months old of age, circulating testosterone concentrations were significantly higher than wild type together with increased levels of Star, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3 mRNA and with a hypertropy of Leydig cells. In Esr1f/fCyp17iCre mouse pituitaries, Fshb and Lhb mRNA levels were not different from wild type from young adulthood to old age. Taken together, Esr1 in Leydig cells may be not essential for spermatogenesis and fertility under control of endogenous estrogens and may have a role in aged Leydig cell function.

ESR spectroscopy에 의한 방사선 조사 건조향신료의 조사여부의 정확한 판별에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 방사선 조사 유래의 cellulose radical에 대한 parameter를 분석하였다. 건조향신료 분말 4종(고추, 마늘, 양파, 후추)에 대하여 0, 1, 5, 10 kGy의 감마선을 조사한 후 ESR signal을 분석하였다. 방사선 조사된 4종의 건조향신료는 모두 방사선 조사 유래의 triplet signal인 cellulo

알로에 베라(Aloe barbadensis Miller)분말에 대한 방사선 조사 여부를 확인하기 위해 1, 3, 5, 7 kGy로 감마선 조사를 실시하여 PSL, TL 및 ESR 분석을 실시하였다. PSL의 경우 비조사 시료에서는 700이하의 photon count를 나타내었으며, 1 kGy이상 조사된 시료에서는 5000이상의 photon count를 나타내어 PSL을 통한 조사된 알로에 분말의 검지가 가능할 것으로 사료된다. TL분석 결과에서는

미생물적 품질개선이 요구되는 복합조미식품 2종(beef broth 분말, pork bone extract 분말)을 대상으로 의 감마선을 조사하고 광자극 발광(PSL), 전자스핀공명(ESR) 및 열발광(TL) 측정에 의한 조사여부검지 가능성을 분석하였다. 조사선량에 따른 PSL photon count를 측정해 본 결과, 비조사 beef broth와 pork bone 분말은 각각 503.0과 429.5의 값을 보여 비조사 시료에서 측정되는 700이하

건조 채소류 중 건조 양파 및 마늘에 대하여 감마선 조사(1,4,7kGy)에 따른 검지특성을 photostimulated luminescence(PSL), thermoluminescence(TL) 및 electron spin resonance (ESR)분석에 의해 확인하였다. PSL분석 결과, 건조 양파 시료는 설정된 negative 및 Positive 기준에 맞게 비조사군과 조사군의 차이를 쉽게 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 건조 마늘의 경우 1